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Chapter8InterconnectingNetworkswithTCP/IPChapter8InterconnectingNetwoUponcompletionofthischapteryouwillbeabletoperformthefollowingtasks:IdentifytheIPprotocolstack,itsprotocollayer functions,andcommonlyusedIPprotocolsIdentifyIPaddressclasses,IPaddresses,IPsubnet masks,IPnetworknumbers,subnetnumbers,and possiblehostnumbers.ConfigureIPaddressesandsubnetmasksona routerinterfaceandoptionallyconfigureahosttable.InterconnecttheVLANswithalayerthreedevice suchasarouteronastick.
ObjectivesUponcompletionofthischapteEarlyprotocolsuiteUniversalIntroductiontoTCP/IPHostInternetTCP/IPHostEarlyprotocolsuiteIntroductiTCP/IPProtocolStackApplicationPresentationSessionTransportNetworkDataLinkPhysicalApplicationTransportInternetDataLinkPhysicalIOSTCP/IPTCP/IPProtocolStackApplicatiApplicationLayerOverview*UsedbytherouterApplicationTransportInternetDataLinkPhysicalFileTransfer -TFTP* -FTP* -NFSE-Mail -SMTPRemoteLogin -Telnet* -rlogin*NetworkManagement -SNMP*NameManagement -DNS*ApplicationLayerOverview*UseTransportLayerOverviewTransmissionControlProtocol(TCP)UserDatagramProtocol(UDP)ApplicationTransportInternetDataLinkPhysicalConnection-Oriented
Connectionless
TransportLayerOverviewTransmTCPSegmentFormatSourceport(16)Destinationport(16)Sequencenumber(32)Header
length(4)Acknowledgementnumber(32)Reserved(6)Codebits(6)Window(16)Checksum(16)Urgent(16)Options(0or32ifany)Data(varies)20
BytesBit0Bit15Bit16Bit31TCPSegmentFormatSourceportPortNumbersTCPPort
NumbersF
T
PTransport
LayerT
E
L
N
E
TD
N
SS
N
M
PT
F
T
PS
M
T
PUDPApplication
Layer2123255369161R
I
P520PortNumbersTCPPort
NumbersF
TCPPortNumbersSourcePortDest.Port…HostA102823…SPDPHostZTelnetZDest.port=23.
SendpackettomyTelnet
application.TCPPortNumbersSourceDest.…HoSendSYN(seq=100ctl=SYN)SYNreceivedSendSYN,ACK(seq=300ack=101ctl=syn,ack)Established(seq=101ack=301ctl=ack)HostAHostB123SYNreceivedTCPThreeWayHandshake/OpenConnectionSendSYNSYNreceivedSendSYN,TCPSimpleAcknowledgmentWindowsize=1
Sender
ReceiverSend1Receive1ReceiveACK2SendACK2Send2Receive2ReceiveACK3SendACK3Send3Receive3TCPSimpleAcknowledgmentWindoWindowsize=1
Sender
ReceiverSend1Receive1ReceiveACK2SendACK2Send2Receive2ReceiveACK3SendACK3Send3Receive3ReceiveACK4SendACK4TCPSimpleAcknowledgmentWindowsize=1SenderReceivTCPSequenceand
AcknowledgmentNumbersSourcePortDest.Port…Sequence#Acknowledgement#102823SourceDest.11Seq.2Ack.102823SourceDest.10Seq.1Ack.102823SourceDest.11Seq.1Ack.102823SourceDest.12Seq.2Ack.Ijustgot#11,nowIneed#12.Ijustsent#11.TCPSequenceand
AcknowledgmeWindowsize=3Send2TCPWindowingSenderWindowsize=3Send1Windowsize=3Send3ACK3Windowsize=2Packet3is
DroppedWindowsize=3Send4Windowsize=3Send3ACK5Windowsize=2ReceiverWindowsize=3TCPWindowingSeNosequenceoracknowledgmentfieldsUDPSegmentFormatSourceport(16)Destinationport(16)Length(16)Data(ifany)1Bit0Bit15Bit16Bit31Checksum(16)8
BytesNosequenceoracknowledgmentInternetLayerOverviewOSInetworklayercorrespondstothe
TCP/IPinternetlayerInternetProtocol(IP)InternetControlMessageProtocol(ICMP)AddressResolutionProtocol(ARP)ReverseAddressResolutionProtocol(RARP)ApplicationTransportInternetDataLinkPhysicalInternetLayerOverviewOSInetIPDatagramVersion
(4)DestinationIPAddress(32)Options(0or32ifany)Data(variesifany)1Bit0Bit15Bit16Bit31Header
Length(4)Priority&Type
ofService(8)TotalLength(16)Identification(16)Flags
(3)Fragmentoffset(13)Timetolive(8)Protocol(8)Headerchecksum(16)SourceIPAddress(32)20
BytesIPDatagramVersion
(4)DestinatDeterminesdestinationupper-layerprotocolProtocolFieldTransport
LayerInternet
LayerTCPUDPProtocol
NumbersIP176Determinesdestinationupper-lInternetControlMessage
ProtocolApplicationTransportInternetDataLinkPhysicalDestination
UnreachableEcho(Ping)OtherICMP1Protocolfld=1InternetControlMessage
ProtAddressResolutionProtocolMapIP EthernetLocalARPIP:Ethernet:0800.0020.1111IP:=???Iheardthatbroadcast.Themessageisforme.HereismyEthernetaddress.IneedtheEthernetaddressof.AddressResolutionProtocolMapReverseARPMapEthernet IPEthernet:0800.0020.1111IP:5Ethernet:0800.0020.1111IP=???WhatismyIPaddress?Iheardthatbroadcast.YourIPaddressis5.ReverseARPMapEthernetUniqueaddressingallowscommunication
betweenendstationsPathchoiceisbasedonlocationLocationisrepresentedbyanaddressIntroductiontoTCP/IPAddressesSADAHDRDATAUniqueaddressingallowscommuIPAddressing
255255
255
255Dotted
DecimalMaximumNetworkHost128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
10101100
00010000
01111010
11001100Binary32bits
172
16
122
204Example
DecimalExample
Binary1891617242532128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
IPAddressing255255255255DoClassA:ClassB:ClassC:ClassD: MulticastClassE:ResearchIPAddressClassesNetworkHostHostHostNetworkNetworkHostHostNetworkNetworkNetworkHost8bits8bits8bits8bitsClassA:IPAddressClassesNeIPAddressClasses1ClassA:Bits:0NNNNNNNHostHostHost891617242532Range(1-126)1ClassB:Bits:10NNNNNNNetworkHostHost891617242532Range(128-191)1ClassC:Bits:110NNNNNNetworkNetworkHost891617242532Range(192-223)1ClassD:Bits:1110MMMMMulticastGroupMulticastGroupMulticastGroup891617242532Range(224-239)IPAddressClasses1ClassA:BitHostAddresses02118E1172.161212NetworkHost..NetworkInterfaceE0E1RoutingTableE0HostAddresses172.16
11111111DeterminingAvailableHostAddresses172
1600
10101100
00010000
00000000
0000000016
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
NetworkHost
00000000
00000001
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111110......
00000000
00000011
11111101123655346553565536-...265534N2N-2=216-2=6553411111111DeterminingAvailableIPAddressClassesExerciseAnswersAddressClassNetworkHost004620ABCCBNonexistent0046IPAddressClassesExerciseAnNetworkAddressingwithoutSubnets…...5354NetworkAdNetworkAddressingwithSubnetsNetworkAddressingwSubnetAddressing00600050E0172.16NetworkNetworkInterfaceE0E1NewRoutingTable2160Host..E1SubnetAddressing001SubnetAddressing00600050E0E1172.162160NetworkHost..NetworkInterfaceE0E1NewRoutingTableSubnetSubnetAddressing001SubnetMask1721600255255002552552550IP
AddressDefault
Subnet
Mask8-bit
Subnet
MaskNetworkHostNetworkHostNetworkSubnetHostAlsowrittenas“/16”where16representsthenumberof1sinthemask.Alsowrittenas“/24”where24representsthenumberof1sinthemask.11111111111111110000000000000000SubnetMask1721600255255002552DecimalEquivalentsofBitPatterns1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 1281 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 1921 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 = 2241 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 = 2401 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 = 2481 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 = 2521 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 = 2541 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 255128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1DecimalEquivalentsofBitPat16NetworkHost172001010110011111111101011000001000011111111000100000000000000000000101000000000000000000000Subnetsnotinuse—thedefault00000010SubnetMaskwithoutSubnets60
Network
Number16NetworkHost17200101011001111NetworknumberextendedbyeightbitsSubnetMaskwithSubnets16NetworkHost6017220101011001111111110101100000100001111111100010000111111110000001010100000000000000000000000000010SubnetNetwork
Number128192224240248252254255NetworknumberextendedbyeigSubnetMaskwithSubnets(cont.)NetworkHost6092101011001111111110101100000100001111111100010000111111110000001010100000110000001000000000000010SubnetNetworknumberextendedbytenbits161722128Network
Number128192224240248252254255128192224240248252254255SubnetMaskwithSubnets(contSubnetMaskExerciseAnswersAddressSubnetMaskClassSubnet002BAASubnetMaskExerciseAnswersAdBroadcastAddresses55(Directedbroadcast)55(Localnetworkbroadcast)X55(Allsubnetsbroadcast)BroadcastAddresses1AddressingSummaryExample16172216010101100000100001010000000000010HostMaskSubnetBroadcastLastFirst609241AddressingSummaryExample1617AddressingSummaryExample1010110011111111000100001111111111111111101000001100000000000010HostMaskSubnetBroadcastLastFirst609212161722160AddressingSummaryExample1010AddressingSummaryExample1010110011111111000100001111111111111111101000001100000000000010HostMaskSubnetBroadcastLastFirst60921237161722160AddressingSummaryExample1010AddressingSummaryExample101011001111111100010000111111111111111110100000110000001000000000000010HostMaskSubnetBroadcastLastFirst60921234161722160AddressingSummaryExample1010AddressingSummaryExample10101100111111110001000011111111111111111010000011000000100000000000001010111111HostMaskSubnetBroadcastLastFirst6092123456161722160AddressingSummaryExample1010AddressingSummaryExample1010110011111111000100001111111111111111101000001100000010000000000000101011111110000001HostMaskSubnetBroadcastLastFirst6092123456161722160AddressingSummaryExample1010AddressingSummaryExample101011001111111100010000111111111111111110100000110000001000000000000010101111111000000110111110HostMaskSubnetBroadcastLastFirst60921234567161722160AddressingSummaryExample1010AddressingSummaryExample101011001111111110101100000100001111111100010000111111110000001010100000110000001000000000000010101011000001000000000010101111111010110000010000000000101000000110101100000100000000001010111110HostMaskSubnetBroadcastLastFirst609212345678161722160AddressingSummaryExample1010AddressingSummaryExample101011001111111110101100000100001111111100010000111111110000001010100000110000001000000000000010101011000001000000000010101111111010110000010000000000101000000110101100000100000000001010111110HostMaskSubnetBroadcastLastFirst609228912990123456789161722160AddressingSummaryExample1010IPHostAddress: 21SubnetMask:SubnetAddress=HostAddresses=–54BroadcastAddress=55EightbitsofsubnettingNetworkSubnetHost1010110000010000000000101111111121::1010110011111111Subnet:10101100000100000001000011111111000000100000001011111111011110010000000000000000ClassBSubnetExampleBroadcast:NetworkIPHostAddress: 21SSubnetPlanningOthersubnets62820subnets5hostspersubnetClassCaddress:
SubnetPlanningOther192.168.511111000IPHostAddress: 21SubnetMask:48NetworkSubnetHost21:1100000011111111Subnet:11000000101010001010100011111111000001010000010111111111011110010111100048:ClassCSubnetPlanningExampleSubnetAddress=20HostAddresses=21–26BroadcastAddress=27FiveBitsofSubnettingBroadcast:NetworkNetwork1100000010101000000001010111111111111000IPHostAddress: 192.1BroadcastAddressesExerciseAnswers27AddressClassSubnetBroadcast048C36SubnetMask
A55352B52728BBroadcastAddressesExerciseASwitchIPAddressConfigurationAssignsanaddressandsubnetmaskStartsIPprocessingonaswitchSwitch(config)#ipaddressip-addresssubnet-maskSwitch(config)#ipdefault-gatewayip-addressSpecifiesadefaultgatewaySwitchIPAddressConfiguratioRouterIPAddressConfigurationAssignsanaddressandsubnetmaskStartsIPprocessingonarouterinterfaceRouter(config-if)#ipaddressip-addresssubnet-maskRouterIPAddressConfiguratioRouterIPAddressConfigurationRouter(config-line)#ipnetmask-format
{bitcount|decimal|hexadecimal}
Setsformatofnetworkmaskfora
specificlineRouter#termipnetmask-format{bitcount|
decimal|hexadecimal}Setsdisplayformatofnetworkmaskfor
currentsessionRouterIPAddressConfiguratioDefinesstatichostnametoIPaddressmappingHosts/interfacesselectablebynameorIPaddressRouterIPHostNamesRouter(config)#iphostname[tcp-port-number]
address[address]iphostNorineiphostRogerDefinesstatichostnametoIPSpecifiesoneormorehoststhatsupply
hostnametologicaladdressresolutionRouterNameServerConfigurationRouter(config)#ipname-serverserver-address1
[[server-address2]...[server-address6]]DNSServerSpecifiesoneormorehoststhDNSenabledbydefaultRouterNameSystemRouter(config)#ipdomain-lookupRouter(config)#endRouter#patTranslating”pat"...domainserver(55)%Unknowncommandorcomputername,orunabletofindcomputeraddressRouter#configtRouter(config)#noipdomain-lookupRouter(config)#endRouter#patTranslating”pat"%Unknowncommandorcomputername,orunabletofindcomputeraddressRouter#DNSenabledbydefaultRouterNRouterDisplayHostNamesRouter#showhostsDefaultdomainisnotsetName/addresslookupusesdomainserviceNameserversare55HostFlagsAgeTypeAddress(es)Norine(perm,OK)0IP00Roger(perm,OK)0IP01Frank(perm,OK)0IP00Bob(perm,OK)0IP01ShowsthehosttableRouterDisplayHostNamesRouteVLANtoVLANOverviewVLAN1VLAN2ISLNetworklayerdevicescombinemultiplebroadcastdomainsRouteron
astickApplicationTCPIPISLEthernetFast
E0/0VLANtoVLANOverviewVLAN1VLADividingaPhysicalInterfaceintoSubinterfacesFastEthernet0/0FastEthernet0/0.2FastEthernet0/0.3FastEthernet0/0.1PhysicalinterfacescanbedividedintomultiplesubinterfacesDividingaPhysicalInterfaceISLEncapsulationEnablesISLonasubinterfaceRouter(config-subif)#encapsulationisldomainISLEncapsulationEnablesISLoRoutingBetweenVLANsVLAN1VLAN2ISLinterfacefastethernet0/0
noipaddress
!
interfacefastethernet0/0.1
ipaddress
encapsulationisl1
interfacefastethernet0/0.2
ipaddress
encapsulationisl2Fast
E0/0RoutingBetweenVLANsVLAN1VLARoutingBetweenWANSISLinterfaceSerial0
ipaddressApplicationTCPIPHDLCSerialS0VLAN1VLAN2RoutingBetweenWANSISLinterfaSummaryAftercompletingthischapter,youshouldbeabletoperformthefollowingtasks:IdentifytheTCP/IPprotocolstackandthefunctionsofeachlayerSeparateanIPaddressintoitssubcomponents:thenetwork,subnet,andhostportionsConfigureIPaddressesonCiscorouterandswitchinterfacesInterconnectVLANsusingalayerthreedevicesuchasa“routeronastick”SummaryAftercompletingthiscReviewQuestions1.WhatisthedifferencebetweentheTCPand UDPtransportlayerprotocols?2.GivenahostwithIPaddress, 40,howmanyotherhostscan youhaveinthatnetwork?3.Whatisrequiredtointerconnectseparate VLANs?ReviewQuestions1.WhatistheChapter8InterconnectingNetworkswithTCP/IPChapter8InterconnectingNetwoUponcompletionofthischapteryouwillbeabletoperformthefollowingtasks:IdentifytheIPprotocolstack,itsprotocollayer functions,andcommonlyusedIPprotocolsIdentifyIPaddressclasses,IPaddresses,IPsubnet masks,IPnetworknumbers,subnetnumbers,and possiblehostnumbers.ConfigureIPaddressesandsubnetmasksona routerinterfaceandoptionallyconfigureahosttable.InterconnecttheVLANswithalayerthreedevice suchasarouteronastick.
ObjectivesUponcompletionofthischapteEarlyprotocolsuiteUniversalIntroductiontoTCP/IPHostInternetTCP/IPHostEarlyprotocolsuiteIntroductiTCP/IPProtocolStackApplicationPresentationSessionTransportNetworkDataLinkPhysicalApplicationTransportInternetDataLinkPhysicalIOSTCP/IPTCP/IPProtocolStackApplicatiApplicationLayerOverview*UsedbytherouterApplicationTransportInternetDataLinkPhysicalFileTransfer -TFTP* -FTP* -NFSE-Mail -SMTPRemoteLogin -Telnet* -rlogin*NetworkManagement -SNMP*NameManagement -DNS*ApplicationLayerOverview*UseTransportLayerOverviewTransmissionControlProtocol(TCP)UserDatagramProtocol(UDP)ApplicationTransportInternetDataLinkPhysicalConnection-Oriented
Connectionless
TransportLayerOverviewTransmTCPSegmentFormatSourceport(16)Destinationport(16)Sequencenumber(32)Header
length(4)Acknowledgementnumber(32)Reserved(6)Codebits(6)Window(16)Checksum(16)Urgent(16)Options(0or32ifany)Data(varies)20
BytesBit0Bit15Bit16Bit31TCPSegmentFormatSourceportPortNumbersTCPPort
NumbersF
T
PTransport
LayerT
E
L
N
E
TD
N
SS
N
M
PT
F
T
PS
M
T
PUDPApplication
Layer2123255369161R
I
P520PortNumbersTCPPort
NumbersF
TCPPortNumbersSourcePortDest.Port…HostA102823…SPDPHostZTelnetZDest.port=23.
SendpackettomyTelnet
application.TCPPortNumbersSourceDest.…HoSendSYN(seq=100ctl=SYN)SYNreceivedSendSYN,ACK(seq=300ack=101ctl=syn,ack)Established(seq=101ack=301ctl=ack)HostAHostB123SYNreceivedTCPThreeWayHandshake/OpenConnectionSendSYNSYNreceivedSendSYN,TCPSimpleAcknowledgmentWindowsize=1
Sender
ReceiverSend1Receive1ReceiveACK2SendACK2Send2Receive2ReceiveACK3SendACK3Send3Receive3TCPSimpleAcknowledgmentWindoWindowsize=1
Sender
ReceiverSend1Receive1ReceiveACK2SendACK2Send2Receive2ReceiveACK3SendACK3Send3Receive3ReceiveACK4SendACK4TCPSimpleAcknowledgmentWindowsize=1SenderReceivTCPSequenceand
AcknowledgmentNumbersSourcePortDest.Port…Sequence#Acknowledgement#102823SourceDest.11Seq.2Ack.102823SourceDest.10Seq.1Ack.102823SourceDest.11Seq.1Ack.102823SourceDest.12Seq.2Ack.Ijustgot#11,nowIneed#12.Ijustsent#11.TCPSequenceand
AcknowledgmeWindowsize=3Send2TCPWindowingSenderWindowsize=3Send1Windowsize=3Send3ACK3Windowsize=2Packet3is
DroppedWindowsize=3Send4Windowsize=3Send3ACK5Windowsize=2ReceiverWindowsize=3TCPWindowingSeNosequenceoracknowledgmentfieldsUDPSegmentFormatSourceport(16)Destinationport(16)Length(16)Data(ifany)1Bit0Bit15Bit16Bit31Checksum(16)8
BytesNosequenceoracknowledgmentInternetLayerOverviewOSInetworklayercorrespondstothe
TCP/IPinternetlayerInternetProtocol(IP)InternetControlMessageProtocol(ICMP)AddressResolutionProtocol(ARP)ReverseAddressResolutionProtocol(RARP)ApplicationTransportInternetDataLinkPhysicalInternetLayerOverviewOSInetIPDatagramVersion
(4)DestinationIPAddress(32)Options(0or32ifany)Data(variesifany)1Bit0Bit15Bit16Bit31Header
Length(4)Priority&Type
ofService(8)TotalLength(16)Identification(16)Flags
(3)Fragmentoffset(13)Timetolive(8)Protocol(8)Headerchecksum(16)SourceIPAddress(32)20
BytesIPDatagramVersion
(4)DestinatDeterminesdestinationupper-layerprotocolProtocolFieldTransport
LayerInternet
LayerTCPUDPProtocol
NumbersIP176Determinesdestinationupper-lInternetControlMessage
ProtocolApplicationTransportInternetDataLinkPhysicalDestination
UnreachableEcho(Ping)OtherICMP1Protocolfld=1InternetControlMessage
ProtAddressResolutionProtocolMapIP EthernetLocalARPIP:Ethernet:0800.0020.1111IP:=???Iheardthatbroadcast.Themessageisforme.HereismyEthernetaddress.IneedtheEthernetaddressof.AddressResolutionProtocolMapReverseARPMapEthernet IPEthernet:0800.0020.1111IP:5Ethernet:0800.0020.1111IP=???WhatismyIPaddress?Iheardthatbroadcast.YourIPaddressis5.ReverseARPMapEthernetUniqueaddressingallowscommunication
betweenendstationsPathchoiceisbasedonlocationLocationisrepresentedbyanaddressIntroductiontoTCP/IPAddressesSADAHDRDATAUniqueaddressingallowscommuIPAddressing
255255
255
255Dotted
DecimalMaximumNetworkHost128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
10101100
00010000
01111010
11001100Binary32bits
172
16
122
204Example
DecimalExample
Binary1891617242532128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
IPAddressing255255255255DoClassA:ClassB:ClassC:ClassD: MulticastClassE:ResearchIPAddressClassesNetworkHostHostHostNetworkNetworkHostHostNetworkNetworkNetworkHost8bits8bits8bits8bitsClassA:IPAddressClassesNeIPAddressClasses1ClassA:Bits:0NNNNNNNHostHostHost891617242532Range(1-126)1ClassB:Bits:10NNNNNNNetworkHostHost891617242532Range(128-191)1ClassC:Bits:110NNNNNNetworkNetworkHost891617242532Range(192-223)1ClassD:Bits:1110MMMMMulticastGroupMulticastGroupMulticastGroup891617242532Range(224-239)IPAddressClasses1ClassA:BitHostAddresses02118E1172.161212NetworkHost..NetworkInterfaceE0E1RoutingTableE0HostAddresses172.16
11111111DeterminingAvailableHostAddresses172
1600
10101100
00010000
00000000
0000000016
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
NetworkHost
00000000
00000001
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111110......
00000000
00000011
11111101123655346553565536-...265534N2N-2=216-2=6553411111111DeterminingAvailableIPAddressClassesExerciseAnswersAddressClassNetworkHost004620ABCCBNonexistent0046IPAddressClassesExerciseAnNetworkAddressingwithoutSubnets…...5354NetworkAdNetworkAddressingwithSubnetsNetworkAddressingwSubnetAddressing00600050E0172.16NetworkNetworkInterfaceE0E1NewRoutingTable2160Host..E1SubnetAddressing001SubnetAddressing00600050E0E1172.162160NetworkHost..NetworkInterfaceE0E1NewRoutingTableSubnetSubnetAddressing001SubnetMask1721600255255002552552550IP
AddressDefault
Subnet
Mask8-bit
Subnet
MaskNetworkHostNetworkHostNetworkSubnetHostAlsowrittenas“/16”where16representsthenumberof1sinthemask.Alsowrittenas“/24”where24representsthenumberof1sinthemask.11111111111111110000000000000000SubnetMask1721600255255002552DecimalEquivalentsofBitPatterns1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 1281 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 1921 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 = 2241 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 = 2401 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 = 2481 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 = 2521 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 = 2541 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 255128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1DecimalEquivalentsofBitPat16NetworkHost172001010110011111111101011000001000011111111000100000000000000000000101000000000000000000000Subnetsnotinuse—thedefault00000010SubnetMaskwithoutSubnets60
Network
Number16NetworkHost17200101011001111NetworknumberextendedbyeightbitsSubnetMaskwithSubnets16NetworkHost6017220101011001111111110101100000100001111111100010000111111110000001010100000000000000000000000000010SubnetNetwork
Number128192224240248252254255NetworknumberextendedbyeigSubnetMaskwithSubnets(cont.)NetworkHost6092101011001111111110101100000100001111111100010000111111110000001010100000110000001000000000000010SubnetNetworknumberextendedbytenbits161722128Network
Number128192224240248252254255128192224240248252254255SubnetMaskwithSubnets(contSubnetMaskExerciseAnswersAddressSubnetMaskClassSubnet002BAASubnetMaskExerciseAnswersAdBroadcastAddresses55(Directedbroadcast)55(Localnetworkbroadcast)X55(Allsubnetsbroadcast)BroadcastAddresses1AddressingSummaryExample16172216010101100000100001010000000000010HostMaskSubnetBroadcastLastFirst609241AddressingSummaryExample1617AddressingSummaryExample1010110011111111000100001111111111111111101000001100000000000010HostMaskSubnetBroadcastLastFirst609212161722160AddressingSummaryExample1010AddressingSummaryExample1010110011111111000100001111111111111111101000001100000000000010HostMaskSubnetBroadcastLastFirst60921237161722160AddressingSummaryExample1010AddressingSummaryExample101011001111111100010000111111111111111110100000110000001000000000000010HostMaskSubnetBroadcastLastFirst60921234161722160AddressingSummaryExample1010AddressingSummaryExample10101100111111110001000011111111111111111010000011000000100000000000001010111111HostMaskSubnetBroadcastLastFirst6092123456161722160AddressingSummaryExample1010AddressingSummaryExample1010110011111111000100001111111111111111101000001100000010000000000000101011111110000001HostMaskSubnetBroadcastLastFirst6092123456161722160AddressingSummaryExample1010AddressingSummaryExample101011001111111100010000111111111111111110100000110000001000000000000010101111111000000110111110HostMaskSubnetBroadcastLastFirst60921234567161722160AddressingSummaryExample1010AddressingSummaryExample101011001111111110101100000100001111111100010000111111110000001010100000110000001000000000000010101011000001000000000010101111111010110000010000000000101000000110101100000100000000001010111110HostMaskSubnetBroadcastLastFirst609212345678161722160AddressingSummaryExample1010AddressingSummaryExample101011001111111110101100000100001111111100010000111111110000001010100000110000001000000000000010101011000001000000000010101111111010110000010000000000101000000110101100000100000000001010111110HostMaskSubnetBroadcastLastFirst609228912990123456789161722160AddressingSummaryExample1010IPHostAddress: 21SubnetMask:SubnetAddress=HostAddresses=–54BroadcastAddress=55Eightbitsofsubnett
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