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ChapterSixBarriersinIntercultural
CommunicationChapterSixOurNaturalCulturalContextWearelikeafishinwater.OurNaturalCulturalContextTheInterculturalContextWebecome“afishoutofwater”.TheInterculturalContextWe“outofwater”=outofcontext“Water”ismycultureOtherwaterorairare“otherculturalcontexts”“Ineedmyculturetofeelcomfortable!!”“outofwater”=outofcontext“
Case1:OneChinesestudentnamedLiYingwasstudyinginAmericaandwasonceinvitedtoattendafriend’sparty.Hearrivedthereontimebuthefoundmanyarrivedlateincasualclothes.Thefoodwassimpleandtherewerefewacquaintances.Hejusthadashortconversationwiththehost.Twohourslaterheleftindisappointment,determinednevertoattendthesekindofpartiesagain.Case1:
Case2:ComingfromManchester,SaraworksasateacherinXi’an.Whenshewasgivingalecture,shefoundthestudentskepttakingnoteswithoutaskinganyquestions.Sheencouragedthemtoposequestionsinclassbutitdidn’twork.Thestudentsusuallyaskedquestionsafterclassanddidn’treadmuchthereferencebooksshehadrecommended.Case2:BarriersinInterculturalCommunicationCulturalAssumptionsStereotypesEthnocentrismCulturalShock…BarriersinInterculturalCommLaRayBarna(afamousscholarininterculturalcommunication)believesthatthemainbarrierininterculturalcommunicationistoassumetheculturalnormsofone’sownareacceptedbyothercultures.
CulturalAssumptionsLaRayBarna(afamous
CraigStortibelieves
ininterculturalcommunication,peoplegenerallygothroughfourphases:
ExpectingpeopleinanotherculturetobehavesimilarlyCulturalconflictresultingfromthebiggapbetweentheexpectationandrealityFeelingangryandfearfulWantingtoshrinkandgiveup
CraigStortibelievesininCraigStortiCraigStortiisthedirectorofCommunicatingAcrossCultures,specializinginthedesignanddeliveryofseminarsininterculturalcommunications,cross-culturalbusinessdynamics,expatriationandrepatriation,culturaldiversity,andmanagingthemulticultural/globalworkforce—forclientsfromgovernment,business,military,andtheeducationsectors.
CraigStortiCraigStortiisthHowtoAvoidCulturalAssumptioninInterculturalCommunication1、Constantlyremindoneselfthatpeoplehavedifferentculturalbackgroundsandcontrastingcustoms.2、Learntoobserveothercountry’scultureandcompareitwithone’sownsoastoimprovethecross-culturalawareness.HowtoAvoidCulturalAssumptiStereotypesStereotypesareperceptionsandbeliefsweholdaboutgroupsorindividualsbasedonourpreviouslyformedopinionsorattitudes.Theycanbepositiveornegative.Stereotypescanchangealongwithtime.Changeinsocialconditionscanleadtothechangeofstereotypes.StereotypesStereotReasonsforFormingStereotypes1、Socialenvironmentisthekeyfactor;2、Thepersonalexperienceofchildhoodplaysasignificantrole;3、Ithassomethingtodowiththecognitivedevelopmentofchildren.ReasonsforFormingStereotypeStereotypesVs.Prejudices刻板印象偏见Stereotypescanbeeitherpositiveornegativeandcanchangealongwithtime.Prejudicesaregenerallynegativeandtakemanyformsincluding“discrimination”,whichisanextremeandintentionalformofprejudice.StereotypesVs.Prejudices刻板印象DisadvantagesofStereotypesExaggeratethedifferencesbetweengroupsandignoreindividualdifferencesLeadtoethnocentricandprejudicialconceptionsandspeeches
NeglectthedynamicandchangeablenatureofcultureDisadvantagesofStereotypesExPreventionofStereotypesPayattentiontoindividualdifferences.
Reservethespaceforindependentexploring.
Betolerant.PreventionofStereotypesPayaEthnocentrismTobeethnocentricistobelieveinthesuperiorityofone’sowncultureandnegativelyjudgeaspectsofanotherculturebythestandardsofone’sown,includingthebehaviors,communicationmodes,socialcustoms,managingmethodsandsocialvalues.EthnocentrismTobeethnManifestationofEthnocentrismThecoursebookofeachcountryallfocusesonthehistoryandcultureofitsown.Themapofeachcountryalwaysplacesitselfinthecenter.3.Whenmentioningthecontributiontotheworldcivilization,onecountryalwayshighlightitsownwhileunderestimatingothers’.4.Incomposingtheworldliteraturehistory,therehaslongexistedatendencytoplaceEuropeinthecentre,whilementioninglittleaboutthecontributionofAsia,AfricaandLatinAmerica,leadingtoalowevaluationoftheworksinthoseplaces.ThereasonthatliesbehindisthattheauthorsaremainlyEuropeans.5.…
ManifestationofEthnocentrismEthnocentrismVs.Patriotism
民族中心主义爱国主义
Ethnocentrismbelievesone’scultureissuperiortoothers’andlooksdownuponmembersinothergroupsandmocksatpeopleinothergroupswhentheyseethemhavedifferentsocialcustomsorbehavedifferently.Patriotismisakindofpositiveandsupportiveattitudeandemotionstowardsone’sowncountry.EthnocentrismVs.Patriotism
CultureShock文化休克CultureShockreferstoatransitionalprocessinwhichanindividualperceivesthreatstoherorhiswell-beinginaculturallynewenvironment.
CultureShock文化休克CultuWealllikethefamiliar.Culturemakesthingsfamiliar,andinsodoinghelpsusreducethestressoflife.Butwhenwearethrustintoanotherculture,byeitherchanceordesign,andexperiencepsychologicalandphysicaldiscomfortfromthiscontact,wehavebecomevictimsofCultureShock.ThetermwasfirstintroducedbytheanthropologistOberg.WealllikethefamilAccordingtoOberg(afamousanthropologist),CultureShockinvolves:
Asenseofidentitylossandidentitydeprivationwithregardtovalues,status,profession,friends,andpossessions;Identitystrainasaresultoftheeffortrequiredtomakenecessarypsychologicaladaptation;Identityrejectionbymembersofthenewculture;Identityconfusion,especiallyasregardsroleambiguityandunpredictability;Identityimpotenceasaresultofnotbeingabletocopewiththenewenvironment.AccordingtoOberg(afamousanCultureShockreasonsCommunicationbarriersDifferentdailyactivitiesSolitudeDifferentcustomsDifferentbeliefsandvaluesCultureShockreasonsCommunicathighDegreeofpersonalhappinesslowHoneymoonperiodFrustratedperiodRecoveryandadjustmentperiodAdaptiveperiodTheProcedureCharthighDegreeofpersonalhappineProcessofCultureShockSatisfiedwiththepeople,sightsandfoodofthenewenvironmentandhappywiththeprospectofworkingorlivinginaforeigncountry1.HoneymoonPeriodAppearanceofconflictsinvaluesbecauseofculturaldifferences;feelingofconfusionandfrustrationbecauseofinconveniencesindailylife2.FrustratedPeriodTolearnnewculturemodesaftertheexperienceoffrustrationandtoreshapeoneselfinordertobeadaptedtotheenvironmentofthenewculture3.RecoveryandAdjustmentPeriodToliveinharmonywiththenativeswithoutfrustrationandannoyance;toacceptthenativecustomsandbecomeadaptedtothenewculturalenvironment4.AdaptivePeriodProcessofCultureShockSatisfPreventionofCultureShockGettoknowthegeneralconditionsofthenewenvironment
beforehand.Dosomesimulatedtraining.Embracetheculturalmodesofthenewenvironmentwillingly.Lookoutforusefulsupportivesystem.PreventionofCultureShockGetThankyou!Thankyou!ChapterSixBarriersinIntercultural
CommunicationChapterSixOurNaturalCulturalContextWearelikeafishinwater.OurNaturalCulturalContextTheInterculturalContextWebecome“afishoutofwater”.TheInterculturalContextWe“outofwater”=outofcontext“Water”ismycultureOtherwaterorairare“otherculturalcontexts”“Ineedmyculturetofeelcomfortable!!”“outofwater”=outofcontext“
Case1:OneChinesestudentnamedLiYingwasstudyinginAmericaandwasonceinvitedtoattendafriend’sparty.Hearrivedthereontimebuthefoundmanyarrivedlateincasualclothes.Thefoodwassimpleandtherewerefewacquaintances.Hejusthadashortconversationwiththehost.Twohourslaterheleftindisappointment,determinednevertoattendthesekindofpartiesagain.Case1:
Case2:ComingfromManchester,SaraworksasateacherinXi’an.Whenshewasgivingalecture,shefoundthestudentskepttakingnoteswithoutaskinganyquestions.Sheencouragedthemtoposequestionsinclassbutitdidn’twork.Thestudentsusuallyaskedquestionsafterclassanddidn’treadmuchthereferencebooksshehadrecommended.Case2:BarriersinInterculturalCommunicationCulturalAssumptionsStereotypesEthnocentrismCulturalShock…BarriersinInterculturalCommLaRayBarna(afamousscholarininterculturalcommunication)believesthatthemainbarrierininterculturalcommunicationistoassumetheculturalnormsofone’sownareacceptedbyothercultures.
CulturalAssumptionsLaRayBarna(afamous
CraigStortibelieves
ininterculturalcommunication,peoplegenerallygothroughfourphases:
ExpectingpeopleinanotherculturetobehavesimilarlyCulturalconflictresultingfromthebiggapbetweentheexpectationandrealityFeelingangryandfearfulWantingtoshrinkandgiveup
CraigStortibelievesininCraigStortiCraigStortiisthedirectorofCommunicatingAcrossCultures,specializinginthedesignanddeliveryofseminarsininterculturalcommunications,cross-culturalbusinessdynamics,expatriationandrepatriation,culturaldiversity,andmanagingthemulticultural/globalworkforce—forclientsfromgovernment,business,military,andtheeducationsectors.
CraigStortiCraigStortiisthHowtoAvoidCulturalAssumptioninInterculturalCommunication1、Constantlyremindoneselfthatpeoplehavedifferentculturalbackgroundsandcontrastingcustoms.2、Learntoobserveothercountry’scultureandcompareitwithone’sownsoastoimprovethecross-culturalawareness.HowtoAvoidCulturalAssumptiStereotypesStereotypesareperceptionsandbeliefsweholdaboutgroupsorindividualsbasedonourpreviouslyformedopinionsorattitudes.Theycanbepositiveornegative.Stereotypescanchangealongwithtime.Changeinsocialconditionscanleadtothechangeofstereotypes.StereotypesStereotReasonsforFormingStereotypes1、Socialenvironmentisthekeyfactor;2、Thepersonalexperienceofchildhoodplaysasignificantrole;3、Ithassomethingtodowiththecognitivedevelopmentofchildren.ReasonsforFormingStereotypeStereotypesVs.Prejudices刻板印象偏见Stereotypescanbeeitherpositiveornegativeandcanchangealongwithtime.Prejudicesaregenerallynegativeandtakemanyformsincluding“discrimination”,whichisanextremeandintentionalformofprejudice.StereotypesVs.Prejudices刻板印象DisadvantagesofStereotypesExaggeratethedifferencesbetweengroupsandignoreindividualdifferencesLeadtoethnocentricandprejudicialconceptionsandspeeches
NeglectthedynamicandchangeablenatureofcultureDisadvantagesofStereotypesExPreventionofStereotypesPayattentiontoindividualdifferences.
Reservethespaceforindependentexploring.
Betolerant.PreventionofStereotypesPayaEthnocentrismTobeethnocentricistobelieveinthesuperiorityofone’sowncultureandnegativelyjudgeaspectsofanotherculturebythestandardsofone’sown,includingthebehaviors,communicationmodes,socialcustoms,managingmethodsandsocialvalues.EthnocentrismTobeethnManifestationofEthnocentrismThecoursebookofeachcountryallfocusesonthehistoryandcultureofitsown.Themapofeachcountryalwaysplacesitselfinthecenter.3.Whenmentioningthecontributiontotheworldcivilization,onecountryalwayshighlightitsownwhileunderestimatingothers’.4.Incomposingtheworldliteraturehistory,therehaslongexistedatendencytoplaceEuropeinthecentre,whilementioninglittleaboutthecontributionofAsia,AfricaandLatinAmerica,leadingtoalowevaluationoftheworksinthoseplaces.ThereasonthatliesbehindisthattheauthorsaremainlyEuropeans.5.…
ManifestationofEthnocentrismEthnocentrismVs.Patriotism
民族中心主义爱国主义
Ethnocentrismbelievesone’scultureissuperiortoothers’andlooksdownuponmembersinothergroupsandmocksatpeopleinothergroupswhentheyseethemhavedifferentsocialcustomsorbehavedifferently.Patriotismisakindofpositiveandsupportiveattitudeandemotionstowardsone’sowncountry.EthnocentrismVs.Patriotism
CultureShock文化休克CultureShockreferstoatransitionalprocessinwhichanindividualperceivesthreatstoherorhiswell-beinginaculturallynewenvironment.
CultureShock文化休克CultuWealllikethefamiliar.Culturemakesthingsfamiliar,andinsodoinghelpsusreducethestressoflife.Butwhenwearethrustintoanotherculture,byeitherchanceordesign,andexperiencepsychologicalandphysicaldiscomfortfromthiscontact,wehavebecomevictimsofCultureShock.ThetermwasfirstintroducedbytheanthropologistOberg.WealllikethefamilAccordingtoOberg(afamousanthropologist),CultureShockinvolves:
Asenseofidentitylossandidentitydeprivationwithregardtovalues,status,profession,friends,andpossessions;Identitystrainasaresultoftheeffortrequiredtomakenecessarypsychologicaladaptation;Identityrejectionbymembe
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