高中英语语法大全

..jz*高中英语语法大全词法第1章主谓一致一.概念:主谓一致是指：1〕语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。2〕意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。3〕就近原那么，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语，一般来说，不可数名词用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。例如：Thereismuchwaterinthethermos.但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：Tenthousandtonsofcoalwereproducedlastyear.二.相关知识点精讲1.并列构造作主语时谓语用复数，例如：Readingandwritingareveryimportant.读写很重要。注意：当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。例如：Theironandsteelindustryisveryimportanttoourlife.钢铁工业对我们的生活有重要意义。典型例题TheLeaguesecretaryandmonitor___askedtomakeaspeechatthemeeting.A.isB.wasC.areD.were答案B.注：先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时，先排除A.，C。此题易误选D，因为TheLeaguesecretaryandmonitor好象是两个人，但仔细区分，monitor前没有the，在英语中，当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用and相连。这样此题主语为一个人，所以应选B。2.主谓一致中的靠近原那么1)当therebe句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。例如：Thereisapen,aknifeandseveralbooksonthedesk.桌上有一支笔、一把小刀和几本书。Therearetwentyboy-studentsandtwenty-threegirl-studentsintheclass.班上有二十个男孩，二十三个女孩。2〕当either...or...与neither...nor，连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。如果句子是由here,there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。例如：Eitheryouorsheistogo.不是你去，就是她去。Hereisapen,afewenvelopsandsomepaperforyou.给你笔、信封和纸。3.谓语动词与前面的主语一致当主语有with,togetherwith,like,except,but,nolessthan,aswellas等词组成的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语局部一致。例如：Theteachertogetherwithsomestudentsisvisitingthefactory.教师和一些学生在参观工厂。HeaswellasIwantstogoboating.他和我想去划船。4.谓语需用单数的情况1〕代词each以及由every,some,no,any等构成的复合代词作主语时，或主语中含有each,every时,谓语需用单数。例如：Eachofushasatape-recorder.我们每人都有录音机。Thereissomethingwrongwithmywatch.我的表坏了。2〕当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。例如：TheArabianNightisabookknowntoloversofEnglish."天方夜谭"是英语爱好者熟悉的一本书。3〕表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。例如：Threeweekswasallowedformakingthenecessarypreparations.用三个星期来做准备。Tenyuanisenough.十元够了。5.指代意义决定谓语的单复数1〕代词what,which,who,none,some,any,more,most,all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。例如：Allisright.一切顺利。Allarepresent.人都到齐了。2〕集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family,audience,crew,crowd,class,pany,mittee等词后，谓语动词用复数形式时强调这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时强调该集体的整体。例如：Hisfamilyisn'tverylarge.他家成员不多。Hisfamilyaremusiclovers.他家个个都是音乐爱好者。但集合名词people,police,cattle,poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。例如：Arethereanypolicearound"附近有警察吗？3〕有些名词，如variety,number,population,proportion,majority等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。例如：Anumberof+名词复数+复数动词。Thenumberof+名词复数+单数动词。Anumberofbookshavelentout.ThemajorityofthestudentslikeEnglish.6.与后接名词或代词保持一致的情况1〕用halfof,mostof,noneof,heapsof,lotsof,plentyof等引起主语时，谓语动词通常与of后面的名词/代词保持一致。例如：Mostofhismoneyisspentonbooks.他大局部的钱化在书上了。Mostofthestudentsaretakinganactivepartinsports.大局部学生积极参与体育运动。2〕用aportionof,aseriesof,apileof,apanelof等引起主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。例如：Aseriesofaccidentshasbeenreported.媒体报道了一连串的事故。Apileoflotswassetbesidethehearth.炉边有一堆木柴。3〕如manya或morethanone所修饰的短语作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。但由morethan...of作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。例如：Manyapersonhasreadthenovel.许多人读过这本书。Morethan60percentofthestudentsarefromthecity.百分之六十多的学生来自这个城市。三.稳固练习〔〕1.Thenumberofpeopleinvited______fifty,butanumberofthem_______absentfordifferentreasons.A.were,wasB.was,wasC.was,wereD.were,were〔〕2.,aswellastelephones,________animportantpartindailymunication.A.isplayingB.haveplayedC.areplayingD.play〔〕3.______ofthelandinthatdistrict______coveredwithtreesandgrass.A.Twofifth,isB.Twofifth,areC.Twofifths,isD.Twofifths,are〔〕4.Tenminutes______alongtimeforonewhowaits.A.seemB.seemsC.seemedD.areseemed〔〕5.Ericistheonlyoneoftheboyswho_____adrivinglicense.A.hasB.haveC.ishavingD.arehaving'〔〕6.JoyandSorrow_____next-doorneighbours.A.isB.areC.wereD.be〔〕7.Inmyopinion,someofthenews_____unbelievable.A.areB.isC.hasbeenD.havebeen〔〕8.When______theUnitedNationsfounded"A.isB.areC.wasD.were〔〕9.Everypossiblemeans_____.A.hastriedB.hasbeentriedC.wastriedD.weretried〔〕10.Whatshesaysanddoes_____nothingtodowithme.A.wasB.wereC.hasD.have〔〕11.There_____adictionaryandseveralbooksonthedesk.A.areB.mustC.havebeenD.is〔〕12.Nobody______seenthefilm.It'sapity.A.butTomandJackhaveB.exceptTomandJackhaveC.butmyfriendshasD.butIhave〔〕13.Noteacherandnostudent______．A.areadmittedB.isadmittedC.areadmittingD.isadmitting〔〕14.Allbutone______herejustnow.A.isB.wasC.hasbeenD.were〔〕15.Whenandwheretobuildthenewfactory_____yet.A.isnotdecidedB.arenotdecidedC.hasnotdecidedD.havenotdecided〔〕16.Thewriterandsinger______here.A.isB.areC.wereD.do〔〕17.AsIhaveameetingatfour,tenminutes_____allthatIcansparetotalkwithyou.A.areB.wasC.isD.were〔〕18.InthosedaysJohnwithhisclassmates_____keptbusypreparingfortheexam.A.isB.areC.wasD.were〔〕19.--____yourclothes"--No,mine_____hangingoverthere.A.Isit,isB.Arethese,areC.Isit,areD.Arethese,is〔〕20.TheSmith'sfamily,which____ratheralargeone,____veryfondoftheiroldhouses.A.were,wereB.was,wasC.were,wasD.was,were〔〕21.Whattheteacherandthestudentswanttosay_____thateitherofthecountries____beautiful.A.are,areB.is,isC.are,isD.is,are〔〕22.Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswho_____awinnerofscholarshipforthreeyears.A.isB.areC.havebeenD.hasbeen〔〕23._____ofmybrothersarereporters.Coveringevents,meetings,orsportsmeetings______theirduty.A.Each,areB.Both,isC.Neither,areD.None,is〔〕24.--Whatdoyouthinkofthe______ofthecoat"--It'sratherhigh.Youcanbuyacheaperoneinthatshop.A.valueB.costC.priceD.use〔〕25.--Arethetwoanswerscorrect"--No,______correct.A.nooneisB.botharenotC.neitherisD.eitherisnot〔〕26.Thewind,togetherwithrainandfog,_____makingsailingdifficult.A.havebeenB.wasC./D/are四.答案1.C2.A3.C4.B5.A6.B7.B8.C9.B10.C11.D12.C13.B14.D15.A16.A17.C18.C19.B20.D21.B22.D23.B24.C25.C26.B第2章动词的时态一.概念:时态是英语谓语动词的一种形式,表示动作发生的时间和所处的状态.英语中的时态是通过动词形式本身的变化来实现的.英语有16种时态,但中学阶段较常用的有十种:一般现在时,一般过去时,一般将来时,过去将来时,现在进展时,过去进展时,将来进展时,过去完成时,英在完成时和现在完成进展时.二.相关知识点精讲1.一般现在时的用法1〕经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语：every...,sometimes,at...,onSunday。例如：Ileavehomeforschoolat7everymorning.每天早上我七点离开家。2〕客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。例如：Theearthmovesaroundthesun.地球绕太阳转动。ShanghailiesintheeastofChina.XX位于中国东部。3〕表示格言或警句。例如：Pridegoesbeforeafall.骄者必败。注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例：Columbusprovedthattheearthisround.哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。4〕现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如：Idon'twantsomuch.我不要那么多。AnnwritesgoodEnglishbutdoesnotspeakwell.安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。比拟：NowIputthesugarinthecup.把糖放入杯子。Iamdoingmyhomeworknow.我正在做功课。第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进展时的标志，表示正在进展的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。2.一般过去时的用法1〕在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：时间状语有：yesterday,lastweek,anhourago,theotherday,in1982等。例如：Wheredidyougojustnow"刚刚你上哪儿去了？2〕表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。例如：WhenIwasachild,Ioftenplayedfootballinthestreet.我是个孩子的时候，常在马路上踢足球。WhenevertheBrownswentduringtheirvisit,theyweregivenawarmwele.那时，布朗一家无论什么时候去，都受到热烈欢送。3〕句型：Itistimeforsb.todosth"到......时间了""该......了"。例如：Itistimeforyoutogotobed.你该睡觉了。Itistimethatsb.didsth."时间已迟了""早该......了"，例如Itistimeyouwenttobed.你早该睡觉了。would〔had〕rathersb.didsth.表示'宁愿某人做某事'。例如：I'dratheryoucametomorrow.还是明天来吧。4〕wish,wonder,think,hope等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等，而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。例如：Ithoughtyoumighthavesome.我以为你想要一些。比拟：Christinewasaninvalidallherlife.〔含义：她已不在人间。〕Christinehasbeenaninvalidallherlife.〔含义：她现在还活着〕Mrs.DarbylivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.〔含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。〕Mrs.DarbyhaslivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.〔含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去〕注意：用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。1〕动词want,hope,wonder,think,intend等。例如：Didyouwantanythingelse"您还要些什么吗？Iwonderedifyoucouldhelpme.能不能帮我一下。2〕情态动词could,would。例如：Couldyoulendmeyourbike"你的自行车，能借用一些吗？3.一般将来时1〕shall用于第一人称，常被will所代替。will在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如：WhichparagraphshallIreadfirst？我先读哪一段呢？Willyoubeathomeatseventhisevening"今晚七点回家好吗？2〕begoingto+不定式，表示将来。a.主语的意图，即将做某事。例如：Whatareyougoingtodotomorrow"明天打算作什么呢？b.方案，安排要发生的事。例如：Theplayisgoingtobeproducednextmonth。这出戏下月开播。c.有迹象要发生的事。例如：Lookatthedarkclouds,thereisgoingtobeastorm.看那乌云，快要下雨了。3〕be+不定式表将来，按方案或正式安排将发生的事。例如：WearetodiscussthereportnextSaturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。4〕beaboutto+不定式，意为马上做某事。例如：HeisabouttoleaveforBeijing.他马上要去。注意：beabouttodo不能与tomorrow,nextweek等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。4.一般现在时表将来1〕以下动词e,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return的一般现在时可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如：Thetrainleavesatsixtomorrowmorning.火车明天上午六点开。Whendoesthebusstar"Itstarsintenminutes.汽车什么时候开？十分钟后。2〕以here,there等开场的倒装句，表示动作正在进展。例如：Hereesthebus.=Thebusising.车来了。Theregoesthebell.=Thebellisringing.铃响了。3〕在时间或条件句中。例如：WhenBilles〔不是wille〕,askhimtowaitforme.比尔来后，让他等我。I'llwritetoyouassoonasIarrivethere.我到了那里，就写信给你。4〕在动词hope,takecarethat,makesurethat等的宾语从句中。例如：Ihopetheyhaveanicetimenextweek.我希望他们下星期玩得开心。Makesurethatthewindowsareclosedbeforeyouleavetheroom.离开房间前，务必把窗户关了。5.用现在进展时表示将来以下动词e,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return等现在进展时可以表示将来。例如：I'mleavingtomorrow.明天我要走了。Areyoustayingheretillnextweek"你会在这儿呆到下周吗？6.现在完成时现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成：have〔has〕+过去分词。7.比拟一般过去时与现在完成时1〕一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯表达过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。2〕一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。一般过去时的时间状语：yesterday,lastweek，...ago,in1980,inOctober,justnow等，皆为具体的时间状语。现在完成时的时间状语：for,since,sofar,ever,never,just,yet,till/until,uptonow,inpastyears,always等，皆不确定的时间状语。共同的时间状语：thismorning,tonight,thisApril,now,already,recently,lately等。3〕现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live,teach,learn,work,study,know.。一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有e,go,leave,start,die,finish,bee,getmarried等。例如：Isawthisfilmyesterday.〔强调看的动作发生过了〕Ihaveseenthisfilm.〔强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了〕Whydidyougetupsoearly"〔强调起床的动作已发生过了〕Whohasn'thandedinhispaper"〔强调有卷子未交，疑为不公平竞争〕HehasbeenintheLeagueforthreeyears.〔在团内的状态可延续〕HehasbeenaLeaguememberforthreeyears.〔是团员的状态可持续〕句子中如有过去时的时间副词〔如yesterday,last,week,in1960〕时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。〔错〕Tomhaswrittenalettertohisparentslastnight.〔对〕Tomwrotealettertohisparentslastnight.8.用于现在完成时的句型1〕Itisthefirst/secondtime....that...构造中的从句局部，用现在完成时。例如：ItisthefirsttimethatIhavevisitedthecity.这是我第一次这城市。Thisisthefirsttime〔that〕I'veheardhimsing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。注意：Itwasthethirdtimethattheboyhadbeenlate.2〕Thisis+形容词最高级+that...构造，that从句要用现在完成时。例如：ThisisthebestfilmthatI've〔ever〕seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。9.过去完成时1〕概念：表示过去的过去----|----------|--------|---->其构成是had+过去分词构成。那时以前那时现在2〕用法a.在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如：Shesaid〔that〕shehadneverbeentoParis.她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。b.状语从句在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。例如：Whenthepolicearrived,thethieveshadrunaway.警察到达时，小偷们早就跑了。c.表示意向的动词，如hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本...，未能..."。例如：Wehadhopedthatyouwoulde,butyoudidn't.那时我们希望你能来，但是你没有来。3〕过去完成时的时间状语before,by,until,when,after,once,assoonas。例如：HesaidthathehadlearnedsomeEnglishbefore.他说过他以前学过一些英语。Bythetimehewastwelve,Edisonhadbegantomakealivingbyhimself.到了十二岁那年，爱迪生开场自己谋生。Tomwasdisappointedthatmostoftheguestshadleftwhenhearrivedattheparty.汤姆失望了，因为他到达晚会时，大局部客人已经走了。10.用一般过去时代替过去完成时1〕两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but等连词时，多用一般过去时。例如：Whenshesawthemouse，shescreamed.她看到老鼠，就叫了起来。MyauntgavemeahatandIlostit.姑妈给了我一顶帽子，我把它丢了。2〕两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要假设干时间完成，用过去完成时。例如：WhenIheardthenews,Iwasveryexcited.3〕表达历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。例如：OurteachertoldusthatColumbusdiscoveredAmericain1492.11.将来完成时1〕构成willhavedone2〕概念a.状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如：Theywillhavebeenmarriedfor20yearsbythen.到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。b.动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或获得的经历。例如：YouwillhavereachedShanghaibythistimetomorrow.明天此时，你已经到达XX了12现在进展时现在进展时的根本用法：a.表示现在〔指说话人说话时〕正在发生的事情。例如：Wearewaitingforyou.我们正在等你。b.习惯进展：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进展。例如：Mr.Greeniswritinganothernovel.他在写另一部小说。〔说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。〕c.表示渐变，这样的动词有：get,grow,bee,turn,run,go,begin等。例如：Theleavesareturningred.叶子在变红。It'sgettingwarmerandwarmer.天越来越热了。d.与always,constantly,forever等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如：Youarealwayschangingyourmind.你老是改变主意。13.过去进展时1〕概念：表示过去某时正在进展的状态或动作。2〕过去进展时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作延续的时候，另一个短动作发生。3〕常用的时间状语有thismorning,thewholemorning,alldayyesterday,fromninetotenlastevening,when,while等。例如：Mybrotherfellwhilehewasridinghisbicycleandhurthimself.我兄弟骑车时摔了下来，受了伤。Itwasrainingwhentheyleftthestation.他们离开车站时，正下着雨。WhenIgottothetopofthemountain,thesunwasshining.我到达山顶时，阳光灿烂。14.将来进展时1〕概念：表示将来某时进展的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。例如：She'llbeingsoon.她会很快来的。I'llbemeetinghimsometimeinthefuture.将来我一定去见他。注意：将来进展时不用于表示"意志"，不能说I'llbehavingatalkwithher.2〕常用的时间状语有soon,tomorrow,thisevening，onSunday,bythistime，tomorrow,intwodays,tomorrowevening等。例如：Bythistimetomorrow,I'llbelyingonthebeach.明天此时，我正躺在海滩上呢。15.一般现在时代替一般将来时When,while,before,after,till,once,assoonas,solongas,bythetime,if,incase〔that〕,unless,evenif,whether,themoment,theminute,theday,theyear,immediately等引导的时间状语从句，条件句中，用一般现在时代替将来时。例如：HeisgoingtovisitherauntthedayhearrivesinBeijing.他一到，就去看他姨妈。16.一般现在时代替一般过去时1〕"书上说"，"报纸上说"等。例如：Thenewspapersaysthatit'sgoingtobecoldtomorrow.报纸上说明天会很冷的。2〕表达往事，使其生动。例如：Napoleon'sarmynowadvancesandthegreatbattlebegins.拿破仑的军队正在向前挺进，大战开场了17.一般现在时代替现在完成时1〕有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时，如hear,tell,learn,write,understand,forget,know,find,say,remember等。例如：Ihear〔=haveheard〕hewillgotoLondon.我听说了他将去伦敦。Iforget〔=haveforgotten〕howoldheis.我忘了他多大了。2〕用句型"Itis...since..."代替"Ithasbeen...since..."。例如：Itis〔=hasbeen〕fiveyearssincewelastmet.从我们上次见面以来，五年过去了。18.一般现在时代替现在进展时。在Herees.../Theregoes...等句型里，用一般现在时代替现在进展时。例如：Theregoesthebell.铃响了。19.现在进展时代替将来时1〕表示即将发生的或预定中方案好的活动。例如：Areyoustayingwithusthisweekend"和我们一起度周末好吗"Weareleavingsoon.我们马上就走。2〕渐变动词，如get,run,grow,bee,begin以及瞬间动词die等。例如：Heisdying.他要死了。20.时态一致1〕如果从句所表达的为真理或相对不变的事实，那么用现在时。例如：Atthattime,peopledidnotknowthattheearthmoves.那时，人们不知道地球是动的。Hetoldmelastweekthatheiseighteen.上星期他告诉我他十八岁了。2〕宾语从句中的，助动词ought,need,must,dare的时态是不变的。例如：HethoughtthatIneednottellyouthetruth.他认为我不必告诉你真相。三.稳固练习:1、I'llgivethebooktohimassoonashe________back.2、Hasthebaby________cryingyet"(stop)3、Idon'tknowwhetherMother__________metoBeijingnextmonth.(take)4、She_______onhercoatandwentout.(put)5、"Whataretheydoing"""They__________readyforthesportsmeeting."(get)6、Theboyaskedhismother________himgoandplaybasketball.(let)7、I'msorrytokeepyou____________foralongtime.(wait)8、It________(take)himhalfanhour_______(finish)hishomeworkyesterday.9、Ifit________aninterestingfilm,we'llseeittomorrow.(be)10、Theyusually________(do)theirhomeworkaftersupper.11、Listen!Who_____________(sing)inthenextroomnow"12、__________(be)yourparentsinShanghailastyear"13、Mr.Yu_____________(teach)usmathssince1982.14、TheywillhaveatriptotheGreatWallifit_________(notrain)tomorrow.15、LiMingoften_________(listen)totheradiointhemorning.16、A:"Father,mayIgooutandplayfootball""B:"_____you____(do)yourhomework""17、Allthepeopleinthetownareglad______(hear)thatafamousmusician___aconcertthisSaturdayevening.(give)18、Ourteachertoldusifit_____(notsnow)wewouldvisittheScienceMuseumthenextday.19、Theyoften_______(play)footballintheafternoon.20、A:What'reyoudoingDad"B:I_______(mend)theradio.21、Let's_______(carry)theboxestothehouse.22、Yesterdayshe______(want)verymuchtoseethefilm,butshecouldn't__(get)aticket.23、I_________(write)toyouassoonasIgettoShanghai.24、Mike___________(visit)severalplacessincehecametoBeijing.25、He___________(write)fourletterstohiswifeeverymonth.26、Don'tmakeanynoise,Grandma___________(sleep).27、Hisaunt___________(do)somecookingwhenhecamein.28、Whenthey___________(reach)thestation,thetrainhadalreadyleft.29、There___________(be)ameetingnextMonday.30、We___________(know)eachothersinceourboyhood..31、Sometimesmyfather___________(e)backhomelate.32、They___________(have)anEnglisheveningnextweek.33、I'mveryglad___________(hear)that.34、WeiFangisn'there.She___________(go)tothereading-room.35、Thestory___________(happen)longago.36、They___________(visit)theHistoryMuseumlastweek.37、ZhangHong___________(make)manyfriendssinceshecametoParis.38、She___________(go)tothecinemawithherclassmatestomorrowevening.39、Stayhere,bag.Don'tgoout.It___________(rain)now.40、LiPing___________(write)apositioneveryweek.41、Thescientist___________(give)usatalkyesterday.42、Myparents___________(live)inBeijingsince1949.43、Look!Theyoungworker___________(show)thestudentsaroundthefactorynow.44、They___________(build)anewbridgeovertherivernextyear.45、Thestudents___________(clean)theirclassroomtomorrow.46、Thewindowsofourlab___________(clean)onceaweek.47、Ourteacher___________(join)thepartytwentyyearsago.48、Theboys___________(have)abasketballmatchnow.Let's___(go)and_____(watch).49、She___________(work)inthisfactoryfortenyears.50、"Whatmakesyou___________(think)I'mafarmer""theFrenchmanasked.四.答案1.es2.stopped3.willtake4.put5.aregetting6.tolet7.waiting8.took...tofinish9.is10.do11.issinging12.Was13.hastaught14.doesn'train15.listens16.Have...done17.tohear...willgive18.didn'tsnow19.play20.ammending21.carry22.wanted,get23.willwrite24.hasvisited25.writes26.issleeping27.wasdoing28.reached29.willbe30.haveknown31.es32.willhave33.tohear34.hasgone35.happened36.visited37.hasmade38.willgo39.israining40.writes41.gave42.havelived43.isshowing44.willbuild45.willclean46.iscleaned47.joined48.arehaving,go...watch49.hasworkedthink第三章动词的语态一.概念:动词的语态是动词的一种形式,表示主语和谓语之间语法或语义的关系.英语的语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态.主动语态用于主动句,表示主语是动作的执行者.被动语态用于被动句,表示主语是动作的承受者.主动语态的构成方式与动词时态一样,而被动语态由助动词be+过去分词构成,有人称,数,时态的变化.二.相关知识点精讲1.let的用法1〕当let后只有一个单音节动词，变被动语态时，可用不带to的不定式。例如：Theyletthestrangego.他们放陌生人走了。--->Thestrangewasletgo.2〕当let后宾补较长时，let通常不用被动语态，而用allow或permit代替。例如：Thenurseletmegotoseemyclassmateinthehospital.那护士让我去探望住院的同学。---->Iwasallowed/permittedtoseemyclassmateinthehospital.2.短语动词的被动语态短语动词是一个整体，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。例如：MysisterwillbetakencareofbyGrandma.我妹妹由奶奶照顾。Suchathinghasneverbeenheardofbefore.这样的事闻所未闻。3.表示"据说"或"相信"的词组，根本上由believe,consider,declare,expect,feel,report,say,see,suppose,think,understand等组成。例如：Itissaidthat...据说Itisreportedthat...据报道Itisbelievedthat...大家相信Itishopedthat...大家希望Itiswellknownthat...众所周知Itisthoughtthat...大家认为Itissuggestedthat...据建议Itistakengrantedthat...被视为当然Ithasbeendecidedthat...大家决定Itmustberememberthat...务必记住的是4.不用被动语态的情况1〕不及物动词或不及物动词短语，如appear,diedisappear,end〔vi.完毕〕,fail,happen,last,lie,remain,sit,spread,stand,breakout,etrue,fallasleep,keepsilence,loseheart,takeplace等没有无被动语态。例如：Afterthefire,verylittleremainedofmyhouse.大火过后，我家烧得所剩无几。比拟：rise,fall,happen是不及物动词；raise,seat是及物动词。要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。2〕不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语，如fit,have,hold,marry,own,wish,cost,notice,watchagreewith,arriveat/in,shakehandswith,succeedin,sufferfrom,happento,takepartin,walkinto,belongto等。例如：Thiskeyjustfitsthelock.这把钥匙只配这把锁。Yourstoryagreeswithwhathadalreadybeenheard.你说的与我们听说的一致。3〕系动词无被动语态，如appear,bebee,fall,feel,get,grow,keep,look,remain,seem,smell,sound,stay,taste,turn等。例如：Itsoundsgood.听上去不错。4〕带同源宾语的及物动词如die/death,dream/dream，live/life等，以及反身代词，相互代词，不能用于被动语态。例如：Shedreamedabaddreamlastnight.她昨晚做了个恶梦。5〕当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。例如：〔对〕Shelikestoswim.〔错〕Toswimislikedbyher.5.主动形式表示被动意义1〕wash,clean,cook,iron,look,cut,sell,read,wear,feel,draw,write,sell等。例如：Thebooksellswell.这本书销路好。Thisknifecutseasily.这刀子很好用。2〕blame,let〔出租〕,remain,keep,rent,build等。例如：Iwastoblamefortheaccident.事故发生了，我该受指责。Muchworkremains.还有许多活要干。3〕在need,require,want,worth〔形容词〕,deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式。例如：Thedoorneedsrepairing.=Thedoorneedstoberepaired.门该修了。Thisbookisworthreading.这本书值得一读。4〕特殊构造：makesb.heard/understood〔使别人能听见/理解自己〕等。例如：Explainitclearlyandmakeyourselfunderstood.解释清楚些，让别人理解你的话。6.被动形式表示主动意义，如bedetermined,bepleased,begraduated〔from〕,beprepared〔for〕,beoccupied〔in〕,getmarried等。例如：Heisgraduatedfromafamousuniversity.他毕业于一所有名的大学。注意：表示同某人结婚，用marrysb.或getmarriedtosb.均可。例如：Hemarriedarichgirl.他与一个富妞结婚了。Hegotmarriedtoarichgirl.7.need/want/require/worth当need,want,require,beworth后面接doing时，表示的是被动意义。例如：Yourhairwantscutting.你的头发该理了。Thefloorrequireswashing.地板需要冲洗。三.稳固练习1.I___________(teach)herefortenyearssinceIfinishedschool.2.Wouldyoumindme__________(use)yourbike"3.ThestudentsofClassTwo___________(sweep)theirclassroomnow.4.TheWhites____________(notlisten)totheradioatthattime.5.It'sbettertogivethan__________(receive).6.Howlong______you_______(live)inthistown"7.You_______(e)herelastyear,______you"8.----When______you______(see)him"----I______(see)himlastSunday.9.Shesaidthatthecar___________(use)thenextweek.10.Ididn'tknowwhat__________(happen)toChinainacentury.11.WhenIgottothestation,thetrain____already______(leave).12.Thestonebridge______________(build)inourhometownfortenyears.13.Thedeskmust______(clean)onceaday.14.Thedog_________(lie)onthefloorwhenIcamein..15.It_________(rain)heavilywhenIgothome.16.Hermother____________(cook)atthistimeyesterday.17.Thestudents_____________(do)theirhomework.__________(notmake)anynoise!18.----______youever_______(be)toBeijing"----Yes.I________(go)therelastweek.19.He'lltelephoneusassoonashe_________(arrive)there.20.Jiefangtrucks____________(make)inChangchun.21.Apenisusedfor__________(write).22.Allthatmust________(do).23.Myfriendcan'tdecidewhichpairoftrousers____________(choose).Sosheaskedmetogoshoppingwithher.24.Theyfindituseful__________(learn)English.25.Theoldmanoften_________(tell)thechildrenastoryintheevening.Thiseveninghe________(tell)twostories.26.Theradio__________(use)onceinaweekinourclass.It____________(notuse)yesterdaybecausetherewassomethingwrongwithit.27.Wouldpleasetellushow___________(make)thewatch________(work)"28.Shedoesn'tknowwhat_________(do)andwhere__________(go).四.答案1.havetaught2.using3.aresweeping4.weren'tlistening5.toreceive6.have...lived7.came...didn't8.did...see,saw9.wouldbeused10.wouldhappen11.had...left12.havebeenbuilt13.becleaned14.waslying15.wasraining16.wascooking17.aredoing,Don'tmake18.have...beeen,went19.arrives20.aremade21.writing22.bedone23.tochoose24.tolearn25.tells,willtell第四章动词的语气一.概念语气有三种:陈述语气,祈使语气和虚拟语气.语气表示说话人对劝词所示示的动作或所处的状态持有的态度或看法.二.相关知识点精讲1.区分if引导真实条件句和if引导的虚拟条件句的区别Ifhehastime,hewillgowithus.=Probablyhehastimeandwillgowithus.Ifhehadtime,hewouldgowithus.=Butinfacthehasnotime.2.虚拟条件句中主句和从句的谓与动词构成形式如下表if条件句中的谓与动词主句的谓与动词与现在的事实相反1.行为动词用did形式2.be动词用wereshouldwouldcould+动词原形might与过去的事实相反had+doneshouldwouldcould+have+donemight与将来的事实相反1.行为动词用did2.should+动词原形3.wereto+动词原形shouldwouldcould+动词原形might3.混合时间的虚拟语气如果条件句中的动作和主句的动作不是同时发生，主句和从句的谓语动词的形式应分别根据各自所表示的时间加以调整。1)0IfIhadreceivedthepassportyesterday,Iwouldstarttoday.2)Ifhehadtelephonedmelastnight,Iwouldseehimnow.3)Ifhehadfollowedthedoctor'sadvice,hewouldbeallrightnow.4)IfChinahadnotbeenliberated,theworkingpeoplewouldstillbeleadingamiserablelife.4.should/could/might/oughtto+havedone表示"过去本应该/可以做而实际上却没做"needn'thavedone表示"过去没必要作而实际上做了"5.虚拟语气中的倒装句如果虚拟语气的条件从句谓语动词中含有were,had,could,should，有时可将if省去，而将条件从句的主语置于were,had,should,could之后。Hadyouinvitedus,wewouldhaveetoyourparty.WereIyou