(通用版)高考英语二轮复习课件 第2讲 专题1名词 (含详解)

语法专题突破第二讲需要“变形”的名词、形容词和副词专题1名词第二部分1重温真题2

考点精析3

考点集训重温真题考向1名词的数与格单句语法填空1．(2018·6月浙江高考)MakingChinese__________(dish)isseenasespeciallytroublesome.解析：考查名词单复数。dish是可数名词，其前无限定词，故用其复数形式dishes。dishes2．(2017·全国Ⅰ)Thistrend,whichwasstartedbythemedicalcommunity(医学界)asamethodoffightingheartdisease,hashadsomeunintendedside___________(effect)suchasoverweightandheartdisease—theverythingthemedicalcommunitywastryingtofight.解析：sideeffect副作用，由前面的some和下文中的两个例子overweightandheartdisease可知名词effect用复数形式effects。effects3．(2017·全国Ⅱ)In1863thefirstundergroundpassengerrailwayintheworldopenedinLondon.Itranforjustundersevenkilometersandallowedpeopletoavoidterrible__________(crowd)ontheroadsaboveastheytravelledtoandfromwork.解析：crowd是可数名词，且前面没有限定词，故应用复数形式。4．(2017·全国Ⅲ)Shehasturneddownseveral_______________(invitation)tostaratshowsinordertoconcentrateonherstudies.解析：several几个，其后的可数名词要用复数形式。crowdsinvitations5．(2017·浙江)LastOctober,whiletendinghergardeninMora,Sweden,LenaPahlssonpulledoutahandfulofsmall___________(carrot)andwasabouttothrowthemaway.解析：ahandfulof一把，几个，后接可数名词的复数形式。ahandfulofcarrots几个胡萝卜。carrots6．(全国Ⅰ)Thenurseryteamswitcheshimeveryfew________(day)withhissistersothatwhileoneisbeingbottle－fed,theotheriswithmum—sheneversuspects.解析：few用来修饰可数名词复数，故答案为days。everyfewdays每隔几天。句意：护理小组每隔几天就要把他和他的妹妹交换一下以便一个在被人工喂养时另一个和妈妈待在一起，他的母亲从来没有怀疑过。days7．(全国Ⅱ)Recent___________(study)showthatwearefarmoreproductiveatworkifwetakeshortbreaksregularly.解析：根据后面的谓语动词show可知，主语应该是复数形式。8．(四川)Anysmellmightattractnatural___________(enemy)thatwouldtrytoeatthelittlepanda.解析：句意：任何气味都可能引来天敌——它们会吃掉熊猫宝宝的。天敌不止一个，故用复数形式enemies。studiesenemies9．(全国Ⅰ)I'dskippednearbyGuilin,adreamplacefortouristsseekingthelimestonemountaintopsanddarkwatersoftheLiRiverthatarepicturedbyartistsinsomanyChinese_____________(painting)．解析：many用于修饰可数名词复数，故填该名词的复数形式paintings。paintings考向2词形变换之名词单句语法填空1．(2019·全国卷I)InrecentyearssomeInuitpeopleinNunavuthavereportedincreasesinbearsightingsaroundhumansettlements,leadingtoa__________(believe)thatpopulationsareincreasing.解析：考查词性转换之名词。根据其前不定冠词和其后的同位语从句可知，空格处为名词形式，故填belief。belief2．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)Whentheywerefreefromwork，theyinvitedustolocaleventsandletusknowofaninteresting_______________(compete)towatch，togetherwiththestorybehindit.解析：考查词性转换之名词。由空格前的不定冠词an与空格后的不定式towatch可以确定空格处应该填名词形式。故填petition3．(2019·浙江卷)OtherAmericanstudiesshowedno________________________(connect)betweenuniformsandschoolperformance.解析：考查词性转换之名词。句意：其他的美国研究表明校服和学校表现之间没有联系。no是形容词，形容词修饰名词，位于名词前，名词可用复数也可用单数形式。connect是动词，“联系”的意思，因此，要用其名词形式。故填connection/connections。connection/connections4．(2017·全国Ⅱ)Thisdevelopmentwasonlypossiblewiththe________________(introduce)ofelectric－poweredenginesandlifts.解析：空格前是the，其后接名词。introduce的名词形式是introduction。5．(2017·全国Ⅲ)Sheisdeterminedtocarryonwithher_____________(educate)．解析：形容词性物主代词

her应该用来修饰名词，educate的名词形式是roductioneducation6．(全国Ⅱ)Chengduhasdozensofnewmillionaires,Asia'sbiggestbuilding,andfancynewhotels.Butfortouristslikeme,pandasareitstop______________(attract)．解析：空格前有形容词性的物主代词，因此要用名词形式。7．(全国Ⅱ)Then,handlethemostimportanttasksfirstsoyou'llfeelarealsenseof_______________(achieve)．解析：介词of后要用名词作宾语。固定表达asenseofachievement成就感。attractionachievement8．(全国Ⅲ)SomepeoplethinkthatthegreatChinesescholarConfucius,wholivedfromroughly551to479B．C.,influencedthe_______________(develop)ofchopsticks.解析：空前有冠词，此处应用名词作动词的宾语。9．(全国Ⅱ)Inadditiontotheirsimplebeauty,whatmakestheadobedwellingsadmirableistheir___________(able)to“aircondition”ahousewithoutusingelectricequipment.解析：形容词性物主代词their之后应当用名词，故将able转化为其名词形式ability。句意：除了朴素之美外，这些土坯房令人赞叹的是其具有不使用电气设备就能自动进行空气调节的能力。developmentability10．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Toavoidkneepain,youcanrunonsoftsurfaces,doexercisesto______________(strength)yourlegmuscles(肌肉),avoidhillsandgetgoodrunningshoes.解析：考查词形变化。锻炼以增强你腿上的肌肉。此处to是不定式符号，其后用动词原形。故填strengthen。strengthen考点精析►框架结构图►名词的核心考点1．可数名词的数这里主要讲其不规则变化。(1)单、复数同形。如：means,aircraft,deer,fish,Chinese,Japanese,sheep,works(工厂)。(2)合成名词的复数。如：boyfriend→boyfriends,go－between→go－betweens(中间人)，grown－up→grown－ups;passer－by→passers－by,looker－on→lookers－on;womandoctor→womendoctors。(3)只有复数形式的名词。此类名词往往以复数形式出现，表示“衣服”“工具”等的总称，不能用具体的数字修饰，也不能加不定冠词a/an，但可以用apairof/twopairsof,many等修饰。如：clothes衣服，tights紧身裤，

jeans牛仔裤，

pajamas睡衣，

pants(长)裤子，shorts短裤，

socks短袜，

stockings长袜，

trousers裤子，glasses眼镜，

chopsticks筷子，

compasses圆规，pincers钳子，scissors剪刀，scales天平等；另外一类总是以复数形式出现，但不能用具体的数字修饰，也不能用a/an,apairof等修饰，只能用many,agreatmany,alotof等修饰。如：belongings所有物，

congratulations祝贺，

contents目录，

earnings收入，

fireworks烟火，

goods商品，

leavings剩余物，

pains辛劳，spirits情绪，

savings积蓄，stairs楼梯，surroundings环境，wages工资，arms武器等。(4)集体名词的数。有些集体名词通常只用作复数，如：people，cattle,police；有些名词只用作单数，如：machinery,furniture,mankind,jewellery；有些名词既可用作单数又可用作复数，单数看作整体，复数看作集体的各个成员。如：Thecrewislarge.船员人数很多(指整体)。Thecrewarealltired.船员们都累坏了(指个体)。2．不可数名词的数(1)一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词，但当抽象名词表示具体的东西时，可用作可数名词且词义发生变化，主要类型如下：①抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。抽象名词(不可数)具体化(表达个体概念时，是可数名词)insurprise惊讶地asurprise一件令人惊讶的事winsuccess获得成功asuccess一个(件)成功的人(事)winhonour赢得荣誉anhonour一个(件)引起尊敬的人(事)failure失败afailure一个(件)失败的人(事)byexperience靠经验anexperience一次经历withpleasure乐意apleasure一件乐事②抽象名词与a(n)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。AknowledgeofEnglishisamustininternationaltrade.Wouldyouliketohaveawalk(swim,bath,talk)withme?Itisawasteoftimereadingsuchanovel.Shemadeanapologytohermotherforherwrongdoings.(2)有些物质名词是不可数名词，但表示数量或种类时，可以用作可数名词。如：somecoffee一些咖啡，

acoffee一杯咖啡，

threecoffees三杯咖啡；somedrink一些饮料，

adrink一杯饮料，

threedrinks三杯饮料；hishair他的头发，

afewgreyhairs几根白发；glass玻璃，

aglass一只玻璃杯。3．名词所有格(1)－'s所有格theboy'smother,thechildren'stoys,theteachers'books,LucyandLily'sbedroom(共用),Lucy'sandLily'sbedrooms(各自的)(2)“of＋名词”所有格theroofofthehouse,thecoverofthebook,thenameofthegirl,apictureofmyfather(3)双重所有格afriendofmybrother's(＝oneofmybrother'sfriends),apictureofmyfather's(＝oneofmyfather'spictures)(4)－'s所有格的特殊表示形式有：①用于表示人的名词或表集体、机构的名词后，如：Tom'shome,thedoctor's,thecompany'snewfactory等。②用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词后，如：today'snewspaper,fiveminutes'walk(drive),fivepounds'weight,tendollars'worthofcoffee。③用于表示国家、世界、城市等地方的名词后，如：theworld'spopulation,China'sindustry,NewYork'sparks。(5)所有格的句法功能①表所有关系Jack'sbrother②表主谓关系Mr.Wang'spraise③表动宾关系thefamousstar'sadmirers④表修饰关系adoctor'sdegree⑤表同位关系(只用of所有格)thecityofBeijing4．名词的功能(1)可作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语Maryistomeetyouattheairport.Mybrotherisaworker.Heboughtanewbook.Wemadehimmonitorofourclass.(2)作定语英语中有些名词没有其对应的同根形容词，这些名词可以直接用来作定语修饰另一个名词。①分类意义airpollution空气污染coffeecup咖啡杯bodylanguage身体语言roadaccident交通事故theNobelPrize诺贝尔奖②时间、地点、称呼等DoctorJack杰克医生ProfessorLi李教授eveningschool夜校wintersleep冬眠③表目的、来源、材料、所属意义receptiondesk接待台sportsfield田径场stonetable石桌colorTV彩电(3)作状语名词作状语多为表时间或距离等概念的名词。Thewarlastedeightyears.(4)作同位语Tom,ourmonitor,leftschoollastyear.►名词与其他词类的词性转化1．动词变名词的后缀①－al表示人，物，行为：(特殊：去e＋－al)approve赞成→approval赞成survive幸存→survival幸存arrive到达→arrival到达refuse拒绝→refusal拒绝propose提议→proposal提议；建议②－ance/－ence表示性质、状态或行为：appear出现→appearance出现；外貌perform表演→performance表演exist存在→existence存在prefer较喜欢→preference偏爱refer参考；查阅→reference参考；查阅depend依靠→dependence依赖；依靠guide指引→guidance引导；指导③－ion/－tion/－ation表示状态或行为；direct指挥；指导→direction方向；指导expect期待→expectation期待；期望explain解释→explanation解释invite邀请→invitation邀请；请柬solve解决→solution解决compete竞争→competition比赛；竞争pronounce发音→pronunciation发音describe描述→description描写repeat重复→repetition重复④－s(s)ion表示行为或状态：discuss讨论→discussion讨论admit承认→admission承认；准许加入collide碰撞→collision碰撞(或相撞)事故tense拉紧；绷紧→tension紧张decide决定→decision决定⑤－ing具有……(特征)的：hear听→hearing听力；听觉listen听→listening听；听力begin开始→beginning开始部分⑥－ment表示行为、结果等：(去e)argue争论→argument争论；论据⑦－ure/－ture表示行为或状态：fail失败→failure失败press压；挤→pressure压力mix混合→mixture混合物expose暴露→exposure面临；暴露⑧－y表示……的动作(或过程)：recover恢复→recovery恢复；痊愈discover发现→discovery发现其他常见变化：choose选择→choice选择vary相异→variety多样化；品种tend倾向→tendency趋向；趋势grow生长→growth生长marry结婚→marriage婚姻carry搬→carriage客车厢；运输pack收拾(行李)→package包；盒post邮寄→postage邮资；邮费store贮存→storage贮存2．形容词变名词的后缀①－age集合：short短的→shortage不足；短缺②－cy表示性质、状态：fluent流利→fluency流利；流畅accurate准确的→accuracy准确(性)private私有的→privacy隐私efficient效率高的→efficiency效率③－dom表示地位、状况等：free自由的→freedom自由wise明智的→wisdom智慧④－ness表示性质、状态：dark黑的→darkness黑暗weak虚弱的→weakness虚弱kind友好的→kindness善良cold寒冷的→coldness冷淡；冷漠aware知道的；意识到的→awareness知道；意识⑤－th表示结果、过程、性质、状态：warm温暖的→warmth温暖true真的→truth真相deep深的→depth深(度)strong强壮的→strength力量long长的→length长度wide宽的→width宽度⑥－y/－ity表示性质或状态：difficult困难的→difficulty困难honest诚实的→honesty诚实safe安全的→safety安全cruel残忍的→cruelty残忍responsible负责的→responsibility责任⑦ent变为ence，ant变为ance，nd变为nse：different不同的→difference不同(之处)silent沉默的；不说话的→silence寂静patient有耐心的→patience耐心absent缺席的→absence缺席present出席的→presence出席confident自信的→confidence信心convenient方便的→convenience便利important重要的→importance重要(性)respond回应→response响应defend防御；保卫→defense/defence防御；保护2．部分名词的复数错误如：familys,knifes，difficultys，pianoes，heros，womandoctors，tooths，childrens，medias。3．部分词性易混作名词动词误作名词形容词误作名词动词名词形容词名词succeedsuccesshonesthonestyaffecteffecthealthyhealth4．可数与不可数名词混淆不可数可数takeactiontakemeasuressomeadvicesomesuggestionstakeexerciseeyeexercisesmakeprogressmakemistakesinformationcontributions考点集训Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．Hehadwitnessedtoomany__________(die)andwoundsattheBattleofSolferinoinItalyfouryearsearlier,inwhich40,000peoplewerekilled,woundedormissing.2．Apple'snewmachine,theLisa,provedtobeanexpensive___________(fail)．3．Iranintomyneighbor,Dennis,yesterdayafternoon.HeaskedifIwantedtwoticketstothetheater.Hehadseveralticketsbutcouldn'tgotothis_______________(perform)．deathsfailureperformance4．Tourismshouldalsoadvancethewealthand_____________(happy)oflocalinhabitants.5．Thesepeoplehavemadegreat_________________(contribute)toChinawiththeirwork.6．Theygetadvicefrom“_____________(strange)”.Whentheyneedadvice,theydon'tusuallygotopeopletheyknow.happinesscontributionsstrangers7．Myfirst______________(impress)ofhimwasthathewasakindandthoughtfulyoungman.8．Thosewhosufferfromheadachewillfindthey