定语从句2课件

定语从句：在复合句中充当定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句的作用相当于形容词，用来修饰主句中的某一名词或代词或整个主句，所以，也称作形容词性从句。先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。关系词：在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词两种。AttributiveClause:1.Thegirlwho/thatissingingismysister._____________先行词关系代词定语从句(Attributive)主语__谓语Thegirlismysister.作定语修饰--thegirl…who/thatissinging…__________主语☆Relativepronouns

关系代词Persons

指人theSubjectthat/whotheObject(that/who/whom)theAttributewhoseThings

指物theSubjectthat/whichtheObject(that/which)theAttributewhose=ofwhich=ofwhich☆☆AQuiz1.Thisisall____Iknowaboutthematter.A.thatB.whatC.whoD.whether2.Isthereanythingelse_____youwant?A.whichB.thatC.whoD.what3.Thelastplace_____wevisitedwastheGreatWall.A.whichB.thatC.whereD.itChoosethebestanswers:___________________4.Theplace_______interestedmemostwastheChildren'sPalace.A.whichB.whereC.whatD.inwhich5.Doyouknowtheman_______?A.whomIspokeB.towhospokeC.IspoketoD.thatIspoke8.Thepen______Iwriteisverygood.A.withwhichB.inwhichC.onwhichD.bywhich9.Icanneverforgettheday_______weworkedtogetherandtheday______wespenttogether.A.when;whichB.which;whenC.what;thatD.onwhich;when10.Thisistheroom__welistenedtothelecture.A.whichB.where关系副词引导的定语从句

引导定语从句的关系副词有when,where或why等。when,where,why分别在定语从句中作状语，在意义上相当于介词+which结构，分别代替表示时间、地点或原因的先行词。Istillremembertheday____Ifirstcametothisschool.whenTherewasatime____

weneededhimmost.whenwhenTheyear____Lincolnwasbornis1809onwhich__________inwhichatwhichwhenatwhichonwhichinwhich〓2.Theplaceinwhich

IwasbornisJiangsu.

intheplace作地点状语whereTheplacewhereIwasbornisJiangsu.houseThisisthehousewhereLincolnwasborn.farm:ThisisthefarmwhereLincolnworked.theatre:ThisisthetheatrewhereLincolnwasshot._____inwhich______onwhich_____atwhichwhere〓inwhichatwhichonwhich3.Thereasonforwhichhewaspunishedwasunknowntous.

forthereason作原因状语whyThereasonwhyhewaspunishedwasunknowntous.why〓forwhich☆幻灯片6RelativeadverbsTimePlacesReasonswhenwherewhyAttention:when/where=apreposition+which

why=forwhich(Adverbial)1.Theman___whommybrotheraretalkingisapoliceman2.Thegames___whichtheyoungmenwasinterestedweredifficult.3.Canyouimagineapropersituation___whichtheexpressioncanbeused

4.Thisisthereason___whichhedidn'tcometothemeeting.5.ThankstoTom,______whomIwillnotpasstheexam.to

in

infor

withoutFillintheblankswith“which”,“when”,“where”:1.Thisisthefactory_______wewillvisit.2.Thisistheplace_______hewasbornin.3.Thisistheplace_______hewasborn.4.Irememberthedays_______wespent.5.Thisisthefactory______weworks.6.Thisistheplace_______welivein.7.Thisistheplace_______welive.8.Thisisthetime______hedied.whichwhichwherewhichwherewhichwherewhenbutevenmoreimportant,itwasthefarthestthatscientistshadbeenabletolookintothepast,forwhattheywereseeingwerethepatternsandstructuresthatexisted15billionyearsago.但是，更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观察到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。二、后置法：把定语从句翻译在所修饰的先行词后面，翻译为并列分句。（1）重复先行词ChinaandJapanreachedagreementontheissueofagriculturewhichwasamajorbarrierfortheirbilateralrelationsince1996.中日两国最终就农业问题达成了协议，而农业问题自一九九六年起就是两国关系发展的主要障碍。Althoughheisagreenhand,hehasenterpriseandcreativitywhicharedecisiveinwinningsuccessinthefield.他虽然经验不足，但很有进取心和创造力，而这正是在这一领域获得成功的关键。三、融合法：把定语从句和它所修饰的先行词结合在一起翻译。ThiswastheperiodwhenNewtonbegantheresearchwhichresultedinthecreationofhisfamousTheoryofGravity.就在这期间，牛顿开始了一项研究。经过这项研究，他创立了著名的重力理论从句融合法是把主句和定语从句融合成一句简单句，其中的定语从句译成单句中的谓语部分。Hehadgreatsuccessinfootballwhichmadehimanidolintheeyesofeveryfootballplayer.他在足球领域取得的成就使他成为每一个足球运动员的偶像。

四、分译法：分译法是指将主句和从句分开翻译的一种方法，主要用于较长的非限制性定语从句里。onewasaviolentthunderstorm,theworstIhadeverseen,whichobscuredmyobjective.又一次暴风骤雨，猛烈的程度实在是我平生所鲜见的。这场暴风雨遮住了我的目标。neverthelesstheproblemwassolvedsuccessfully,whichshowedthatthecomputationswereaccurate.不过问题还是圆满地解决了，这说明计算很是精确。

表原因themanagerwasgivingadinnerforafewpeoplewhomhewishedespeciallytotalktoortohearfrom.经理只宴请了几个人，因为他特别想和这些人谈谈，听听他们的意见。nooneinthecompanylikestheirboss,whoisstingyandbad-tempered.公司里没人喜欢他们的老板，因为他脾气暴躁、人又小气。表让步myfather,whothoughtitmightnotwork,supportedme.尽管父亲认为这个办法可能不会起作用，但还是支持我。heinsistedonbuyinganothercar,whcihheactuallydidn'tneed.他坚持再买一辆车，尽管他并不需要。表目的thiscompany,whichwantstogettheirnewproductsoldwellinthemarket,istryinghardtoperfectitspackingandworkmanship.为了使新产品在市场热销，这个公司正在全力改进工艺和外包装。表转折sheisquiteconsiderateandkind,whichheryoungersisterneveris.她非常善良，体贴，而她妹妹却从不这样。tosucceedinthisarea,oneneedsprofoundknowledgeandexperience,whichfewhas.想要在这一领域取得成功，需要渊博的知识及丰富的经验，而很少有人能具备这两点。表条件或假设anewproductwhichhasbeautifulpacking,goodqualityandadversingmayverylikelybeahitinmarket.一种新产品，只要包装精美，质量过硬，宣传得利，就能在市场中热销。2007TranslationItisnotenoughtoknowwhatisrightandwhatiswrong.Onemustalsobeabletoapplythisknowledgetoactual,concretesituation.Forthat,thevirtueofprudenceisessential.只知道什么是对的，什么是错的，这还不够。还必须能把这一知识运于实际的具体情况。为此，审慎这一美德是必不可少的。StThomasAquinasreferredtoprudenceasthe“ruddervirtue”,theonethat“steers”theothers.Withoutit,wearelikesomeoneadriftinaboat,tossedinthisdirectionorthatbythewind,thewavesandthecurrent.Unfortunately,thevirtueofprudencehastoooftenbeenconfusedwithcaution.Thus,the“prudent”personisonewhonever“rockstheboat”andisespeciallycarefultoavoidoffendingthosewhowhoareinthepositiontoadvancetheirinterestsortothwartthem.圣托马斯.阿奎纳斯把审慎作为指导性美德，即指导其他美德的美德。没有它我们就好像一个人坐在小船上随波逐流，被狂风、波涛和激流一会儿抛向这里，一会儿抛向那里。遗憾的是，审慎这一美德常常被人们与谨慎相混淆。因此，审慎的人就从不惹是生非，特别小心翼翼地避免冒犯那想要获得利益或阻挠获得利益的人。Thewordthatactuallycomesclosesttofunctioningasasynonymforprudenceis“discernment”.Theprudentpersonisonewhocan“sizeup”asituationanddecide,ordiscernwhatisthewisestandmostmoralcourseofactiontotake.Accordingly,prudencedoesn’tanswerthequestion,whatistherightthinginprincipletodo?Ratherwhatistherightthingforme(orforus)todointhissituation?实际上，与审慎最接近的词是敏锐。审慎的人会审时度势，能确定或看出什么是应该采取的最明智和最为合乎道德的行为。因此，审慎的人不回答这样的问题：“在原则上做什么是对的？”而回答这样的问题：“对我（我们）来说，这种情况下做什么是对的”？Theprudentpersonfullyexaminesasituationandseeksadvicefromothers.Reachingouttoothersforcounselbeforeactingisoneoftheclassicmarksofaprudentperson.Ajudgmentismadeinthelightofthisexaminationandadvice,andthenadecisionismade.审慎的人考虑事情很全面，善于征求他人的意见。在行动之前设法得到他人的忠告是审慎的人的特点之一。据此而做出判断，然后做出决定。2006Afewyearsago,therichworld’sworryabouteconomicinteractionwithdevelopingcountrieswasthatthepoorcouldnotprofitfromit.SounbalancedwerethetermofexchangebetweentheNorth’smightyindustriesandthe

South’sweaklingsweatshopsthattradebetweenthetwocouldbenothingmorethanexploitationoftheonebytheotherfarfromhelpingthepoorcountries,globalintegrationcouldactuallydeepentheirpoverty.Thisfearnowhasgivenwaytoapessimismthatisequalandopposite-namely,thattradewiththedevelopingworldwillimpoverishtoday’srichcountries.数年以前，富国担心与发展中国家进行经济交流，因为穷国可能不会从中受益。北方强大的工业化国家和南方弱小的血汗工厂之间的交换条件很不平等。两者之间的贸易只能是一方剥削另一方。所以，全球经济一体化非但不能帮助穷国，反而加重了他们的贫困。现在这种担心已经让位于一种与此相同、但是意思相反的悲观情绪。那就是，与发展中国家进行贸易会使今天的富国变穷。Thisnewfearismoredangerousthantheoldone.Theearlierscaretacitlyaffirmedthattheindustrieswouldsufferiftheycuttheirlinkswiththethirdworld.Startingfromthere,campaigninginthenorthtorestricttradewithdevelopingcountrieswasgoingtobeanuphillstruggle.Thosewhoopposedeepereconomicintegrationnowhaveabetterplatform.Vitalinterestsobligetherichcountriestoprotecttheirindustriesfromthenewcompetition.Unlikeitspredecessor,thisideamaysell.这种新的担心比旧的更加危险。旧的担心心照不宣，它证实，如果割断与第三世界的联系，工业化国家就会受到损失。据此，北方限制与发展中国家进行贸易的活动是一场艰难的斗争。但现在，那些反对深化经济一体化的人有了一个更好的平台，关键利益使得富国起来保护自己免于新的竞争。与上一次的观点不同，这一次的观点可能会被接受。Thenewfear,liketheoldoneexpressestheconvictionthatgrowthinonepartoftheworldmustsomehowcomeattheexpenseofanother.Thisisadeeplyrootedprejudice,andplainlywrong.Verynearlyalloftheworldismoreprosperousnowthanitwas30yearsago.Growthhasbeenastoryofmutualadvance.与旧的担心一样，新的担心也表达了一种观点。即世界上一部分地区的发展一定要以牺牲另一部分地区的利益为代价。这是一种偏见，根深蒂固，大错特错。世界上所有地区几乎都比30年以前更加繁荣，这就表明，发展是一种互惠的共同进步。Lendingusefulsupporttothisfirsterrorisasecond-theideathatthereisonlysomuchworktogoround.Ifnewtechnologiesmakesomejobsobsolete,orifanincreaseinthesupportofcheapimportsmakesotherjobsuneconomic,theresultmustbeapermanentriseinunemployment.Again,onamoment’sreflection,thisiswrong.Atthecoreofbotherrorsisblindnesstotheadaptivepowerofamarketeconomy.支持第一种错误观点也就产生了第二种错误观点，即能够分配的工作只有这么多，如果新的技术使某些工作消失，如果增加廉价进口品的供给使其他工作不经济，结果一定是失业率持续上升。但是，稍加思考，这种观点又错了。上述两种错误的核心，都是忽略了市场经济的巨大调节力量。2005Threepassions,simplybutoverwhelminglystronghavegovernedmylife;thelongingforlove,thesearchforknowledge,andunbearablepityforthesufferingofmankind.Thesepassions,likegreatwinds,haveblownmehitherandthither,inawaywardcourse,overadeepoceanofanguish,reachingtothevergeofdespair.有三种激情主宰者我们的生命，虽然简单，但异常强烈；对爱的渴望；对知识的追求；以及对人类苦难的难以承受的怜悯，这三种激情像狂风任意地把我刮来刮去，把我吹向痛苦的深海，濒临绝境。Ihavesoughtlove,firstbecauseitbringsecstasy-ecstasysogreatthatiwouldoftenhavesacrificedalltherestoflifeforafewhoursofthisjoy.Ihavesoughtit,next,becauseitrelieveslonelinessthatterriblelonelinessinwhichoneshiveringconsciousnesslooksovertherimoftheworldintothecoldunfathomablelifelessabyss.Ihavesoughtit,finallybecauseintheunionoflove,ihaveseen,inamysticminiature,theprefiguringvisionoftheheaventhatsaintsandpoetshaveimagined.ThisiswhatIsought,andthoughtitmightseemtoogoodforhumanlife,thisiswhatatlastihavefound.我寻求爱，首先是因为它能使人心醉神迷——这种陶醉是如此美妙，使我常常宁愿为这几个小时的愉悦而牺牲生命中的其他一切。我寻求爱，是因为爱能解除孤独——在这种可怕的孤独中，一颗颤抖的灵魂在世界的边缘，注视着下面的冰凉、深不可测、毫无声息的深渊。我寻求爱，还因为在爱的融合中，在某种神秘的图像里，我能看到曾被圣贤和诗人们想象的天堂的情景。这就是我所追求的爱，虽然这似乎对于人类的生命来说过于完美，但这确实是我最终发现的东西。Withequalpassionihavesoughtknowledge.Ihavewishedtounderstandtheheartsofmen.Ihavewishedtoknowwhythestarsshine.Alittleofthis,butnotmuch,ihaveachieved.怀着同样的心情我同样追求知识。我曾渴望理解人心，我曾渴望知道为什么星星会闪烁。但在这方面，我只知道一点点。Loveandknowledge,sofarastheywerepossible,ledupwardrewardtheheavens.Butalwayspitybroughtmebacktoearth.Echoesofcriesofpainreverberatedinmyheart.Childreninfamine,victimstorturedbyoppressors,helplessoldpeopleahaledburdentotheirssons,andthewholeworldofloneliness,povertyandpainmakeamockeryofwhathumanlifeshouldbe.Ilongtoalleviatetheevil,butIcannotandItoosuffer.Thishasbeenmylife.Ihavefounditworthliving,andiwouldgladlyliveitagainifihavethechance.爱与知识竭尽所能，引人通往天堂。但怜悯与同情往往又把我拉回人间。痛苦的哭泣在心里回荡。饥饿的儿童、收折磨的人们，成为儿孙们讨厌的包袱的、无助的老人们，连同整个充满孤独、贫困和苦难的世界，都在嘲讽人类生活原本的模样。我渴望消除一切邪恶，但我无能为力，因为我也同样忍受痛苦。这就是我的生活，我认为值得一过。如果有机会，我将乐意地再活一次。2004Butacquisitiveness,althoughitisthemainspringofthecapitalistsystem,isbynomeans

themostpowerfulofthemotivesthatsurvivetheconquestofhunger.Rivalryisthestrongermotive.OverandoveragaininMohammedanhistory,dynastieshavecomebecausethesonsofaSultanbydifferentmotherscouldnotagree,andinthecivilwaruniversalruinresulted.ThesamesortofthinghappensinmodernEurope.TheBritishgovernmentveryunwiselyallowedtheKaisertobepresentatanavalatSpithead,thethoughtwhicharoseinhismindwasnottheonewhichwehad.然而物质追求虽然是资本主义体系的主要动因，但它绝不是征服饥饿的最有力的动机。相较而言，竞争是个更为有力的诱因。伊斯兰历史上一次又一次，各个朝代陷入悲痛，是因为苏丹那些同父异母的子孙们的意见不一致，由此引发内战，导致了普遍性的破坏。同样的事情在现代欧洲也发生了。当英国政府很不明智的允许德国皇帝出席斯彼赫德海军阅兵时，他的想法与我们原来所认为的不一样。Whathethoughwas,“ImusthaveaNavyasgoodasGrandmamma’s”.Andfromthoughthavesprungalloursubsequenttroubles.Theworldwouldbeahappierplaceitisifacquisitivenesswerealwaysstrongerthanrivalry.Butinfact,agreatmanymencheerfullyfaceimpoverishmentiftheycantherebysecurecompleteruinfortheirrivals.Thepresentleveloftaxation.Vanityisamotiveofimmensepotency.Anyonewhohasmuchtodowithchildrenknowshowtheyareconstantlyperformingsomeantic,and《lookatme》.“lookatme”isoneofthemostfundamentaldesiresofthe