医学影像技术：3上肢骨的X线摄影

上肢骨的X线摄影

Radiographicpositionsofarms

四肢骨的影像学四肢由骨骼、骨间关节、肌肉、肌腱、血管、皮肤和软组织组成ImagingoftheextremitiesTheextremitiesconsistedofjoints、muscles、tendons、vessels、skinsandsofttissues.平片检查常用于骨外伤、骨发育、病理性骨改变、多种骨和关节病的检查等等。骨外伤骨发育病理性骨改变多种骨和关节病Radiographicexaminationisusedtoexaminebonetrauma、skeletalmaturity、pathologicalchanges、variousdiseaseoftheboneandjointandsoon.bonetraumaskeletalmaturitypathologicalchangesboneandjointdiseases平片还可以显示软组织内的钙化、金属异物的位置。金属异物的位置软组织内的钙化Radiographicexaminationcanalsoshowthepositionofcalcificationandmetallicforeignbodiesinsofttissue.MetallicforeignbodiesCalcification四肢骨的摄影注意事项1.平片应包括所需骨骼及其周围软组织2.摄长骨至少包括邻近一端的关节3.同一胶片摄取两个位置时应方向一致Notesoftheextremitiesexposure1.Itshouldincludetheboneandthesofttissueweneeded.2.LongboneX-rayimageshouldincludeaadjacentjointatleast.3.Theorientationsoftwobodiespartsshouldbeaccordantinonephoto.4.长骨的长轴应与胶片的长轴平行5.SID为75～100cm，电压应病情而增减75～100cm4.The

long

axis

of

both

long

bone

and

x-ray

photo

should

be

parallel.5.TheSIDisfrom75cmto100cm，andthevoltageshouldbeincreasedordecreasedaccordingtopatient'scondition.75～100cm6.骨伤患者应小心摆位，使用辅助用具7.一般不用滤线器，体厚处需用滤线器6.Weshouldtreatfracturepatientsverycarefully,usingauxiliaryappliancesifnecessary.7.Ingeneral,X-rayfilterdonothavetobeusedexceptthickposition.手后前位（正位）摄影

anteroposteriorprojectionofhand手后前位（正位）摄片目的：观察手骨的形态、关节、异物、骨龄anteroposteriorprojectionofhandPurpose：

Toobservetheshapeofhandbones、joint、foreignbodies

andboneage.摄影体位：病人侧坐于摄影台前，被检侧手平放在暗盒上，各指展开，掌心向下，第3掌骨置于照片中心。双手时应双手对称地放在暗盒上中心线：单手：第3掌骨头双手：照片中心Posture：Patientsitsidewaysinfrontoftheplanigraphycouchandputthehandbeingexaminedonthecassettewithfingersspreading、palmsdown，andthefirstmetacarpusisplacedinthecenterofphoto.Ifbothbandsareaskedtoberadiographed，putthemonthecassettesymmetrically.Centreline：Singlehand：thethirdmetacarpusBothhands：thecenterofphoto.手后前位桡骨尺骨桡掌关节掌腕关节远节指骨中节指骨近节指骨指间关节掌指关节拇指腕豆骨第5掌骨第1掌骨RadiusUlnaWristjointsCarpometacarpaljointDistalphalanxMiddlephalanxProximalphalanxInterphalangealjointMetacarpophalangealjointsThumbPisiformThefifthmetacarpusThefirstmetacarpusSesamoid标准片：1.照片包括掌骨、指骨及腕关节2.各指骨间隔状分开3.拇指呈斜位影像4.左右（L、R）标记在影像左上角RStandardimage：1.Includemetacarpi、phalanges

andwristjoints.2.Eachphalanx

spreadevenly3.Thumb

isoblique4.Leftorright（L、R）isalwaysmarkedintheupperleftcorner.RLR手指未展开

Fingersdoesnotopen异物

foreignbodiesR手指未展开Fingersdoesnotopen不美观unsightly标记不正确Themarkisnotcorrect尽可能避免其他异物的影像(如大人的手)Avoidotherforeignbodiessuchasadulthandsasfaraspossible手侧位

lateralprojectionofhand手侧位

lateralprojectionofhand摄片目的：观察手部软组织内异物的位置Purpose：

Toobservethepositionofforeignbodiesinthesofttissue.摄影体位：病人侧坐于摄影台前，腕部及手指伸直，拇指位于其余四指前方，第5掌骨紧贴平板，手掌与平板垂直，第5掌骨于照片中心中心线：第2掌骨头Posture：

Patientsitsidewaysinfrontoftheplanigraphycouchandkeephiswristandfingersstraightwiththumblocatedinthefrontofother4fingers.Thepalmshouldbeverticaltotheflatplateandthefifthmetacarpusclosestotheflatplate.Thefifthmetacarpusisplacedinthecenterofphoto.Centreline：thesecondmetacarpus指骨掌骨腕关节尺骨桡骨第1掌骨近节指骨远节指骨PhalanxMetacarpusWristjointsUlnaRadiusFirstmetacarpusProximalphalanxDistalphalanxJapanesemethodChinesemethodOverlappedmetacarpalsRingfingerthumb标准片：1.第2-5掌骨指骨相互重叠，2.重叠的掌骨与照片长轴重合3.拇指呈正位4.左右（L、R）标记在影像左上角RStandardimage：1.Metacarpi2through5shouldoverlapswitheachother.2.ThelongaxisofbothoverlappingmetacarpiandX-rayphotoshouldbeparallel.3.Thumbisposteroanterior.4.Leftorright（L、R）isalwaysmarkedintheupperleftcorner.RL恬静苏黎世的清晨欧洲之巅手后前斜位

Pronationobliqueprojectionofhand手后前斜位

pronationobliqueprojectionofhand摄影目的：观察手部骨外伤和骨质的病变，主要是第2、3掌指骨关节影像Purpose：

Toobservebonetraumaandpathologicalchangesofhand，especiallythesecondandthirdmetacarpi.摄影体位：手掌向内倾斜，第5掌骨紧贴平板，使手掌与平板成45°角，各指均匀分开稍弯曲，第3掌骨头置于平板中心中心线：第3掌骨头Posture：

Thepalmtiltinwardata45degreeangle,andthefifthmetacarpusclosestotheflatplatewithfingersslightlycurvedandspreading.Thethirdmetacarpusisplacedinthecenterofphoto.Centreline：thethirdmetacarpus手后前斜位月骨三角骨舟骨大多角骨小多角骨远节指骨中节指骨近节指骨尺骨桡骨腕豆骨钩骨头状骨第5掌骨第1掌骨LunateTriangularboneScaphoidTrapeziumTrapezoidDistalphalanxMiddlephalanxProximalphalanxUlnaRadiusPisiformHamateCapitateThefifthmetacarpusThefirstmetacarpus标准片：1.掌骨及腕关节呈斜位影像2.第3掌指关节在照片的正中3.拇指呈侧位影像4.左右（L、R）标记在影像左上角RStandardimage：1.

Metacarpiandwristjointareoblique.2.Thethirdmetacarpophalangealjointisplacedinthecenterofphoto.3.Thumbislateral.4.Leftorright（L、R）isalwaysmarkedintheupperleftcorner.RLRL体位不佳

Poorposture体位不佳

Poorposture腕关节正位

Posteroanteriorprojectionofwristjoint腕关节正位摄影目的：观察腕骨、掌骨近端、尺桡骨远端的骨质、关节及周围软组织的情况。观察小儿发育，了解骨龄腕关节正位

PosteroanteriorprojectionofwristjointPurpose：Toobversesclerotinofcarpus、distalradiusandulnaandproximalmetacarpalsaswellasperiarticularsofttissues.Toobverseboneageinordertounderstandthegrowthofchildren.摄影体位：被检侧前臂弯曲，手呈半握拳状，掌面向下，腕关节置于平板中心中心线：尺骨、桡骨茎突连线中点Posture：Theexaminedforearmcurve，andkeephandinaunclenchedfistwithpalmdown.Wristjointisplacedinthecenteroftheflatplate.Centreline：themidpointbetweenradialmalleolusandstyloidprocessofulna.腕关节正位钩骨腕豆骨月骨三角骨舟骨头状骨小多角骨大多角骨尺骨桡骨第1掌骨第5掌骨HamatePisiformLunateTriquetralScaphoidCapitateTrapezoidTrapeziumUlnaRadiusThefirstmetacarpusThefifthmetacarpusHapezoidHapiziumScaphoidLunateCapitateHamatePisiformTriquetral标准片：1.腕关节各骨位于照片正中2.手呈半握拳状影像3.第3掌骨、尺桡骨与照片长轴平行4.左右（L、R）标记在影像左上角RStandardimage：1.Allboneofwristjointisplacedinthecenterofphoto.2.keepthehandinaunclenchedfist.3.Thelongaxisofthethirdmetacarpus、radius、ulnaandX-rayphotoshouldbeparallel.4.Leftorright（L、R）isalwaysmarkedintheupperleftcorner.RLR双手正位Posteroanteriorprojectionofhand腕关节侧位

lateralprojectionofwristjoint腕关节侧位

lateralprojectionofwristjoint摄影目的：观察腕骨、尺桡骨下端、腕桡关节的外伤、月骨的脱位Purpose:Toobversetraumaofcarpus、distalradiusandulna.Toobverselunatedislocation.摄影体位：被检侧前臂弯曲，第五掌骨和前臂尺侧紧靠平板中心线：桡骨茎突Posture：

Theexaminedforearmcurve.Thefifthmetacarpusandulnarforearmshouldbeclosedtotheflatplate.Centreline：Radialmalleolus腕关节侧位尺骨桡骨大多角骨小多角骨舟骨钩骨头状骨腕豆骨第1掌骨月骨UlnaRadiusTrapeziumTrapezoidScaphoidHamateCapitatePisiformThefirstmetacarpusLunate标准片：1.腕关节呈侧位显示2.尺桡骨远端重叠良好，并与照片长轴重叠3.月骨位于照片正中4.左右（L、R）标记在影像左上角RStandardimage：1.Wristjointislateral2.Distalradiusandulnaareoverlapping,andthelongaxisbothofitandX-rayphotoshouldbeparallel.3.

Lunateisplacedinthecenterofphoto.4.Leftorright（L、R）isalwaysmarkedintheupperleftcorner.RLRL阿尔卑斯山的小镇迷人的少女峰冰川列车纵览欧洲腕关节蝶氏位

（尺偏位）

Ulnardeviationprojectionofwristjoint腕关节蝶氏位（尺偏位）

ulnardeviationprojectionofwristjoint摄影目的：观察舟骨的病变和外伤情况Purpose：Toobversethetrauma

andpathologicalchangesofscaphoid.摄影体位：被检侧前臂伸直，掌面向下并尽量外展偏向尺侧，腕关节置于平板中心中心线：尺骨、桡骨茎突的连线中点Posture：Keeptheexaminedforearmstraightandpalmdownandoutwardasmuchaspossible.Wristjointisplacedintheflatplate.Centreline：themidpointbetweenradialmalleolusandstyloidprocessofulna.第1掌骨舟骨桡骨尺骨第5掌骨大多角骨小多角骨头状骨月骨腕豆骨三角骨钩骨ThumbScaphoidRadiusUlnaFifthmetacarpalHapiziumCapitateLunatePisiformTriquetralHamateHapezoidR标准片：1.腕关节各骨位于照片正中2.舟骨与其他小骨分离良好3.尺桡骨与照片长轴平行4.左右（L、R）标记在影像左上角Standardimage：1.

Each

bone

of

the

wrist

in

median

photos

2.

Navicular

bone

separated

well

with

other

small

bones

3.Radius

and

ulna

parallel

to

the

long

axis

of

photos

4.

Left

orright

(L,

R)

is

stampedin

the

upper

left

corner

LR尺桡骨前后位

（正位）

Anteroposteriorprojectionofradiusandulna尺桡骨前后位（正位）

Anteroposteriorprojectionofradiusandulna摄影目的：观察尺桡骨的骨质、软组织及异物情况Purpose：Toobversethesclerotinofradiusandulna、softtissueandforeignbodies.摄影体位：被检侧前臂伸直，掌面向上，背面紧靠平板，上缘包括肘关节，下缘包括腕关节中心线：前臂中点Posture：Keeptheexaminedforearmstraightandpalmup.Thebackofhandshouldclosetotheflatplate.Includeelbowandwristjoint.Centreline：themidpointofforearm尺桡骨正位尺骨远端桡骨远端尺骨鹰嘴桡骨尺骨OlecranonprocessRadiusUlnaRadialtuberosityHeadofradiusUlnarstyloidprocessRadialstyloidprocess标准片：1.尺桡骨与照片长轴平行2.腕关节在照片的上端，肘关节在下端3.尺桡骨近端少量重叠，远端分离良好4.左右（L、R）标记在影像左上角RStandardimage：1.

ThelongaxisofbothradiusandulnaandX-rayphotoshouldbeparallel.2.WristjointisatthetopofX-rayphoto,whileelbowjointatthebottomoftheimage.3.Theproximalradiusandulnaareslightlyoverlapping，andthedistalradiusandulnaareseparated.4.Leftorright（L、R）isalwaysmarkedintheupperleftcorner.RLR尺桡骨侧位

Lateralprojectionofradiusandulna尺桡骨侧位

Lateralprojectionofradiusandulna摄影目的：观察尺、桡骨的骨质、软组织及异物情况Purpose：Toobversethesclerotinofradiusandulna、softtissueandforeignbodies.摄影体位：被检侧肘部弯曲成直角，尺侧在下，上缘包括肘关节，下缘包括腕关节,拇指朝上中心线：前臂中点Posture：Keeptheexaminedelbowbentatrightanglesandtheulnarsideshouldclosetotheflatplatewiththumbup.Includeelbowandwristjoint.Centreline：themidpointofforearm.尺骨鹰嘴肱骨尺骨桡骨桡骨茎突尺骨茎突RadialstyloidprocessUlnarstyloidprocessOlecranonprocessShaftofhumerusRadiusUlnaCoronoidprocessRadialneckR标准片：1.尺桡骨与照片长轴平行2.腕关节在照片的上端，肘关节在下端3.尺桡骨重叠良好4.尺桡骨与肱骨夹角90°5.左右（L、R）标记在影像左上角RStandardimage：1.helongaxisofbothradiusandulnaandX-rayphotoshouldbeparallel.2.WristjointisatthetopofX-rayphoto,whileelbowjointatthebottomoftheimage.3.Radiusandulnaareoverlappingwell4.Radius、ulnaandhumerusformanangleof90degree.5.Leftorright（L、R）isalwaysmarkedintheupperleftcorner.L上下颠倒Upsidedown影像不美观

unsightly标记不佳

themark

isn’tcorrect.影像模糊Vagueimage肘关节前后位

（正位）

anteroposteriorprojectionofwristjoint肘关节前后位（正位）

anteroposteriorprojectionofwristjoint摄影目的：观察肘关节的骨质、软组织及脱位情况Purpose：Toobservesclerotinofelbow、softtissueandluxation.摄影体位：被检侧前臂伸直，掌面向上，肩部放低，肘部紧靠平板中心线：肱骨内外上髁连线中点Posture：Keeptheexaminedforearmstraightandpalmup,andmaketheelbowclosetotheflatplate.Centreline：themidpointoflateralepicondyleandmedialepicondyleofhumerus.肘关节正位尺骨鹰嘴肱骨尺骨桡骨外上髁内上髁桡骨小头ShaftofhumerusLateralepicondyleHeadofradiusOlecranonfossaOlecranonprocessMedialepicondyleSuperiorradioulnarjointRadialtuberosity标准片：1.尺桡骨、肱骨与照片长轴平行2.肱骨在照片的上端，尺桡骨在下端3.尺桡骨少量重叠，内上髁显示清晰4.左右（L、R）标记在影像左上角RStandardimage：1.Thelongaxisofradius、ulna、humerusandX-rayphotoshouldbeparallel.2.HumerusisatthetopofX-rayphoto,whileradiusandulnaatthebottomoftheimage.3.Radiusandulnaareslightlyoverlapping.Medialepicondyleisclear.4.Leftorright（L、R）isalwaysmarkedintheupperleftcorner.RL肘关节侧位

Lateralprojectionofelbowjoint肘关节侧位

Lateralprojectionofelbowjoint摄影目的：观察肘关节的骨质、软组织和脱位的情况Purpose：Toobservesclerotinofelbow、softtissueandluxation.摄影体位：被检侧肘部弯曲成直角，桡侧在上，肩部放低使肘部紧贴平板,拇指向上中心线：肱骨外上髁Posture：Keeptheexaminedelbowbentatrightanglesandtheulnarsideshouldclosetotheflatplatewiththumbup.Centreline：lateralepicondyleofhumerus.肘关节侧位尺骨桡骨肱骨尺骨鹰嘴肱骨小头桡骨小头肘关节ShaftofhumerusOverlappedmedialandlateralepicondylesOlecranonprocessCoronoidprocessHeadofradius90º标准片：1.肱骨与尺桡骨夹角为90°2.肱骨在照片的上端，与照片长轴平行3.尺骨与肱骨的关节间隙清晰4.肱骨内外髁重叠呈圆形5.左右（L、R）标记在影像左上角R尺骨Standardimage：1.Radius、ulnaandhumerusformanangleof90degree.2.Humerusisatthetopandparalleltolongaxisofphoto.3.Elbowjointspaceisclear.4.Overlappedmedialandlateralepicondylesareoverlappingandshouldbeacircular.5.Leftorright（L、R）isalwaysmarkedintheupperleftcorner.R尺骨LL左肘关节正侧位AnteroposteriorandlateralprojectionofleftelbowjointR右肘关节正侧位AnteroposteriorandlateralprojectionofrightelbowjointR肱骨不平行Humerusisn’tparallelwiththephoto弯曲不佳Insufficientbending标记不正确Themarkisn’tcorrect.童话世界圣诞老人的故乡肱骨前后位（正位）

Anteroposteriorprojectionofhumerus肱骨前后位（正位）

Anteroposteriorprojectionofhumerus摄影目的：观察肱骨的骨质、软组织和异物情况Purpose：Toobversesclerotinofhumerus、softtissueandforeignbody.摄影体位：病人仰卧于摄影台上，手臂伸直，外展，掌面向上，上缘包括肩关节，下缘包括肘关节中心线：肱骨中点Posture：Thepatientliesonhisbackandkeeptheexaminedarmstraightandabducingwithpalmup.Includeshoulderandelbowjoint.Centreline：themidpointofhumerus肱骨头肱骨内上髁外上髁鹰嘴窝LAnatomicalneckShaftofhumerusSurgicalneckLessertuberosityHeadofhumerusR标准片：1.肩关节在照片的上端，肱骨与照片长轴平行2.大结节呈切线位，小结节与肱骨重叠

3.肱骨头与关节盂有少量重叠4.左右（L、R）标记在影像左上角RStandardimage：1.Shoulderjointisatthetopofphoto，andthehumerusisparalleltothelongaxisofphoto.2.Greatertuberosityistangent，andlessertuberosityoverlapshumerus.3.Headofhumerusoverlapsglenoidcavityslightly.4.Leftorright（L、R）isalwaysmarkedintheupperleftcorner.L肱骨侧位

Lateralprojectionofhumerus肱骨侧位

Lateralprojectionofhumerus摄影目的：观察肱骨的骨质、软组织和异物情况Purpose：Toobversesclerotinofhumerus、softtissueandforeignbody.摄影体位：病人仰卧于摄影台上，肘关节弯曲内转成侧位，上缘包括肩关节，下缘包括肘关节中心线：肱骨中点Posture:

the

patient

supine

on

the

photographic

table,

the

elbow

bent

inside

into

lateral,

the

upper

edge

including

the

shoulder

joint,the

lower

edge

including

the

elbow.

Center

line:

the

midpoint

of

the

humerus.

肱骨头肱骨干桡骨尺骨肘关节RROlecranonprocessRadiusUlnaShaftofhumerusHeadofhumerusR标准片：1.肩关节在照片的上端，肱骨与照片长轴平行2.大结节与小结节完全重叠

3.肱骨头与关节盂有部分重叠4.肘关节呈侧位显示5.左右（L、R）标记在影像左上角RStandardimage：1.Shoulderjointisatthetopofphoto，andthehumerusisparalleltothelongaxisofphoto.2.Greatertuberosity

andlessertuberosityareoverlappingcompletely.3.Headofhumerusoverlapsglenoidcavitypartly.4.Elbowjointislateral.5.Leftorright（L、R）isalwaysmarkedintheupperleftcorner.L肩关节前后位

（正位）

Anteroposteriorprojectionofshoulderjoint肩关节前后位（正位）

Anteroposteriorprojectionofshoulderjoint摄影目的：观察肩关节、肩锁关节的骨折和脱位的情况Purpose：Toobservefractureofshoulderjoint

andacromioclavicularjointaswellasluxation.摄影体位：病人站立于摄影架前，上肢伸直并外展，掌心向前，对侧向前斜（15°），肩部紧贴平板中心线：喙突Posture：

Thepatientstandsinfrontoftheradiographystand，andtheexaminedarmstraightandabducingwithpalmforward.Theoppositesideison15-degreetiltedtomaketheexaminedshoulderclosetotheflatplate.Centreline：coracoid肩关节正位肩峰肱骨头肩关节肱骨肩胛骨锁骨ClavicleScapulaRibsGlenoidfossaAcromioclavicularjointAcromionprocessDepressionSurgicalneckoffemurGreatertuberosityLessertuberosity标准片：1.肩关节显示于照片正中2.肩关节盂前后缘重叠呈切线，关节间隙清晰3.肱骨与照片长轴平行4.左右（L、R）标记在影像左上角RStandard：1.Shoulderjointisplacedinthecenterofphoto.2.Theanteriorandposteriorbordersofglenoidcavityareoverlappingandtangent.Thejointspaceisclear.3.Humerusisparalleltothelongaxisofphoto.4.Leftorright（L、R）isalwaysmarkedintheupperleftcorner.RLR关节盂前后缘与肱骨头影像重叠Theanteriorandposteriorbordersofglenoidcavityoverlapstheheadofhumerus.关节盂出现双边影Theglenoidcavityhasdoubleedgeshadow标准体位Standardposture肩关节侧位（穿胸位）

Lateralprojectionofshoulderjoint

（throughthechest）肩关节侧位（穿胸位）

Lateralprojectionofshoulderjoint摄影目的：观察肱骨的头、颈、骨干的情况Purpose：Toobversethehead、neckandshaftofhumerus.摄影体位：病人侧立于摄影架前，被检侧上肢自然下垂并紧贴平板，对侧抱头，尽量使对侧肩部上移，深吸气后屏气曝光中心线：经对侧腋下水平射入Posture：

Thepatientstandssidewaysinfrontoftheradiographystand.Lettheexaminedarmfallnaturallyandclosetotheflatplate.Holdhisheadintheoppositehand

andmaketheoppositeshouldermoveup.Exposebreathlesslyafterinhalingdeeply.Centreline：

Throughtheoppositeunderarmhorizontally锁骨肱骨颈肋骨肱骨头AcromionprocessSurgicalneckoffemurRibsHeadofhumerus标准片：1.肱骨头位于脊柱与胸骨之间2.肱骨不与胸椎重叠3.肺部含气量充分，肱骨上段与周围组织界限分明4.左右（L、R）标记在影像左上角RStandardimage：1.Headofhumerusisbetweenthespineandbreastbone.2.Humerusdoesnotoverlapsthethoracicvertebra3.Thegascontentoflungisabundant.Proximalhumerushasaclearlimitoutofthesurroundingtissue.4.

Leftorright（L、R）isalwaysmarkedintheupperleftcorner.RL肩胛骨正位

Anteroposteriorprojectionofshoulderblade

肩胛骨正位

Anteroposteriorprojectionofshoulderblade摄影目的：观察肩胛骨的形态和结构Purpose：Toobversetheshapeandstructureofshoulderblade.摄影体位：病人站立于摄影架，被检侧上肢外展与躯干垂直，肘部弯曲90°角，背部紧贴平板中心线：喙突下方5cmPosture：

Thepatientstandsinfrontoftheradiographystand，keeptheexaminedarmabducing

andperpendiculartothetrunk.Lettheexaminedelbowbentatrightangles.Thebackisclosedtotheflatplate.Centreline：theplaceabout5cmbelowthecoronoidprocess.肩胛骨正位喙突关节盂肩峰锁骨肩胛骨下角肩胛骨上角肩胛骨外缘肩胛骨内缘肱骨头CoracoidprocessClavicleScapulaGlenoidfossaR标准片：1.肩胛骨呈三角形显示于照片正中，边缘锐利2.肩胛骨内缘与肋骨少量重叠

3.左右（L、R）标记在影像左上角RStandardimage：1.Shoulderbladeistriangularwithsharpedgeandplacedinthecenterofphoto.2.Inneredgeofshoulderbladeoverlapsribsslightly.

3.Leftorright（L、R）isalwaysmarkedintheupperleftcorner.L肩胛骨正位改良位LImprovedanteroposteriorprojectionofshoulderblade肩胛骨侧位

Lateralprojectionofshoulderblade肩胛骨侧位

Lateralprojectionofshoulderblade摄影目的：观察肩胛骨侧位影像和结构Purpose：Toobversethelateralshapeandstructureofshoulderblade.摄影体位：病人站立于摄影架前，被检侧胸壁紧贴平板，手抱头，肩胛骨内外缘垂直平板中心线：肩胛骨内缘中点，平静呼吸下屏气曝光Posture：

Thepatientstandssidewaysinfrontoftheradiographystand.Keeptheexaminedlateralthoracicclosetotheflatplateandholdtheheadinhishand.

Innerandouteredgeofshoulderbladeareperpendicularto

theflatplate.Centreline：themidpointofinneredgeofshoulderblade，exposebreathlesslyafternormalrespiration.肩胛骨侧位肱骨肩峰锁骨关节盂肩胛骨下角肩胛骨腋缘肩胛骨背侧缘肩胛骨脊柱缘喙突肱骨头AcromionprocessGlenoidfossaHeadoffemurLateralborderofscapulaClavicleR标准片：1.肩胛骨投影于肋骨外侧

2.肩胛骨呈“Y”字形显示于照片正中，边缘锐利3.左右（L、R）标记在影像左上角RStandardimage：1.Shoulderbladeisoutsideofribs.2.Shoulderbladeis“Y”typewithsharpedgeandplacedinthecenterofphoto.

3.Leftorright（L、R）isalwaysmarkedintheupperleftcorner.L锁骨后前位

（正位）

Posteroanteriorprojectionofclavicle锁骨后前位（正位）

Posteroanteriorprojectionofclavicle摄影目的：观察锁骨的正位影像Purpose：Toobversetheshapeofclavicle摄影体位：病人俯卧于摄影台，被检侧锁骨紧贴平板中心线：锁骨中点，平静呼吸下屏气曝光Posture：Thepatientliesproneintheflatplate，andtheexaminedclavicleisclosedtotheflatplate.

Centreline：themidpointofclavicle，exposebreathlesslyafternormalrespiration.锁骨正位锁骨胸骨端第1肋骨第2肋骨锁骨肩峰端锁骨肱骨头ClavicleCoracoidprocessAcromioclavicularjointAcromionprocess标准片：1.锁骨内1/3与胸廓重叠2.锁骨呈S形显示于照片正中，边缘锐利3.左右（L、R）标记在影像左上角RStandardimage：1.Inner1/3clavicleoverlapsthorax.2.Clavicleis“S”typewithsharpedgeandplacedinthecenterofphoto.3.Leftorright（L、R）isalwaysmarkedintheupperleftcorner.RL总结四肢骨的影像学组成？常规检查？平片显示？SUMMARYImagingoftheextremities

components？

normalexamination？

plainfilm？四肢骨的摄影注意事项1.平片应包括所需骨骼及其周围软组织2.摄长骨至少包括邻近一端的关节3.同一胶片摄取两个位置时应方向一致4.长骨的长轴应与胶片的长轴平行5.焦片距为75～100cm，