海量经典权威教程-中文版

HyperMesh

8.0

basic

trainingAltair

Engineering

Inc.Wang

Jiawei

.cnHyperMesh

介绍2Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.HyperMesh

介绍–启动HyperMeshO

:开始>程序>Altair

HyperWorks>AltairHyperMesh快速启动进入<安装路径>\hm\bin\WIN32\右击hmopengl.exe>创建快捷方式Windows

2000,XP,etc都可创建快捷方式On

UNIX:在提示符下,输入<安装路径>/scripts/hm可以设置简称3Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.HyperMesh

介绍–起始路径默认情况下,HyperMesh在“起始路径”下产生一些文件配置文件

(hm.mac,

hm .set,

userpage.mac,

etc.)历史命令流文件(command.cmf)在起始路径下打开、保存，

文件等。设定起始路径:PC系统,在桌面上HyperMesh图标选择属性到起始位置，设定工作

就可以UNIX系统:在启动HyperMesh的位置设定如果没有设置起始路径，将会找到按照路径下4Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.宏菜单下拉菜单树状浏览器主菜单工具条TCL

/

TK命令行宏菜单页主菜单页标题栏HyperMesh

介绍–概述5Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.▲菜单区HyperMesh

介绍–菜单6Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.HyperMesh

介绍–工具条▲菜单区▲工具条Files

面板卡片编辑Collectors

(Comps,

Mats,

Props,

Loadcols)Collector

可视性单元颜色线框显示单元阴影显示单元几何颜色线框几何阴影几何可视性前一视角全显示动态放大逐步放大/缩小动态旋转平移上/下旋转左/右旋转球型剪辑显示视角7Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.▲菜单区▲工具条▲功能菜单▲模型显示设置▲单元质量检查+建立模型▲用户自定义工具▲Optimization

宏命令▲Optistruct

FEA

宏命令▲几何和单元编辑工具HyperMesh

介绍–功能菜单8Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.▲菜单区▲工具条▲功能菜单▲模型浏览器▲模型浏览器模型的相关信息HyperMesh

介绍–模型浏览器9Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.Copyright

©

2006

Alta▲菜单区▲工具条▲功能菜单▲模型浏览器▲下拉菜单HyperMesh

介绍–下拉式菜单10ir

Engineering,

Inc.s.▲菜单区▲工具条▲功能菜单▲模型浏览器▲下拉菜单▲命令行窗口HyperMesh介绍–命令行11Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.在下拉菜单中进入帮助包含HW

所有模块在某一菜单下，点击Help，直接进入该菜单的帮助三种主要用途：用户可根据其

来学习；对不熟悉的菜单，进行

解释；索引一些关键卡片；学习与其它

的接口。HM8.0–位于下拉菜单12Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.模型显示控制Display

control13Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.Toolbar工具条–用户视角显示和操作控制▲保存一些需要的视角▲调入保存的视角▲前一个视角▲在图形区，将模型显示最大化（快捷键F）▲局部放大，用一任意封闭区域来放大▲用+/--号来放大/缩小▲动态放大/缩小，旋转▲平移▲用左/右箭头旋转▲用上/下箭头旋转显示控制14Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.显示控制–鼠标的使用Ctrl+左键旋转动态旋转模型按CTRL，同时在图形上点击一点，就选择了该点作为旋转中心Ctrl+中键缩放中键若是滚轮，上下滚动时，放大/缩小模型不是滚轮，可以画出任意封闭的区域来放大模型Ctrl+右键平移在图形区平移模型15Copyright

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2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.几何可视化方式线框显示线框+几何特征线几何阴影模型阴影+曲面边界特征网格可视化方式单元线框显示（只显示最外层）单元线框显示单元阴影显示单元阴影显示（不显示网格）单元阴影显示（不显示网格）,只显示特征线工具条–可视化显示控制–可视化16Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.工具条–几何和单元显示模式几何显示模式根据分组Components根据拓扑关系2D

拓扑关系3D

拓扑关系组合显示(topo/comp)网格显示模式根据分组Components根据特性Property根据材料Material根据1D/2D/3D根据单元类型显示控制–可视化17Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.工具条–Collectors

模型显示控制开关控制哪些collectors在图形区显示一些collectors分FE

和geometry对象选择Display

of

a

component’s

FEentities

(elements,

loads,etc.)

or

geometry

are

independent

ofeach

otherCan

display

only

elements,

only

geometry,

both,

orneitherCollector

类型显示控制–Collectors显示18Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.视图

–

下拉菜单

网格视图方式网格线工具条中的阴影和网格线显示模式是针对所有的collectors的，而上图中的可以针对每一个操作。FE

Styles

Element

Visualization

Modes隐藏网格线透明视图阴影显示阴影同时保留特征线显示控制–单元格式19Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.Mask

隐藏功能把选择对象隐藏把隐藏的对象显示出来Only

entities

in

displayedcollectors

(disp

panel)

will

beunmaskedAn

entity’s

collector

must

be

displayedfor

the

entity

to

bevisibleTurning

a

collector

off

then

on

will

unmask

all

of

i

titiesFind

查找功能查找相关的对象Found

entities

will

have

their

collector

automatically

turned

on–

An

entity’s

collector

must

be

displayedfor

the

entity

to

bevisible–

The

undisplayed

entities

in

the

collector

are

now

“masked”MaskFind

/Unmask可视化–隐ask)，查找(Find)菜单20Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.以树状图的方式显示

collectors可以创建，删除和重命名

collectors把collectors

组织到装配体中通过拖放的方式Collector控制控制几何/单元的显示颜色可视化模式过滤，查找功能编辑collectors的属性Model

Browser

模型浏览器21Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.显示对单元(1D,2D,3D…),连接，几何和边界条件进行显示/关闭控制隐藏/不隐藏对单元，几何，载荷等操作清除临时节点显示相邻单元查找目前显示的单元的周围连接单元可视化–Macros

宏命令22Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.目的:了解图形界面/导入文件„Bumper“(bumper.hm)Exercise23Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.Main -

Panels主菜单-面板24Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.面板经常会有一些子面板在面板的左侧通过按钮选择子面板面部操作一般是从左到右的顺序示例:surface

edit/trim

with

surf

sub-panelPanels–General

Layout

面板总体布局1)选择命令Pick

asub-panelfor

the

function

tobe

used2)选择操作对象Select

entitiesthat

will

beaffected3)如何执行命令Give

parametersthat

define

howthe

function

willbe

executed4)执行操作Execute

thefunction25Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.面板组织和功能：每个面板都具有特定的功能有时会有相关的子面板包含执行该面板的一些必须控制快捷键(F1–F12)已定义好了快捷键Act

in

an

“interrupt

mode”

if

you

are

in

a

panelCan

return

to

the

panel

you

were

inSelections

made

in

that

panel

are

rememberedHelp

for

PanelsWhile

in

a

panel,

pressing

help

on

thepermanentaccesses

the

help

for

that

panelPanels

–

Overview26Copyright

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2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.快捷键F1

--Hidden

Line

隐藏线F2 --Delete

删除（删除任何对象都用此命令）F3

--Replace

合并两个节点F4

--Distance

测量距离，角度等F5

--Mask

隐藏F6 --Element

Edit

单元编辑（创建，合并，分割单元等）F7

--Align

Node

节点共线排列F8

--Create

Node

创建节点F9

--LineEdit

线编辑（非边界编辑）F10--Check

Elem

单元质量检查F11--Quick

Edit

快速几何编辑F12--Automesh

自动网格划分Shift+F1-F12,

Ctrl+F1-F627Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.Switches–

转换开关Allows

a

choice

of

several

options

by

apop-upToggles–

双向开关转换Allows

a

choice

between

2

optionsNo

pop-up;

button

labels

the

changesText

input

fields–

文本输入Opera ike

text

fields

in

most

programsCan

use

Ctrl

+

C

and

Ctrl

+

V

to

copy

and

paste

betweenfieldsDouble

clicking

on

a

text

field

that

requires

numbers

accesses

thecalculatorUses

“reverse

notation”Example:

1

+

1=

21

<Enter>

1

+instead

of

1+

1

=Panels–Basic

Controls

基本操作28Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.对象选择控制哪一种对象被选择来操作，以及如何操作Panels–Selection

面板选择Reset取消选择Deselects

all

entitiesfor

the

selector兰色边框代表该选项处于击活状态

(there

can

only

be

1

activeselector)Clicking

the

entity

type

buttonwhen

it

is

active

accesses

the

“extended

selection”对象类型开关Changes

what

typeof

entity

is

beingselected对象类型按钮Shows

the

type

of

entitycurrently

being

selected29Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.使用窗口选择

Shift+鼠标左键=选择右键=取消Left

click

–change

window

shapeShift+左键Rectangle

InsideRectangle

OutsidePolygon

InsidePolygon

OutsideEntities

are

selected

whenmouse

button

is

released面板–快速窗口选择30Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.面板—扩展的点击选择对象出现以下扩展的Page

up/downThe

extended selection

offersMethods

for

selecting

many

entities

at

onceTools

for

modifying

an

existing

selectionSave

an

existing

selection

and

retrieve

it

in

any

panelMultiple

extended

selection

methods

can

be

used

on

a

selectionAllows

you

to

easily

select

exactly

what

you

want31Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.用来给出方向或平面Planes

can

be

selected

from

a

vector

(normal

to

the

vector)Directions

can

be

selected

from

a

plane

(normal

to

the

plane)面板—方向选择ResetDeselects

theN1,

N2,

N3

orbase

nodesCurrent

Direction

/

PlaneShows

a

selected

axis

or

inputs

for

selectingentities

to

define

a

direction

/

planeDirection

SwitchOptions

for

whatdirection

is

selectedBaseSelect

a

nodeto

position

aselected

plane32Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.N1,N2,N3

用节点来定义方向或平面2点定义矢量方向(only

N1

and

N2)3点定义平面或平面法向(N1,N2,andN3)，按右手法则面板—方向选择–N1,N2,N3Vector

from

N1

to

N2N2N1N2Plane

defined

by

N1,

N2,

N3N3N1Direction

isnormal

to

planePositive

directionis

by

“right

handrule”33Copyright

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2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.执行按钮Green

button

on

right

hand

side

of

thepanelExecute

the

(sub-)panel’s

functionality快速执行直接点

键就可以执行命令Always

the

action

button

at

the

top

of

the

listReduces

mouse

travel

needed

to

perform

functionsReject“Local

undo”

–Resets

the

model

to

the

state

before

the

action

wasexecutedNot

available

after

returning

out

of

a

panelReturnExits

the

panel

to

the the

panel

was

accessed

from面板—执行34Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.Selection

50

mmObjectives:Entity

selectionTranslate

elements

(Tool

translate)ToolGeomcount,

delete,

normals,

numbers,

distancedistanceExercise„Bumper“(bumper.hm)35Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.Model

Organization模型组织关系36Copyright

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2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.PointsLinesSurfacesGeometry几何Points

点Lines

线Surfaces

面Solid

体Connectors

焊点FE

Model

有限元模型Nodes

节点Temp

Nodes

临时节点Elements

单元模型组织关系–HyperMesh

对象NodesElementsTemp

Nodes模型分类：Solids37Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.FE

Loading

载荷边界条件Group

接触组(defines

contact

betweenentities)Contact

Surfs

接触面(defines

a

list

ofentities

that

can

be

used

as

master

orslave

in

a

group)模型组织关系–HyperMesh

对象ConstraintsForcesLoads

(constraints,forces,pressures,etc.)约束，集中力，面力等Equations

(mathematical

link

betweennodes)约束方程PressuresContacts

接触ContactSurface38Copyright

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2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.Multibodies

多刚体Ellipsoids

(defines

a

shape

for

rigid

bodies)Mbplanes

(defines

a

shape

for

rigid

bodies)Mbjoints

(defines

the

connection

of

2

rigidbodies)Safety

安全分析Sensors

(defines

a

trigger

to

start

an

event)Control

Volumes

(defines

airbags)模型组织关系–HyperMesh

对象39Copyright

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2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.Coordinate

Entities

坐标系Systems

(coordinate

axes)VectorsReference

Entities

参考对象Sets

(a

simple

list

of

a

particular

typeof

entity)Blocks

(a

list

of

entities

containedwithin

a

box

shape)模型组织关系–HyperMesh

对象VectorsSystems1D

Element

Cross

Sections

1D单元截面Beam

Sections

(cross

sectionalproperties

for

a

property

collector)Beam

Section40Copyright

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2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.模型组织关系–HyperMesh

对象T

a

g

sT

i

t

le

sLabelsTitles

(label

for

a

displayed

item)Tags

(assigns

a

name

to

an

entity)Plotting

图表Curves

(X-Y

data)Plots

(a

display

of

curves

with

axes)Output

Requests

输出要求Loadsteps

(combinations

ofloadcollectors)Output

Blocks

(request

output

froman ysis

for

certain

entities)Plot

with

a

Curve41Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.Morphing

网格变形•Handles

(controls

model

shape

duringmorphing)s

(divides

a

model

intoregions)Symmetrys

(forces

regions

to

bemorphed

symmetrically)Shapes

(model

state

during

morphingsaved

for

retrieval

at

a

later

point)模型组织关系–HyperMesh

对象SymmetrysHandless42Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.OptimizationDesignvars

–

Variables

that

are

changed

during

optimization

(ex:

thickness)Optiresponses

–

Values

being

measured

(ex:

von

Mises

stress)Objectives

–

Responses

to

ize/minimize

(ex:

minimize

weight)Dobjrefs

–

Objective

reference

response

for

minmax/maxmin

optimization

(ex:minimize um

von

Mises

stress)Opticonstraints

–Limitations

(ex:

von

Mises

stress

<

Yield

stress)Optidscreens

–

Filters

constraints

to

reduce

computation

timeDvprels

–

Relationships

between

design

variables

and

propertiesDesvarlinks

–

Relationships

between

design

variablesDequations

–

A

calculated

value

to

be

measuredOptitableentrs

–

Table

of

constantsOpticontrols

–

Parameters

to

control

the

optimization

algorithmsModel

Organization

–

HyperMesh

Entities43Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.Collector概念介绍有限元模型内需要输入不同类型的数据HyperMesh将数据存放在被称为Collector的结构内Collector具有不同的类型，不同类数据应存放在不同类型的Collector内几何图形单元网格材料模型载荷数据特性数据CollectorComponentComponentMatcollectorLoadcollectorPropterycolloter44Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.模型组织关系–Collectors类型Collector

TypesCan

contain

entity

types:Componen

ements,Points,

Lines,

Surfaces,ConnectorsMultibodyEllipsoids,

Mbjoints,

Mbplanes,

SensorsAssemblyComponents,

Multibodies,

AssembliesLoad

CollectorLoads,

EquationsMaterialnone

(materials

and

properties

don’t

contain

other

entities

but

are

still

treatedascollectors)PropertySystem

CollectorSystemsVector

CollectorVectorsBeam

Section

CollectorBeam

Sections许多对象（不是全部）必须放入一个“collector”中45Copyright

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2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.Collector来管理HyperMesh模型一个对象一般来说，只属于一种给定的collector

类型–比如：一个单元只能属于一个components

collector中对同一类型的collector可以创建很多个在同一个collector中的对象具有相同的颜色和属性在任何时候可以更改其组织关系模型组织–Collectors每一个部件属于独立的component一个部件可有多个components46Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.新创建的对象（比如几何，单元，载荷等）放到“当前Collector”中如果用户没有定义当前collector的话，将自动创建一个新的，并定义为当前collectorGlobal

面板可以更改当前collector当前component和load

collcetor显示在标题栏中Organize

面板可以把不同的对象移到指定的collector中在global

面板中设置当前collector工具条中显示当前component模型组织–Collectors47Copyright

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2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.模型组织–相应的工具在菜单区Collectors

–创建新的collectorGlobal

–

设置当前collectorOrganize

–把不同的对象移到指定的collector中Rename

–对存在的collcetor重新命名Reorder–

在

display显示中，collector以一定的顺序来排列，该命令可以更改排列顺序Delete

–删除任何想要删除的对象模型浏览器创建和编辑collectors和装配结构以树形结构图的方式浏览collector和装配结构48Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.模型组织–概述collector?A

collector

is

a

database

entity

that

collectsother

entities,grou togetherall

the

datapertaining

to

that

entity

andallowing

you

to

handle

the

data

as

a

group.为什么使用collectors?capable

of

display

on/off,associate

with

other

entitiesand

organization.Collector

的类型Component

collector,

Load

collector,

Property

collector,Material

collector,

System

collector,

Vector

collector,Multibody

collector,

Group

collector,

Plotcollector,

etcComponent

Collector

The

most

important

collector

which

contains

elementand

load

entities.Display

OFF49Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.目的:把模型组织到不同的collectors中对板壳单元指定厚度和材料属性c)合并部件Exercise„Collector“(kollektor_uebung.hm80)50Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.Steps:a)load

PAMCRASH

User

profileassign

colorscreate

comps-collectorsmove

geometry

into

correspondingcompsmove

elements

…delete

unused

collectorsb)edit

Card

Imagesc)Find

and

delete

duplicate

nodesFind

and

delete

duplicate

elementshelpful

panels:card

(permanent)check

elements

(Tool,

F10)Collectors

(new

Toolbar)color

(Shift-F1)count

(Tool)

find

(Tool)delete

(Tool,

F2)disp

(new

Toolbar)edges

(Tool)or

press

‚h‘)help

(Pull

downmask

(Tool,

F5)organize

(Shift-F11)51Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Ips:Part_2342

ElementsMaterial

StahlS thickness

2comps:Part_3288

ElementsMaterial

StahlS thickness

3comps:Part_1725

ElementsMaterial

Stahls thickness

152Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Ips:surfaces317

surfacescomps:Lines100

lines53Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Ips:Part_3comps:Part_1comps:Part_254Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Ips:Part_1comps:Part_3comps:Part_255Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Ips:Part_1comps:Part_3comps:Part_256Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.objective

/

result:57Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.Preparing

Geometry

for

Meshing几何清理58Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.利用CAD模型建立FEA模型:CAD和FEA对几何的要求是不一样的–CAD

要求精确的描述FEA

只需要简化描述根据不同的问题，有时可以对模型进行很多的简化，以利于分析在导入几何模型时，有时会产生一些错误。几何清理时，允许用户:对导入模型时产生的错误进行修正为了分析需要，对一些细节进行简化确保正确的网格连接得到满意的网格布局和单元质量几何清理59Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.单元质量是如何影响计算精度的？模型本身的原因造成的误差比求解器本身更大Distorted

meshNASTRAN:

0.246OptiStruct:

0.246NASTRAN:

0.238OptiStruct:

0.236Fine

meshNASTRAN:

0.114OptiStruct:

0.096Coarse

meshTip

displacement60Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.内容:导入并修改几何（topology

repair）创建中层面(midsurface)简化特征(defeaturing)重构几何拓扑关系(topology

refinement)Location

in

the

CAE

ProcessPrepareGeometryDesignModelyze

Visualize

ReportMeshSet

up

forysis几何清理61Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.Geometry

页面:surfaces,surface

edit,defeature,quick

edit,edgeedit,point

edit,autocleanupquick

edit:包含了几何清理需要的绝大部分功能几何清理:工具62Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.Geom/Mesh

宏菜单中在HyperMesh菜单中没有的，但是非常有用的工具在面板中的一些快捷方式quick

edit,point

edit,edge

edit,

and

surface

edit

panelsShortcuts

are

organized

by

the

type

of

entity

theywork

withVery

useful

for

quick

access

to

various

functionswhen

cleaning

geometry几何清理:工具63Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.Preparing

Geometry

for

Meshing-Topology

Repair几何清理修改拓扑连接关系64Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.IGESImport

of

*.igs

/

*.iges

filesSTEPimport

of

*.stp

files几何数据导入从files

->import

子面板HyperMesh支持的CAD数据格式Unigraphics

(UG

Part

Browser)Import

of

*.prt

filesRequires

an

installation

ofUnigraphics

to

be

availableCATIAimport

of

*.model???

filesCATIA

v5

license

required

to

importCATIA

v5

filesPro/ENGINEERimport

of

*.prt

and

*.asm

files拓扑关系修改:几何导入65Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.SurfaceFixed

point

硬点硬点是和几何关联的在边界端点上的不能删除，面内可以可以位于边界上，也可以位于面内在每个硬点处把几何边界断开在硬点处强制产生节点Surface

edge

曲面边界边界和面是关联的定义面的边界不能删除在两个端点会有硬点存在拓扑关系修改:曲面阐释66Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.Free

edge

边只属于一个面两个面之间如果是

边的话，就认为是不连续的Shared

edge

共享边属于两个相临面面是连续的(equivalenced)T-junctions

非重合边或T型连接连接大于等于3个面比如:T型连接面，重复面面是连续的Suppressed

edge

压缩边相当于两个面合并成一个面拓扑关系修改:“拓扑关系”“拓扑关系”指的是几何面与相邻面之间的连接关系曲面的连续性受制于面的边界如果一个面和超过一个面以上共同使用一条边界，就认为是连续的(“HyperMesh里称为：equivalenced”)根据一条边界连接的面的数量，对边界进行分类，命名和

。67Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.Auto默认选项(只在

geomcleanup和automesh

菜单下显示拓扑关系)By

Comp始终以components颜色模式显示（即使是surface

edit和automesh也不改变）By

Topo始终以拓扑关系模式显示模型By

2D

Topo只对2D几何模型显示其拓扑关系By

3D

Topo只对3D几何模型显示其拓扑关系Mixed对2D和3D几何模型显示其拓扑关系，同时显示components的颜色在surface

edit,quick

edit,point

edit,edge

edit,autocleanup,and

automesh

菜单中，默认显示其拓扑关系可以通过工具条菜单进入拓扑关系修改:拓扑显示模式68Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s./Topology

显示控制:可以控制free,shared,t-junctions,and

suppressed

edges,and

offixedpoints的显示拓扑关系修改:拓扑显示模式69Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.HyperMesh

在导入模型时会对几何做适当的清理一些类型的文件已包含了连接信息，这样会对几何清理很有帮助用户可以在导入几何时，设定几何清理的容差来自动清理拓扑关系修改主要是指错误的连接关系可能的错误相邻面没有连接重复面几何面丢失几何清理的目标就是确保几何具有正确的连接关系。拓扑关系修改70Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.边界是红色的，代表

边(free

edge):相邻面之间没有连接相邻面丢失（或只有一个面）边界是绿边的，代表共享边(share

edge):表明边界连接的是两个面；边界是黄色的，代表Ｔ型连结

(T-connection):表明边界连接的等于大于３个以上的面。一种情况除外，如果有重复面时也会出现Ｔ型连结。边界是蓝色的，代表压缩边（suppress

edge）代表把两个曲面合并成了一个面。拓扑关系修改:Possible

errors

for

topology

color71Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.重复曲面应该删除重复曲面应该删除需创建丢失的面需创建丢失的面需要合并的边需要合并的

边示例:一般修改流程:下图

了面应该是如何连接的；查看当前的拓扑颜色显示；–

中

了造成拓扑关系错误显示的原因使用HyperMesh提供的工具快速高效地来修改几何本该正确的拓扑关系拓扑关系修改:Process72Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.拓扑关系修改:HyperMesh的工具成共享边；edge

edit

面板equivalence

一次可以合并很多边界（自动）–

按给定的条件查找曲面上的一对

边界，并toggle

一次合并一条边界（手工）鼠标左键点击

边可以变成共享边，点击共享边可以变成压缩边鼠标

共享边可以变成

边，点击压缩边可以变成共享边Replace

一条边替代另一条（也是合并成一条）合并两条带有一定间隙的

边成一条共享边；可以控制哪条边界保留，哪条边界移动；defeature:面板duplicates:

重复面查找并删除重复面quick

edit:面板filler

surf:填补曲面在

曲面边界上，选择一条线来自动修补丢失的面。73Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.了解模型尺寸和大小，并确定全局单元尺寸大小；基于确定的全局单元尺寸，设定几何清理容差：Set

value

in

options,

geom

cleanup,

and

automesh

:

cleanupCleanup

tolerance

specifies

the

largest

gap

size

to

be

closed

bytopology

functionsTolerances

>

15-20%

of

global

element

size

can

lead

to

significantmeshdistortionsCan

change

value

multiple

times

for

workon

various

areas

of

themodelUse

topology

display

tools

to

decide

what

needs

to

be

cleanedUse

equivalence

to

combine

as

many

free

edge

pairs

as

possibleMake

sure

surfaces

are

notcollapsed

in

undesirable

mannerUse

toggleto

combine

any

remaining

freeedge

pairs,

1by

1use

replace

function

if

more

control

is

neededUse

findduplicates

to

check

for

any

duplicate

surfaces

and

delete

themUse

filler

surface

to

recreate

any

missing

surfacesuse

vis

opts

3

mode

from

macro to

view

shaded

surfaces拓扑关系修改:Strategy74Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.修复模型中错误的拓扑连接关系，以方便接下来的抽取中面工作。要熟悉以下功能:ToggleReplaceEquivalenceFiller

surfaceFind

duplicates拓扑关系修改:练习…/clip_repair.hm75Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.Midsurface抽取几何中面76Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.创建中面:对许多FE

分析来说，需要用板壳来描述几何形状厚度信息是通过数学上来定义的，而不是通过几何外形来描述；网格一般是放置在几何的中层面上；CAD

几何一般是3D形式给出的Midsurfacing

可以在中层面位置上创建一层曲面，并直接在该面上划分网格。77Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.创建中面:工具在几何页面使用midsurface

功能Solid

–对封闭的几何自动抽取出中面有时对一些丢失几何面的情况，也可以完成该命令丢失的面越多，得到的结果越差Between

Surfs

–在指定的两个面之间创建中面78Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.创建中面:工具一旦中面完成后，可以利用该面板下的

edit

子面板完成一些编辑工作：Quick

Edit

–

Repair

a

midsurface

by

correcting

where

the

verticies

of

thesurface

wereplacedAssign

–

An

extension

to

quick

edit,

and

functions

in

a

similarfashionReplace

Edge

–

Fill

in

gaps

and

slivers

by

combining

one

surface

edge

withanother–

same

as

in

the

edge

edit

panelExtend

Surface

–

Extends

twosurfaces

(e.g.,

ribs)

until

they

intersectView

Thickness

–

Review

of

the

thickness

of

a

midsurface

using

whi

ines(probes)

extending

from

each

vertex

of

the

surface79Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.Defeaturing删除几何特征80Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.曲面倒角小孔边界倒角根据分析的不同，一些特别的几何细节可以被忽略掉，这主要依赖于：该部件在整个装配体中的重要程度；该特征是否位于分析所在敏感的区域中；该特征的大小与单元尺寸的对比，是否可以被忽略。Defeaturing

功能就是删除一些几何特征，以使几何形状更简洁删除几何特征:

什么含义?81Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.defeature

面板pinholes

--在一个曲面边界上，查找封闭的

边，如果满足设定的直径要求就删除该孔，同时在孔的中心保留一个硬点。另外，该孔不一定非要是圆孔。surf

fillets

–删除位于两个曲面中间的圆曲面倒角，并把原来两个曲面延伸形成一个尖角连接edge

fillets

–在曲面拐角处查找满足给定半径大小的边界倒角，并删除，然后形成一个方角。trim

intersect

–与

edge

fillets

类似，只是让用户手工来

哪儿需要完成该操作。删除几何特征:工具82Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.删除几何特征:练习删除一些不需要的细节…/clip_defeature.hm83Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.Topology

Refinement重构几何拓扑关系84Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.重构拓扑关系:“Topology

refinement”是更改几何的拓扑关系以得到高质量的网格不象defeaturing功能,它并没有改变部件的几何形状CAD

几何具有更详细的拓扑关系，这些会影响网格划分的质量只要几何曲率发生变化，CAD就会创建边界（Edges）即使在一些光顺的区域把几何也分成了很多面。Automesh会沿着边界上强制产生节点。–

这样会导致很差的单元尺寸，角度，翘曲，长宽比等等CAD

几何经常会具有复杂的轮廓高复杂的几何形状要得到高质量的网格比较

；把复杂的几何切割成小的，简洁的规则的几何后，更容易划分网格；在一些必要的地方添加一些硬点，可以更好的控制节点的分布。85Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.重构拓扑关系:典型的处理方法几种典型处理方法合并几何切割几何删除硬点添加硬点取代硬点AfterBefore86Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.重构几何拓扑关系后（压缩边界和删除硬点）拓扑关系重构前MeshGeometry重构拓扑关系:实例边界与硬点如何影响网格划分的：87Copyright

©

2006

Altair

Engineering,

Inc.s.edge

edit

边界编辑toggle

(1次合并一个边界)鼠标左键点击

边可以变成共享边，点击共享边可以变成压缩边鼠标

共享边可以变成

边，点击压缩边可以变成共享边(un)suppress

(一次处理多条边界)从共享边转化成压缩边或从压缩边转变为共享边point

edit

几何点编辑add

–添加硬点replace

–合并硬点suppress

–删除已存在的硬点Surface

edit

几何编辑把复杂的几何切割成若干小的规则的曲面更便于控制网格的分布Trim

with

nodes–使用节点来切割几何Trim

with

line