美国纽约警察的发展历程课件

美国纽约警察的发展历程dyz6538@荷兰殖民者时代的纽约皮革制服与治安岗亭ALEATHERHEADANDHISSENTRYBOXCalledleatherheadsbecauseoftheirdistinctiveleatherhelmets,theconstablewatchpatrolledthecityfromscatteredsentryboxesintheearlydecadesofthe1800s.Oftenthefirstonthesceneatfiresaconstantdangerinacitywithmanywoodenbuildings-theyworetheirhelmetsforprotectionagainstfallingdebris.Bythe1840s,theconstablewatchwasregardedasacollectionof"idlersandgossipers"whocouldn'tcontrolNewYork'sgrowingcrimeanddisorderproblems.阿斯特宫广场暴动与警察

THEASTORPLACERIOTPeopletooktheirtheaterseriously,soseriouslythatarivalrybetweentwotragediansresultedinariotattheAstorPlaceTheater1849asamobtriedtopreventoneoftheactorsfromtakingthestage.Withthelargemobhurlingcobblestones,thepolicewereoverwhelmed.Themilitiafiredintothethrong,killing22peopleandwounding40.Theriotsoccasionedthefirstpolicetraininginriotcontrolandmilitarydrillandtheauthorizationofthefirstpoliceweapon,a22-inchclubtobeusedonlyincasesofurgentself-defense.1845年－1853年的标准制服PROPOSEDUNIFORMSWhenuniformswerefirstproposedin1845,policeofficersrefusedtowearthembecausetheydidn'twanttoappearas"liveriedlackeys,"atermtheyappliedtotheBritishpolice.Abluefrockcoatwithbrassbuttonswasnotadoptedastheofficialuniformuntil18531802年－1844年的雅各布·海斯JACOBSHAYS:Thehighconstablefrom1802to1844,HayswassaidtohaveknowneverycriminalinNewYork.Amanofgreatphysicalstrength,hepatrolledarmedonlywithhisconstable'sstaff,makingarrestsandquellingstreetbrawlssingle-handedly.InOldNewYork,misbehavingchildrenwerewarnedthat"oldHayswillbeafteryou."1840年－1850年的警察局长：乔治·马蒂谢尔CHIEFGEORGEW.MATSELL:Thefirstchiefofpoliceinthe1840sand1850s,MatsellalsoservedaspolicesuperintendentandpresidentofthePoliceCommissioninthe1870s,whencontrolofthepoliceforcereturnedtothecity.Abooksellerbytrade,MatsellalsobecamethepublisherofThePoliceGazette.1860年代的纽约警察警察局总部大楼POLICEHEADQUARTERS:300MulberryStreet,circa1869桑树街300号的警察局总部（1869年）（左）240CENTRESTREET:Anewpoliceheadquartersopenedin1910afternearlyfiveyearsofconstruction.Fromitsgreatcopperdomeandrooftopobservationdecktoitsbasementpistolrange,thefive-storylimestonestructurewasmeant“toimpressboththeofficerandtheprisonerwiththemajestyofthelaw.”240号中心大街的警察局总部（右）1887年的监狱女看守POLICEMATRONS:In1887,theWomen'sChristianTemperanceUnionandtheWomen'sPrisonAssociationembarkedonafour-yearcrusadetoappointwomentothepolicedepartment.Womenwereneededtotendtotheincreasingnumberoffemalearrestees,notonlyprostitutesandstreetthievesbutalsoservantscaughtstealingfromhouseholds.Thefirstfourpolicematronswerehiredin1891,andby1896theirnumberhadgrownto30,withonematronworkingduringthedayandoneduringthenightineachofthe15precincts.IsabellaGoodwin,apolicewidowwhobecameamatronin1896,wentontodoundercoverworkandwaseventuallypromotedtofirstgradedetectivein1912.1880－1890时代的警察装备POLICEEQUIPMENT:The1880sand1890sweremarkedbyanincreasingstandardizationofpoliceequipment:Iand2)domedfeltpolicehelmetsforsummerandwinteruse,3)theshortdaystick,4)shield,5)a.32caliber,six-shotrevolver,firstcarriedin1887,6)thelongnightstick,7)theornamentalrosewoodnightstickwithtassels,8)beltandfrog,9)the"twister"or"come-along,"awirecoveredwithbraidedleatherusedtosecurethewristofanonviolentprisonerand10)handcuffs.桌式电话机前的警察局长POLICECHIEFATHISDESKTELEPHONE:Theprecinctswereconnectedbytelegraphin1845andcommunicatedbymeansofMorsecode.Telephonesfirstcameintousein1891.Morethan600,000telegraphicandphonemessageswerereceivedanddispatchedoverpolicelinesin1906.

传奇英雄托马斯·伯恩斯－－纽约市警察局第一任刑侦局长THOMASBYRNES:Thelarger-than-lifeThomasByrneswasknownas"personificationofthepolicedepartment."AsacaptainhehadsolvedtheManhattanBankburglary,recovering$3millioninstolencashandsecurities.WhentheDetectiveBureauwasestablishedin1882,Byrneswasappointedthefirstchiefofdetectivesandhewasnamedsuperintendentofpolicein1892.Hisconsiderablepersonalwealthandtheundeniablecorruptionofthedepartmentcastashadowoverhisotherwisedistinguishedcareer."Hewasaczar,withalltheautocrat'sirresponsiblepowers,andheexercisedthemashesawfit,"thejournalistJacobRiissaidofByrnes."Buthemadethedetectiveservicegreat."西奥多·罗斯福THEODOREROOSEVELT:Hehadbeenastatelegislator,acandidateformayor,arancherintheDakotasandamemberoftheU.S.CivilServiceCommissionbeforehebecamepolicecommissionerin1895.HeresignedtobecomeassistantsecretaryoftheNavyandthenorganizedtheRoughRidersforserviceintheSpanish-AmericanWar.HewaselectedgovernorofNewYorkin1898andvicepresidentoftheUnitedStatesin1900.WithWilliamMcKinley'sassassinationin1901,Rooseveltbecamethe26thpresident.Anadventurertothelast,hewasthefirstpresidenttogoupinanairplaneanddowninasubmarine.HewasthefirstAmericantowintheNobelPeacePrize.警棍先生威廉斯"CLUBBER"WILLIAMS:Knownas"Clubber"forhisfacilitywithanightstick,AlexanderWilliamswasthetoughestandmostcorruptcopinthistoughandcorruptera."Thereismorelawattheendofthepoliceman'snightstickthaninallthedecisionsoftheSupremeCourt,"Williamsproclaimed.ForcedintoretirementbyRoosevelt,hehadamassedalargepersonalfortune,anestateinCosCob,Connecticut,andasteamyacht.Heissaidtohavecoinedtheterm"thetenderloin,"forarichandcorruptdistrict,whenhechortledovertheprospectsforgraftinhisnewcommand:"I'vehadnothingbutchucksteakforalongtime,andnowI'mgoingtogetalittleofthetenderloin."1900年代的纽约警察警察的体能测试与反应速度STOPWATCHTEST:P.O.Haggerty(left)andP.O.SilberbauerclockthespeedofamotorbikeatJeromeAvenueandFeatherbedLane,circa1910.早期的警车（1915）POLICEWAGON:Horse-drawnpolicewagonswereuseduntilabout1915totransportprisonerstocourtandjailandtocarrypoliceofficerstotheirpostsinbadweather.

警察盘查车辆（1910）CARSTOP:AbicycleofficerstoppingacarbyGrant'sTomb,circa1910MOTORCYCLECOPS:Amotorcyclesquadwasfoundedin1911tochasespeedingvehiclesthatwerebecomingtoofastforbikepatrolstoapprehend.AbletomaneuverbetweencarsontheirdistinctiveredIndianmotorcycles,theMotorcycleBureauhadgrownto315officersand289motorcyclesby1930.网格化警务巡逻20世纪初期的交通警察THETRAFFICCOP:Helpingpeopleacrossthestreetwasaveryimportantpolicefunctionintheearly20thCentury.Withfewstoplightsorothertrafficcontroldevicesinplace,trolleys,gas-poweredvehicles,electriccars,andhorse-drawnconveyancesviedforapieceoftheroad,endangeringpedestriansofallages.Thecity'sfirstcomprehensivetrafficregulations,includingrulesforsignalingaturn,werecreatedbyPoliceCommissionerTheodoreBinghamandadoptedbythelegislaturein1910.

1925年的警察学校POLICEACADEMY:In1925,thedepartmentformallyestablishedapoliceacademy,fusingitstrainingschool,detectivetrainingschoolandschoolofequitationintooneentity.Markedbyanincreasingstandardizationofinstructionandformalizedtesting,thenewacademyalsobeganthefirstinstructionforthehigherlevelsofcommand.Theacademyadoptedthemotto,"EntertoLearn,GoForthtoServe."ANEARLYPOLICECAR:Policeautomobilepatrolwasinitiatedin1919.Earlypolicecarsweredistinguishablefromprivatevehiclesonlybysmallsignsreading“PD.”早期的警车女警队THEPOLICEWOMAN'SBUREAU:CommissionerLewisJ.Valentine(left)swearsinmembersinthePolicewomen'sBureau,circa1935.Policewomenservedinaseparatebureauuntil1967,when180womenwereassignedtoprecinctdeskjobs.In1972,15womenvolunteeredtogoonpatrolasanexperiment.Thefollowingyear,withtheexperimentdeemedasuccess,boththePolicewomen'sBureauandthetitleof"policewoman"wereabolished.Anewtitleof"policeofficer"wasestablishedforbothmaleandfemalemembersoftheservice,andhundredsoffemalepoliceofficersjoinedtheNYPDpatrolforce格特鲁德·施米尔警官GERTRUDESCHIMMEL:MayorJohnLindsay(right)andPoliceCommissionerPatrickMurphyswearinGertrudeSchimmelasthefirstwomanpolicecaptainin1971.Schimmelrosetotherankofdeputychiefin1978.1967年的女警察无线电侦查技术的运用THEFIRSTWIREDCOP:MayorFiorelloLaGuardiagreetsthe"firstwiredmaninhistory"atCityHallasPoliceCommissionerLewisJ.Valentine(left)lookson.Fromthesehumblebeginningssprangthesophisticatedsurveillanceandcommunicationsequipmentusedbythedepartmenttoday.现代颜色的警车（1938）POLICECAR:Tomakepolicecarsmorevisibleonthestreets,theNYPD,in1938,beganpaintingthecarroofswhite,withthebodyofthevehiclegreen,andthefendersblack.The"GreenandWhites,"-especiallythehighlyvisiblewhitetop-setaworldwidestandardformarkedpolicevehicles.In1973,thecolorschemechangedtoblueandwhiteforevengreatervisibilityandbecausethelighterbluekeptthepolicecarscoolerinhotweather.1938年的巡逻警车车载无线电通信设备CARRADIOS:TheuseofradiomotorpatrolcarsorRMPsdatesfrom1932,whencarsbeganreceivingtransmissionsfromthedepartment'sradiostationWPEG.Inthefirstsixmonths,officersinradio-equippedcarsrespondedtomorethan5,000callsandmade377arrests.Thedepartmentbeganexperimentingwithtwo-waycarradiosin1937,but,becauseoftheshortageofradiopartsduringWorldWarII,theentirefleetofRMPswasnotequippedwithtw