考研强化班完形填空讲义

2012考研英语强化班完形填空讲义主讲：张销民完型填空是考研英语中多年来的一个稳定题型，变化不大2000年以前：150T80字文章，10个填空2000年以后：240-280字文章，20个填空完型是一个很科学的语言考试形式：考查考生从语法、词汇、阅读的全面能力,并且是在对文章整体把握的基础上进行考查。完型从技术的角度其实并不难完型阅读量不大且阅读难度不高完型并不侧重考察偏词、难词完型真正“做不好”的关键其实在于考生“不会做”，即不会按照好的方法去做。完型做题方法的一大误区-凭“感觉”做题，此方法恰恰违背完型的规律。如何寻找做完型的“好方法”-探寻完型的核心规律，完型恰恰是考研英语中最有规律可循的题型。完型的两大规律根据完型选项的分布规律-完型可以“猜”；根据完型的命题规律-完型的填空题可以进行标准化分类去“做”；完型填空一部分靠“猜”，一部分靠“做”完型如何“猜"-依靠完型填空选项的分布概率来“猜"：ABCD四个选项基本上是平均分布，即每个选项基本上均有5次充当答案的机会；这样的话完型的20道题，首先就不需要全做，最多只需要做一半的题，即考生把完型的20道题区分成“会做的题”和“不会做的题”，首先把“会做的题”做完，之后研究这些选项的分布规律，找出其中出现几率最小的选项，把这个选项全部填入“不会做的题”中，猜中的儿率则最高。会做的题不会做的题比如：会做5道题，研究其答案选项分布，如下：AABBC；等于这部分出现几率最小的选项为D有15道不会做的题，则全选D；首先把“会做的题”做完，之后研究这些选项的分布规律，找出其中出现几率最小的选项。这部分则全部填入“在会做的题目部分出现几率最小的选项”，则猜中的几率为最大。此方法就可以确保考生的完型分数在4分至8分之间，且是在最短的时间内以最高效率方式获取的分数，即完型不用全做，只需做2道至10道题即可；完型如何“做”完型填空的命题思路分析完型填空的命题形式完型填空的基本命题形式是给考生一篇短文（按照新大纲的规定在240-280字左右），出题者有目的地在每隔一定数量的词语后去除一处词语，形成总共20处词语空缺，然后在相应的空缺处设置（包括三个干扰项在内）的四个备选答案，需要考生从四选中选出一个最佳（thebest）的答案。从命题形式分析命题思路：从完型填空的命题形式来看，20个填空不是孤立存在的，而是处在--整篇文章的大背景之中的。从这个角度，完型文章实际上是由两部分信息构成:基本解题思路：通过已知“猜”未知既然未知信息与已知信息整合在一起就组成了一篇完整的完型文章，这就说明未知信息与已知信息之间绝不是互相孤立存在的，而是有着各种各样、千丝万缕的关系，未知信息与已知信息之间存在着直接的紧密的互动关系。官方的命题思路：大纲将完型填空的命题思路概述为：“完型填空主要测试考生结合上下文的综合理解能力和语言运用能力，即在阅读理解的基础上把握英语知识运用的能力”根据上述分析，我们可以把完型的基本命题思路概括为以下几点：先对原文进行阅读 解题先对整体环境进行把握和理解——►解决具体问题

先对旦知信息进行把握和理解►破解未知信息更进一步：每一个未知信息点都处于整篇文章包含的庞大的已知信息体系之中，所以对于一个具体的填空来说，并不是整篇文章包含的所有已知信息都与其有关系，解出一个具体完型填空的关键是要找出与这个填空所有相关联的已知信息（线索）。完型解题的基本方法（理论）可以概括为:相关已知信息（提示线索）定位分析法-线索填字法通过定位、查找与每一个具体未知填空所有相关联的已知信息，通过对定位出来的这些相关联的已知信息点的分析总结从而在4个选项中定位出未知填空的答案总体解题理论-细化为具体的、可操作的解题方法“线索填字理论”下细化出的“完型的十二种具体解题方法”-如何“做”完型的方法体系从题型的角度从词性的角度1、无关词排除法5、对应成分分析法9、动词2、同现结构法6、总分结构对照法10、形容词3、复现结构法7、时间、数字线索法11、副词4、关联结构法8、逻辑关系定位法12、名词低端方法-针对完型中难度最高、占分值不大的金字塔尖的难题：一般的考生可不去花费众多时间去掌握9^动词10、形容词11、副词12、名词高端方法-其他8种方法是针对大多数考题，占分值大的主流题：是大多数考生应重点掌握的方法完型标准填空题型一（完型中最基本的填空考题）：逻辑关系定位法例题：1994年完型填空46题Thefirstandsmallestunitthatcanbediscussedinrelationtolanguageistheword.Inspeaking,thechoiceofwordsis41theutmostimportance.Properselectionwilleliminateonesourceof42breakdowninthecommunicationcycle.Toooften,carelessuseofwords43ameetingofthemindsofthespeakerandlistener.Thewordsusedbythespeakermay44unfavorablereactionsinthelistener45interferewithhiscomprehension;hence,thetransmission-receptionsystembreaksdown.46,inaccurateorindefinitewordsmaymake47difficultforthelistenertounderstandthe48whichisbeingtransmittedtohim.Thespeakerwhodoesnothavespecificwordsinhisworkingvocabularymaybe49toexplainordescribeina50thatcanbeunderstoodbyhislisteners.46.A.MoreoverB.HoweverC.PreliminarilyD.Unexpectedly基础知识-完型文章中常见的10大类逻辑关系并列关系&部分常用标志词和短语and,andalso,or,neither nor,either or,notonly butalso,likewise,similarly,equally,inthesameway,thatistosay,aswellas,same as;递进关系&部分常用标志词和短语also,then,besides,additionally,inaddition,furthermore,moreover,whatismore;indeed;因果关系&部分常用标志词和短语because,for,since,as,thus,hence,therefore,so,so that,such that,inorderthat,consequently,accordingly,dueto,thanksto,inresponseto,onaccountof,becauseof,consideringthat,seeingthat,inthat,nowthat,lest,asaresult,forthisreason;转折关系&部分常用标志词和短语but,however,yet,contrarily,onthecontrary,bycontrast,ontheotherhand,unfortunately,infact,inreality,actually;让步关系&部分常用标志词和短语although,though,eventhough,evenif,even,nevertheless,despite,inspiteof;regardlessof;anyway,anyhow列举(顺序)关系&部分常用标志词和短语first\second\lastofall,inthefirstplace\inthesecondplace\finally,tobeginwith\tocontinue,first then,ononehand ontheotherhand,foronething foranother,one another,some others stillothers;对比关系&部分常用标志词和短语while,whereas,as,/ratherthan,insteadof,not but;时间关系&部分常用标志词和短语when,whenever,before,after,since,as,while,until,till,simultaneously,meanwhile,inthemeantime,atthesametime;条件关系&部分常用标志词和短语if,onlyif,ifonly,unless,otherwise,assoonas,aslongas,incase,supposethat,supposingthat,providedthat,providingthat,when,whenever,with;举例关系&部分常用标志词和短语suchas,forexample,forinstance,of(these,those,them),among(these,those,them),toillustrate,asanillustration,totakeanexample,morespecificallyspeaking,namely;例题：1994年完型填空46题-递进关系Thefirstandsmallestunitthatcanbediscussedinrelationtolanguageistheword.Inspeaking,thechoiceofwordsis41theutmostimportance.Properselectionwilleliminateonesourceof42breakdowninthecommunicationcycle.Toooften,carelessuseofwords43ameetingofthemindsofthespeakerandlistener.Thewordsusedbythespeakermay44unfavorablereactionsinthelistener45interferewithhiscomprehension;hence,thetransmission-receptionsystembreaksdown.46,inaccurateorindefinitewordsmaymake47difficultforthelistenertounderstandthe48whichisbeingtransmittedtohim.Thespeakerwhodoesnothavespecificwordsinhisworkingvocabularymaybe49toexplainordescribeina50thatcanbeunderstoodbyhislisteners.A.MoreoverB.HoweverC.PreliminarilyD.Unexpectedly例题：1998年考研英语完型的第47题-转折关系UntilrecentlymosthistoriansspokeverycriticallyoftheIndustrialRevolution.They41thatinthelongrunindustrializationgreatlyraisedthestandardoflivingforthe42man.Buttheyinsistedthatits43resultsduringtheperiodfrom1750to1850werewidespreadpovertyandmiseryforthe44oftheEnglishpopulation.45contrast,theysawintheprecedinghundredyearsfrom1650to1750,whenEnglandwasstilla46agriculturalcountry,aperiodofgreatabundanceandprosperity.Thisview,47,isgenerallythoughttobewrong.Specialists48historyandeconomics,have49twothings:thattheperiodfrom1650to1750was50bygreatpoverty,andthatindustrializationcertainlydidnotworsenandmayhaveactuallyimprovedtheconditionsforthemajorityofthepopulace.47.A)howeverB)meanwhileC)thereforeD)moreover例题：1999年考研英语完型的第47题-列举关系Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies_41_lowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprograms,workhardtoorganizethem,andcontinueworkingtokeepthem42andactive.Whentheworkiswelldone,a43ofaccident-freeoperationsisestablished_44_timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum.Successfulsafetyprogramsmay45greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesby_46_rulesorregulations.47othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.But,therearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogr8mifmaximumresultsaretobeobtained.Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstand-pointalone,safety_48—.Thefewertheinjury49,thebettertheworkman'sinsurancerate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingat_50_orataloss.[A]Some[B]Many[C]Even[D]Still例题:2004年考研英语完型的第34题-因果关系Familieshavealso(33)changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofoneparenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents,(34)achildrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome(35)wascommoninthetraditionalfamily(36).Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other(37)causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschool,theincreased(38)ofdrugsandalcohol,andthegrowing(39)ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact,34.[A]contrarily[B]consequentlyC]similarly[D]simultaneously例题：1997年考研英语完型的第42题-对比逻辑关系ManpowerInc.,with560,000workers,istheworld'slargesttemporaryemploymentagency.Everymorning,itspeople41intotheofficesandfactoriesofAmerica,seekingaday'sworkforaday'spay.Onedayatatime.42industrialgiantslikeGeneralMotorsandIBMstruggletosurvive43reducingthenumberofemployees,Manpower,basedinMilwaukee,Wisconsin,isbooming.42.A)For B)Because42.A)For B)BecauseC)AsD)Since例题：1997年考研英语完型的第48题-对比逻辑关系44itseconomycontinuestorecover,theUSisincreasinglybecominganationofparttimersandtemporaryworkers.This"45"workforceisthemostimportant46inAmericanbusinesstoday,anditis47changingtherelationshipbetweenpeopleandtheirjobs.Thephenomenonprovidesawayforcompaniestoremaingloballycompetitive48avoidingmarketcyclesandthegrowingburdens49byemploymentrules,healthcarecostsandpensionplans.Forworkersitcanmeananendtothesecurity,benefitsandsenseof50thatcamefrombeingaloyalemployee.48.A)but 48.A)but B)whileC)andD)whereas例题:2000年考研英语完型的第41题-对比逻辑关系Ifafarmerwishestosucceed,hemusttrytokeepawidegapbetweenhisconsumptionandhisproduction.Hemuststorealargequantityofgrain41consumingallhisgrainimmediately.Hecancontinuetosupporthimselfandhisfamily42heproducesasurplus.Hemustusethissurplusinthreeways:asseedforsowing,asaninsurance43theunpredictableeffectsofbadweatherandasacommoditywhichhemustsellinorderto44oldagriculturalimplementsandobtainchemicalfertilizersto45thesoil.Hemayalsoneedmoneytoconstructirrigation46andimprovehisfarminotherways.Ifnosurplusisavailable,afarmercannotbe47.Hemusteithersellsomeofhispropertyor48extrafundsinformofloans.Naturallyhewilltrytoborrowmoneyatalow49ofinterest,butloansofthiskindarenot50obtainable.[A]otherthan[B]aswellas[jC]insteadof[D]morethan表达(特殊)对比逻辑关系的三大标志词insteadofratherthannot but 例题:2001年考研英语完型的第48题-对比逻辑关系39ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda40ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe41ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges_42toParliament.[A]betterthan[B]otherthan[C]ratherthan[D]soonerthan例题：大纲样题第20题-对比逻辑关系theywilltakehomenottheproblemsofscienceandtechnology,20thebenefit.2O.[A]except[B]nor[C]or[D]but例题:2001年考研英语完型的第31题-举例关系Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases31thetrialofRosemaryWest.31.[A]asto[B]forinstance[C]inparticularLp]suchas例题:2005年考研英语完型的第20题-举例关系Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors19forunfamiliarandemei^encysignals20thesmellofsmoke,whichmightindicatethedangeroffire.20.[A]similarto[B]such[C]alongwith[D]asidefrom例题:2003年考研英语完型的第28题-举例关系Teachersneedtobeawareoftheemotional,intellectual,andphysicalchangesthatyoungadultsexperience.Andtheyalsoneedtogiveserious21(ohowtheycanbebest22suchchanges.Growingbodiesneedmovementand23,butnotjustinwaysthatemphasizecompetition.24theyareadjustingtotheirnewbodiesandawholehostofnewintellectualandemotionalchallenges,teenagersareespeciallyself-consciousandneedthe 25thatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowingthattheiraccomplishmentsare 26byothers.However,thetypicalteenagelifestyleisalreadyfilledwithsomuchcompetitionthatitwouldbe27toplanactivitiesinwhichtherearemorewinnersthanlosers,28,publishingnewsletterswithmanystudent-writtenbookreviews,29studentartwork,andsponsoringbookdiscussionclubs.Avarietyofsmallclubscanprovide30opportunitiesforleadership,aswellasforpracticeinsuccessful31dynamics.Makingfriendsisextremelyimportanttoteenagers,andmanyshystudentsneedthe32ofsomekindoforganizationwithasupportiveadult33visibleinthebackground.28.A.ineffectB.asaresultC.forexampleD.inasense例题:2010年考研英语完型的第15题-举例关系Itturnsoutthatparticularwayofconductingtheexperimentsmayhaveledto_14—interpretationofwhathappened.—15—,lightingwasalwayschangedonSunday.WhenworkstartedagainonMonday,output_16 rosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand_17_toriseforthenextcoupleofdays.—18—a

comparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMonday.Workers_19_tobediligentforthefirstfewdaysoftheworkingweekinanycase,before_20_aplateauandthenslackeningoff.Thissuggeststhatthealleged"Hawthorneeffect"ishardtopindown.15.[A]Incontrast[B]Forexample[C]Inconsequence[DIAsusual例题：1996年考研英语完型的第50题-让步关系48enoughvitaminsisessentialtolife,althoughthebodyhasnonutritionalusefor49vitamins.Manypeople,5(),believeinbeingonthe''safeside"andthustakeextravitamins.However,awell-balanceddietwillusuallymeetallthebody'svitaminneeds.50.(A)nevertheless(B)therefore(C)moreover(D)meanwhile如何区分转折与让步转折：后面直接推翻前面让步：后面没有直接推翻前面，而是出现了与前面正常预期相反的结果最大的区别：对立推翻的对象不一样例题:2005年考研英语完型的第1题-转折关系Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansarethoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals,[thisislargelybecause,2animals,westandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare3toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair,4themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.1.[A]although[B]as1.[A]although[B]as©but[D]while例题:2006年考研英语完型的第11题-让步关系11_whenhomelessindividualsmanagetofinda12_thatwillgivethemthreemealsadayandaplacetosleepatnight,agoodnumberstillspendthebulkofeachday_13thestreet.[D]0nly11.[A]Hence[B]But [C]Even[D]0nly例题：1996年考研英语完型真题48enoughvitaminsisessentialtolife,althoughthebodyhasnonutritionalusefor49vitamins.Manypeople,50.believeinbeingonthe"safeside"andthustakeextravitamins.However,awell-balanceddietwillusuallymeetallthebody*svitaminneeds.历年真题中考察逻辑关系的题目汇总（题号如下）:2011年：1、6、13、202010年：7、12、15、182009年：15、17、182008年:5、142007年:9、122006年：1、7、11、14、182005年:1、5、6、9、16、202004年：22、25、27、34、402003年：24、28、35、382002年：22、29、312001年:31、36、42、462000年：41、421999年：471998年：471997年：42、44、481996年：46、501995年：501994年：46例题：2011年考研英语完形填空真题AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughteras“abodilyexerciseprecioustohealth."But1someclaimstothecontrary,laughingprobablyhaslittleinfluenceonphysicalfitness.Laughterdoes2short-termchangesinthefunctionoftheheartanditsbloodvessels,3heartrateandoxygenconsumption.Butbecausehardlaughterisdifficultto4,agoodlaughisunlikelytohave5benefitstheway,say,walkingorjoggingdoes._6_,insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthem,asexercisedoes,laughterapparentlyaccomplishesthe_7—,studiesdatingbacktothe1930'sindicatethatlaughter_8 muscles,decreasingmuscletoneforupto45minutesafterthelaughdiesdown.Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelp_9_theeffectsofpsychologicalstress.Anyway,theactoflaughingprobablydoesproduceothertypesof 10 feedbackthatimproveanindividual'semotionalstate._11oneclassicaltheoryofemotion,ourfeelingsarepartiallyrooted12physicalreactions.Itwasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythathumansdonotcry 13 theyaresadbuttheybecomesadwhenthetearsbegintoflow.Althoughsadnessalso14 tears,evidencesuggeststhatemotionscanflow_15 muscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublishedin1988,socialpsychologistFritzStrackoftheUniversityofwurzburginGermanyaskedvolunteersto_16 apeneitherwiththeirteeth-therebycreatinganartificialsmile—orwiththeirlips,whichwouldproducea(n)_17 expression.Thoseforcedtoexercisetheirsmilingmuscles 18 moreexuberantlytofunnycartonsthandidthosewhosemouthswerecontractedinafrown,19 thatexpressionsmayinfluenceemotionsratherthanjusttheotherwayaround.—20—,thephysicalactoflaughtercouldimprovemood.1.[A]among[B]except[C]despite[D]like2.[A]reflect[B]demand[C]indicate[D]produce3.[A]stabilizing[B]boosting[C]impairing(DIdetermining4.[A]transmitfB]sustain[Clevaluate[DIobserve5.[A]measurable[B]manageable[C]affordable[D]renewable6.[A]Inturn[B]Infact[C]Inaddition[D]Inbrief7.[A]opposite[B]impossible[C]average[D]expected8.[A]hardens[B]weakens[C]tightens[D]relaxed9.[A]aggravate[B]generate[C]moderate[D]enhance10.[A]physical[B]mental[C]subconscious[D]internal11.[A]ExceptforfB]Accordingto[C]Dueto[D]Asfor12.[A]with[B]on[C]in[D]at13.[A]unless[B]until[C]if[D]because14.[A]exhausts[B]follows[C]precedes[D]suppresses15.[A]into[B]from[C]towards[D]beyond16.[A]fetch[B]bite[C]pick[D]hold17.[A]disappointed[B]excited[C]joyful[D]indifferent18.[A]adapted[B]catered[C]turned[D]reacted

[A]suggesting[A]Eventually[B]required[A]suggesting[A]Eventually[B]Consequently[C]Similarly[D]Conversely1.[A]among[B]except[C]despite[D]like6.[A]Inturn[B]Infact[C]Inaddition[D]Inbrief13.[A]unless[B]until[Clif[D]because20.[A]Eventually[B]Consequently[C]Similarly[D]Conversely1、答案:[C]分析：本题考查上文逻辑关系，这是完型12类填空中最基本、也是最容易得分的一类填空。考生只要熟练掌握本书总结的完型上下文（句）逻辑关系就能做出此类填空。而且本题尤其简单，因为出题人已经在本填空所处的句子开头给出了已知线索“But”，等于已经直接告诉了考生是“转折逻辑关系”，答案自然只能是选项[C]despite=despite表示让步，但让步属于转折的一种，其意思是“尽管,但是”，与“But”的意思最雷同，所以本题也是一种复现。例题:2004年考研英语完型的第40题Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact,(40)adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.40.[A]provided[B]since[C]although[D]supposing6、答案：[B]分析：本题目考查逻辑关系。本题目十分简单，因为出题人以复现的形式在本填空所在的句子中已经给出了标志词“insteadof",此标志词表达--种对比、转折关系，因此只能选择[B]Infact,因为Infact也表达转折的概念。13、答案：[D]分析：本题考查上下文的逻辑关系。首先考生可以看出本填空所在的句子是对之前那个理论的进一步详细论述，而之前的理论是说明“我们情感部分源于身体反应”，即人的“心理”与“生理”之间的互动关系。把握了这一点，本题的逻辑关系就很好定位了。定位本填空的前后的原文信息，之前的信息为“humansdonotcry"；之后的信息为：“theyaresad”，这就是"生理"和''心理”的互动关系，因此本填空最佳的逻辑关系应该是“因果关系”，答案为选项［D］because。20、答案：［C］分析：本题考查逻辑关系，是很简单的题。考生只要根据填空后的句子意思为："thephysicalactoflaughtercouldimprovemood(发笑的生理行为可以改善情绪)”，此句子信息显然与前面的信息是一致，答案明显是［^Similarly。2011年完型为例：只做逻辑关系题+加“猜”题方法的得分“做”的题“猜，，的题1、C6、B13、D20、C其他的16道题均填A；A选项从未出现过，为出现几率最小的选项猜中5道题得分：2分得分：2.5分完型文章的布局结构特点■完型文章一般都有明确的中心主线整个文章的中心主线包括鲜明的主题(FOUCS),同时文章往往又具有很强的导向性或者作者态度具有倾向性；这个主题以及这种导向性或倾向性其实就构成了完型文章的中心主线，成为从整体上把握完型文章的关键点。中心主线贯穿全文，即整篇文章就是围绕着中心主线展开。完型文章-主线控制全文的文章■完型文章往往采用总分对照结构从文章结构的角度来看，能够将文章的中心主线非常简洁地表达清晰的结构往往是总分对照的结构。所以，我们通过大量的总结个分析后发现考研英语的完型文章在文章结构上经常采用总分对照的形式，这就为我们迅速从整体上把握一篇完型文章提供了非常便利条件。总分对照结构是由总述部分和分述部分构成，总述是对分述的总结和概括，而分述是对总述的展开和祥述，两者之间有着明确的互相支持，互相印证的对照关系。完型文章：一个主线、一个结构（总分结构）*分析2001年考研英语完型填空文章的布局结构Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases31thetrialofRosemaryWest.Inasignificant32oflegalcontrolsoverthepress.LordIrvine,theLordChancellor,willintroducea33billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses34andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof35thatcanbegiventoacase36atrialbegins.InalettertoGeraldKaufman,chairmanoftheHouseofCommonsmediaselectcommittee.LordIrvinesaidhe37withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot38sufficientcontrol.39ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda40ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe41ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges42toParliament.TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBill,which43theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally44inBritain,laiddownthateverybodywas45toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies."Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands46ourBritishjudges,Hhesaid.Witnesspaymentsbecamean 47 afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnesseswere48tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers.Concernswereraised49witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto50guiltyverdicts.32.[A]tightening[B]intensifying[C]focusing[D]fastening34.[A]illogical[B]illegal[C]improbable[D]improper文章布局分析:此篇文章的中心主线相当明确，而且中心主线就在文章的首句-Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases31thetrialofRosemaryWest.（政府将要禁止报界向证人付钱以期买通那些卷入诸如罗丝玛丽审判等著名案件的证人）。此中心主线可以用下列图表表示出来：文章的主题(FOCUS)：探讨媒体向证人付钱的法律问题;文章的导向：政府对“媒体向证人付钱”持绝对的负态度;*分析2000年考研英语完型填空文章的布局结构Ifafarmerwishestosucceed,hemusttrytokeepawidegapbetweenhisconsumptionandhisproduction.Hemuststorealargequantityofgrain41consumingallhisgrainimmediately.Hecancontinuetosupporthimselfandhisfamily42heproducesasurplus.Hemustusethissurplusinthreeways:asseedforsowing,asaninsurance43theunpredictableeffectsofbadweatherandasacommoditywhichhemustsellinorderto44oldagriculturalimplementsandobtainchemicalfertilizersto45thesoil.Hemayalsoneedmoneytoconstructirrigation46andimprovehisfarminotherways.Ifnosurplusisavailable,afarmercannotbe47.Hemusteithersellsomeofhispropertyor48extrafundsinformofIoans.Naturallyhewilltrytoborrowmoneyatalow49ofinterest,butloansofthiskindarenot50obtainable.47.[A]self-confident[B]self-sufficient[C]self-satisfied[D]self-restrained文章布局分析：此篇文章的中心主线相当明确，而且开门见山，文章的首句一Ifafarmerwishestosucceed,hemusttrytokeepawidegapbetweenhisconsumptionandhisproduction.(如果一个农民想要成功的话，他必须在消费和生产之间保持一个大的差额)一使得整个文章的中心主线一目了然：推测出文章的基本导向：Consumption小于ProductionConsumptionProductionConsumptionProduction条件Tosucceed本文的整体结构是明显的总-分对照结构总述:Ifafarmerwishestosucceed,hemusttrytokeepawidegapbetweenhisconsumptionandhisproduction.（总述句使得文章开门见山，直接概括出文章的中心主线：农民想要成功，生产>消费分述一:从正面支持生产>消费Hemuststorealargequantityofgrain Hecancontinuetosupporthimselfandhisfamily Hemustusethissurplusinthreeways Hemayalsoneedmoneytoconstructirrigation andimprovehisfarminotherways分述分述二:从反面支持生产>消费即：总述:Ifnosurplusisavailable,afarmercannotbeself-sufficient

分述： sellsomeofhissomeofhisproperties loans borrowmoneyatalow49ofinterest *分析1994年考研英语完型填空文章的布局结构Thefirstandsmallestunitthatcanbediscussedinrelationtolanguageistheword.Inspeaking,thechoiceofwordsis41theutmostimportance.Properselectionwilleliminateonesourceof42breakdowninthecommunicationcycle.Toooften,carelessuseofwords43ameetingofthemindsofthespeakerandlistener.Thewordsusedbythespeakermay44unfavorablereactionsinthelistener45interferewithhiscomprehension;hence,thetransmission-receptionsystembreaksdown.46,inaccurateorindefinitewordsmaymake47difficultforthelistenertounderstandthe48whichisbeingtransmittedtohim.Thespeakerwhodoesnothavespecificwordsinhisworkingvocabularymaybe49toexplainordescribeina50thatcanbeunderstoodbyhislisteners.r-FOUCS（主题）：有关“用词”问题中心主线一匚文章导向/作者态度倾向性：如何选词是至关重要的总述部分|——由文章的头两句构成，概述出文章的中心主线；Word-Thefirstandsmallestunit/Thechoiceofwords-theutmostimportance.分述部分 分述1：正面的情况支持总述：Properselection（正确的选词会产生什麽好处）：分述2：反面支持总述，既用词不准确会产生那些不好的影响.考生通过抓散落在分述中的一些重要词汇点，就不难看出这一点：carelessuseofwords unfavorablereactions interferewithhiscomprehensionbreaksdowninaccurateorindefinitewords difficultforthelistenertounderstandoA.encouragesB.preventsC.destroyD.offersA.passoutB.takeawayC.backupD.stirup分述2中分布的动词:prevents>stirup>interferewith>breaksdown*分析2003年考研英语完型填空文章的布局结构Teachersneedtobeawareoftheemotional,intellectual,andphysicalchangesthatyoungadultsexperience.Andtheyalsoneedtogiveserious21tohowtheycanbebest22suchchanges.Growingbodiesneedmovementand23,butnotjustinwaysthatemphasizecompetition.24theyareadjustingtotheirnewbodiesandawholehostofnewintellectualandemotionalchallenges,teenagersareespeciallyself-consciouuandneedthe 25thatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowingthattheiraccomplishmentsare 26byothers.However,thetypicalteenagelifestyleisalreadyfilledwithsomuchcompetitionthatitwouldbe27toplanactivitiesinwhichtherearemorewinnersthanlosers,28 ,publishingnewsletterswithmanystudent-writtenbookreviews,29studentartwork,andsponsoringbookdiscussionclubs.Avarietyofsmallclubscanprovide30opportunitiesforleadership,aswellasforpracticeinsuccessful31dynamics.Makingfriendsisextremelyimportanttoteenagers,andmanyshystudentsneedthe32ofsomekindoforganizationwithasupportiveadult33visibleinthebackground.Intheseactivities,itisimportanttorememberthattheyoungteenshave34attentionspans.Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized35participantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoonto36elsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipants37 ,thisdoesnotmeanthatadultsmustacceptirresponsibility.38theycanhelpstudentsacquireasenseofcommitmentby39fbrrolesthatarewithintheir40andtheirattentionspansandbyhavingclearlystatedrules.22.A.strengthenB.accommodateC.stimulateD.enhance25.A.assistanceB.guidanceC.confidenceD.tolerance26.A.claimedB.admiredC.ignoredD.surpassed27.A.improperB.riskyC.fairD.wise*分析2006年考研英语完型填空文章的布局结构ThehomelessmakeupagrowingpercentageofAmerica'spopulation._1_,homelessnesshasreachedsuchproportionsthatlocalgovernmentcan1tpossibly2,Tohelphomelesspeople3 independence,thefederalgovernmentmustsupportjobtrainingprograms,4theminimumwage,andfundmorelow-costhousing.5everyoneagreesonthenumbersofAmericanswhoarehomeless.Estimates6_anywherefrom600,000to3million.7_thefiguremayvary,analystsdoagreeonanothermatter:thatthenumberofthehomelessis8.Oneofthefederalgovemmenfsstudies9_thatthenumberofthehomelesswillreachnearly19millionbytheendofthisdecade.Findingwaysto_10_thisgrowinghomelesspopulationhasbecomeincreasinglydifficult.11_whenhomelessindividualsmanagetofinda12—thatwillgivethemthreemealsadayandaplacetosleepatnight,agoodnumberstillspendthebulkofeachday_13—thestreet.Partoftheproblemisthatmanyhomelessadultsareaddictedtoalcoholordrugs.Andasignificantnumberofthehomelesshaveseriousmentaldisorders.Manyothers,14notaddictedormentallyill,simplylacktheeveryday_15_skillsneededtoturntheirlives16—.BostonGlobereporterChrisReidynotesthatthesituationwillimproveonlywhenthereare_17 programsthataddressthemanyneedsofthehomeless.18_EdwardZlotkowski,directorofcommunityserviceatBentleyCollegeinMassachusetts, 19_it,"Therehastobe20 ofprograms.Whatweneedisapackagedeal.**[A]lodging[B]shelter[A]lodging[B]shelter（A]searchingfB]strolling15.[A]life[B]existence[C]dwelling[D]house[C]crowding[D]wandering[C]survival[D]maintenance*分析2007年考研英语完型填空文章的布局结构By1830theformerSpanishandPortuguesecolonieshadbecomeindependentnations.Theroughly20million