国际商法课件第一章合同法(英文版)

InternationalBusinessLawInternationalBusinessLaw1CourseDescriptionContentPart1ContractLaw1FormationofContract2EnforceabilityofContract3PerformanceofContract4BreachofContractPart2CorporateLaw1IntroductionofCommercialOrganizations2FormationofcorporationandPersonalityofcorporation3CorporateGovernanceandCorporateStructure4Shareholders’meeting(membershipandcontrol)5BoardofDirectorsandOfficers6Supervisoryboard(监事会)andAuditorsCourseDescription2referencebooksInternationalBusinessLawanditsEnvironment,RichardSchaffer,6thed.(chapter4)ContractLaw,EwanMckenrick,6thed.2006.(chapter5,13,14,15,16,17)EssentialsofContemporaryBusinessLaw,HenryCheeseman

《国际商法》沈四宝等著，对外经济贸易大学出版社referencebooks3Unit1Understandingsomelegalterms

a.InternationalBusinessLaw（国际商法）regulatesvariousaffairsofinternationalbusinesstransactionandinternationalcommercialorganizations,andincludesusually:contractlaw,saleslaw,companylaw,negotiableinstrumentlaw,marinelaw,insurancelaw,etc.b.legalsystems:commonlawv.civillaw(普通法法系与民法法系）

AlsoknownasAnglo-Americanlawsystemv.Romano-Germanic(orContinentallaw)legalsystem(英美法法系与大陆法系）c.caselawv.statuarylaw(判例法与制定法）Unit1Understandingsomelega4d.CivilcasesandCriminalcases(民事案件与刑事案件）Civilcasesmayincludesuitsforbreachofcontract（违约）ortort(侵权）cases,suchassuitsforpersonalinjuries.Typically,theyinvolvearequestfordamagesofthewrongdoer.Criminalcasesinvolvearepresentativeofgovernmentattemptingtoprovethewrongcommittedagainstsocietyandseekingtohavethewrongdoerpunishedbythecourtsystem.d.CivilcasesandCriminalca5CivilLawSystem(Continentallawsystem)

Thecivillawsystemisthegeneraltypologyoflegalsystemsfoundinmostcountries.ItisanalternativetocommonlawsystemandhasitsrootsinRomanLaw.ItisemployedbyalmosteverycountrythatwasnotacolonyoftheBritishEmpire.Inmostjurisdictionsthecivillawiscodifiedintheformofacivilcodes,butinsome,likeScotlanditremainsuncodified.MostcodesfollowthetraditionofCodeNapoléoninsomefashion.Notably,theGermancodewasdevelopedfromRomanlawwithreferencetoGermanlegaltradition.Civillawreliesonlegislation,ratherthanjudicialdecisionsforlaw.Civillawsystemdonotrecognizejudge-madelaw.CivilLawSystem(Continental6CommonLaw(Judge-madeLaw)

CommonlawisasystemoflawusedinEngland,allofthestatesoftheUnitedStates(exceptLouisiana)andotherformerBritishpossessionssuchasAustralia,Canada(exceptQuebec),India,Ireland,Jamaica,NewZealandandHongKong.TheCommonlawsystememphasizestheroleofjudgesindeterminingthemeaningoflawsandhowtheyapply.ItarosebeginningintheeleventhandtwelfthcenturiesastheEnglishmonarchappointedroyaljudgestoresolvedisputesinthenameoftheking(orqueen).Astherearelittleformallawtoapplytomanydisputes,thedecisionshandeddownbythejudgesliterallymadethelaw.CommonLaw(Judge-madeLaw)7ChineseLaw(AHybrid)

TheLawofChina,formostofthehistoryofChina,wasrootedintheConfucianphilosophyofsocialcontrol.TheseinfluencesremaininthecontemporarylegalsystemofthePeople'sRepublicofChina.PRChasbeeninfluencedbyanumberofsourcesincludingtraditionalChineseviewstowardtheroleoflaw,thePRC'ssocialistbackground,theGerman-basedlawinTaiwanProvince,andtheEnglish-basedcommonlawusedinHongKongSAR.ThelawoftheUnitedStateshasalsobeenveryinfluentialparticularlyintheareaofbankingandsecuritieslaw.ChineseLaw(AHybrid)The8ContractLaw

TheconventionsgoverningContractLawIn1966,theUnitedNationcreatedtheU.N.CommissiononInternationalTradeLaw.(UNCITRAL)（联合国国际贸易法委员会）UNCITRALhasdraftedseveralwidelyacceptedlegalcodesforinternationalbusiness,includingtheConventiononContractsfortheInternationalSaleofGoods,orCISG.（国际货物买卖合同公约）IfacaseinvolvingthesaleofgoodsbetweenaChinesefirmandapartywhoseplaceofbusinessisinanothercountrythathasadoptedCISG,theCISGwouldapply.ContractLawTheconventionsg9TheconventionsgoverningContractLawTheInternationalInstitutefortheUnificationofPrivateLaw(UNIDROIT)（国际私法统一协会）wassetupin1926undertheLeagueofNations. ThePrinciplesofInternationalCommercialContracts(PICC)（国际商事合同通则）wereproposedbyUNIDROITasmodellawstoharmonizedifferentdomesticcontractlaws.TheconventionsgoverningCont10TheapplicabilityoftheCISGThreeconditionsforCISGtoapply:a.Thecontractisforthecommercialsaleofgoods.(sosaleofservicecontractexcluded.)b.Itisbetweenpartieswhoseplacesofbusinessareindifferentcountries.(notnationalityorcitizenship)c.Theplaceofbusinessarelocatedincountriesthathaveratifiedtheconvention.TheapplicabilityoftheCISGT11SalesexcludedfromCISG1.Consumergoodssoldforpersonal,familyorhouseholduse.2.Goodsboughtatauction.3.Stocks,securities,negotiableinstrumentsormoney.4.Ships,vessels,oraircraft.5.Electricity.6.Assemblycontractsforthesupplyofgoodstobemanufacturedorproducedwhereinthebuyerprovidesasubstantialpartofthematerialsnecessaryforsuchmanufactureorproduction7.Contractsthatareinpreponderantpartofthesupplyoflabororotherservices.8.Liabilityofthesellerfordeathorpersonalinjurycausedbythegoods.9.Contractswherethepartiesspecificallyagreetooptoutoftheconventionorwheretheychosetobeboundbysomeotherlaw.SalesexcludedfromCISG1.Con12FormalityofInternationalContractsAcontractofsaleneedsnotbeconcludedinorevidencedbywritingandisnotsubjecttoanyotherrequirementastoform.Itmaybeprovedbyanymeans,includingwitnesses.FormalityofInternationalCon13FormationofContractNormally,avalidcontractneedstocontainallofthefollowingelements.a.Itisanagreementbetweenthepartiesenteredintobytheirmutualassentb.Thecontractmustbesupportedbylegallysufficientconsideration.c.Thepartiesmusthavelegalcapacity.d.Thecontractmustnotbeforillegalpurposesortocarryonanactivitythatisillegalorcontrarytopublicpolicy.FormationofContractNormally,14EnteringContractThemutualagreementisreachedthroughthebargainingprocess,betweenoffferorandoffereeuntiltheoffereeacceptedtheoffer.构成合同协议的基本要素有两个：一是要约，一是承诺。

Offer:anofferisastatementbyonepartyofawillingnesstoenterintoacontractonstatedterms,providedthatthesetermsare,inturn,acceptedbythepartyorpartiestowhomtheofferisaddressed.Anoffertakeseffectwhenitreachestheofferee.CISG:Aproposalforconcludingacontractaddressedtooneormorespecificpersonsconstitutesanofferifitissufficientlydefiniteandindicatestheintentionoftheofferortobeboundincaseofacceptance.Aproposalissufficientlydefiniteifitindicatesthegoodsandexpresslyorimplicitlyfixesormakesprovisionfordeterminingthequantityandtheprice.EnteringContractThemutua15中国《合同法》对要约条件的规定第一，要约必须具有订立合同的意图;第二，要约必须向特定的受要约人发出;第三，要约的内容必须确定;第四，要约必须送达受要约人。中国《合同法》对要约条件的规定第一，要约必须具有订立合同的意16invitationtooffer

Aninvitationtoofferorinvitationtotreatissimplyanexpressionofwillingnesstoenterintonegotiationswhich,itishoped,willleadtotheconclusionofacontractatalaterdate.要约邀请通常是一方当事人邀请或引诱对方当事人提出要约的意图表示，它对双方当事人均不具有强制效力。

invitationtoofferAninvi17DisplayofgoodsforsaleinasupermarketCase:PharmaceuticalsocietyofGBv.BootsCashChemistsBootsorganizedtheirshoponaself-servicebasis.Theywerechargedwithabreachofsection18(1)ofthePharmacyandPoisonsAct1933,whichrequiredthatasaleofdrugstakeplaceunderthesupervisionofaregisteredpharmacist.Therewasnopharmacistpresentclosetotheshelves,butapharmacistsupervisedthetransactionatthecashdeskandwasauthorizedtopreventacustomerfrompurchasinganydrugifhethoughtfittodoso.Displayofgoodsforsaleina18争议：哪个阶段是要约，哪个阶段是承诺？药物学会认为：货架摆放药品，显示价格是要约，顾客取走药品是承诺，合同成立时，没有药师监督，boots违反法律规定。Boots认为：摆放药品是要约邀请，顾客取走药品是要约，收银是承诺，收银时有药师监督，故没有违反法律。争议：哪个阶段是要约，哪个阶段是承诺？19AdvertisementThegeneralruleisthatacommercialadvertisementisaninvitationtotreatratherthananoffer.InGermany,advertisementisonlyainvitationtooffer.Whileincommonlawlegalsystem,ifitcanbeprovedthatthemakeroftheadvertisementiswillingtobeboundbytheadvertisementandtheadvertisementhasclearlyprovidedsufficientinformationofthegoods,advertisementcanalsobeoffer.CISG:anadvertisementispresumedtobeaninvitationunlessthecontraryisclearlyindicatedbythepersonmakingtheproposal.AdvertisementThegeneralr20AuctionsalesStep1.AdvertisementofauctionorastatementofauctionStep2.TheauctioneerinvitesthebidsStep3.TheprospectivebuyersbidsforthecommodityStep4.Theauctioneerstrikesthetable.Whichstepisoffer,andwhichstepisacceptance?AuctionsalesStep1.Advertise21TendersWhereapersoninvitestendersforaparticularproject,thegeneralruleisthattheinvitationtotenderissimplyaninvitationtotreat.Theofferismadebythepersonwhosubmitsthetenderandtheacceptanceismadewhenthepersoninvitingthetendersacceptsoneofthem.TendersWhereapersonin22Terminationofoffera.Theofferororoffereedied.b.Noacceptancewassentbeforetheofferexpires.c.Anoffer,evenifitisirrevocable,maybewithdrawnifthewithdrawalreachestheoffereebeforeoratthesametimeastheoffer.要约被撤回d.Untilacontractisconcludedanoffermayberevokediftherevocationreachestheoffereebeforehehasdispatchedanacceptance.要约被撤销(2)However,anoffercannotberevokedunderCISG:(a)ifitindicates,whetherbystatingafixedtimeforacceptanceorotherwise,thatitisirrevocable;or(b)ifitwasreasonablefortheoffereetorelyontheofferasbeingirrevocableandtheoffereehasactedinrelianceontheoffer.e.Anoffer,evenifitisirrevocable,isterminatedwhenarejectionreachestheofferor.Terminationofoffera.Theof23CaseofRevocationofofferByrnev.VanTienhovenThedefendantssenttheclaimantsanofferon1October,whichreachedclaimantson10October,theclaimantacceptedtheofferbyfaxon11October.However,inthemeantime,thedefendantshadsent,on8October,aletterrevokingtheiroffer,whichreachedtheclaimantson20October.Itwasheldthatacontractwasconcludedbetweenthepartieson11Octoberbecausethepurportedwithdrawalcouldnottakeeffectuntil20October.CaseofRevocationofoffer24acceptance

Theacceptanceistheofferee’smanifestationoftheintentiontobeboundtothetermsoftheoffer.Theconditionsofacceptance:a.Anacceptancemustbemadebeforetheofferexpires.b.Theacceptancemustbeunconditionalandabsolute,withthesamecontentsastheoffer.c.Theacceptancemustbemadebyoffereetoofferor.acceptanceTheacceptancei25Apurportedacceptancewhichdoesnotacceptallthetermsandconditionsproposedbytheofferorbutwhichinfactintroducesnewtermsisnotanacceptancebutacounter-offer,whichisthentreatedasnewoffer.Theeffectofthecounter-offeristokillofftheoriginaloffersothatitcannotsubsequentlybeacceptedbytheofferee.(mirrorimagerule)Apurportedacceptancew26ExceptionofmirrorimageruleAreplytoanofferwhichpurportstobeanacceptancebutcontainsadditionalordifferenttermswhichdonotmateriallyalterthetermsoftheofferconstitutesanacceptance,unlesstheofferor,withoutundue过度的，未到期的delay,objectsorallytothediscrepancy差别ordispatches发送anoticetothateffect.Ifhedoesnotsoobject,thetermsofthecontractarethetermsoftheofferwiththemodificationscontainedintheacceptance.Additionalordifferenttermsrelating,amongotherthings,totheprice,payment,qualityandquantityofthegoods,placeofdelivery,extentofoneparty’sliabilitytotheotherorthesettlementofdisputesareconsideredtoalterthetermsoftheoffermaterially.Exceptionofmirrorimagerule27Acceptanceinignoranceoftheoffer(Crossoffer)Apersonwho,inignoranceoftheoffer,performstheactoractsrequestedbytheofferorisnotentitledtosueasonacontract.(悬赏广告除外）Crossofferswhichareidenticaldonotcreateacontractunlessoruntiltheyareaccepted.Acceptanceinignoranceofthe28PrescribedmethodofacceptanceWheretheofferorprescribesaspecificmethodofacceptance,thegeneralruleisthattheofferorisnotboundunlessthetermsofhisofferarecompliedwith.acceptancebysilence

【？？？】Thegeneralruleisthatacceptanceofanofferwillnotbeimpliedfrommeresilenceonthepartoftheoffereeandthatanofferorcannotimposeacontractualobligationupontheoffereebystatingthat,unlessthelaterexpresslyrejectstheoffer,hewillbeheldtohaveacceptedit.中国合同法做了类似规定：但是如果按照惯例沉默也可构成承诺。Prescribedmethodofacceptanc29Whendoestheacceptancetakeeffect?Incommonlawlegalsystem----postalrule(投邮生效）Theacceptancetakeseffectwhenitissentnomatterwhetherthemailislostintransit.Incivillawlegalsystem----ruleofarrival(到达生效）Theacceptancetakeseffectonlyafteritreachestheoffeor.

Whendoestheacceptancetake30WithdrawoftheacceptanceIncivillawlegalsystemorinCISGAnacceptancecanbewithdrawnbeforeitreachestheofferor.Thenotificationofwithdrawmustreachtheofferorbeforeoratthesametimeastheacceptancewouldhavebecomeeffective.WithdrawoftheacceptanceIn31Lateacceptance

Alateacceptanceisneverthelesseffectiveasanacceptanceifwithoutdelaytheofferororallysoinformstheoffereeordispatchesanoticetothateffect.Ifaletterorotherwritingcontainingalateacceptanceshowsthatithasbeensentinsuchcircumstancesthatifitstransmissionhadbeennormalitwouldhavereachedtheofferorinduetime,thelateacceptanceiseffectiveasanacceptanceunless,withoutdelay,theofferororallyinformstheoffereethatheconsidershisofferashavinglapsedordispatchesanoticetothateffect.LateacceptanceAlateaccepta32InternationalBusinessLawInternationalBusinessLaw33CourseDescriptionContentPart1ContractLaw1FormationofContract2EnforceabilityofContract3PerformanceofContract4BreachofContractPart2CorporateLaw1IntroductionofCommercialOrganizations2FormationofcorporationandPersonalityofcorporation3CorporateGovernanceandCorporateStructure4Shareholders’meeting(membershipandcontrol)5BoardofDirectorsandOfficers6Supervisoryboard(监事会)andAuditorsCourseDescription34referencebooksInternationalBusinessLawanditsEnvironment,RichardSchaffer,6thed.(chapter4)ContractLaw,EwanMckenrick,6thed.2006.(chapter5,13,14,15,16,17)EssentialsofContemporaryBusinessLaw,HenryCheeseman

《国际商法》沈四宝等著，对外经济贸易大学出版社referencebooks35Unit1Understandingsomelegalterms

a.InternationalBusinessLaw（国际商法）regulatesvariousaffairsofinternationalbusinesstransactionandinternationalcommercialorganizations,andincludesusually:contractlaw,saleslaw,companylaw,negotiableinstrumentlaw,marinelaw,insurancelaw,etc.b.legalsystems:commonlawv.civillaw(普通法法系与民法法系）

AlsoknownasAnglo-Americanlawsystemv.Romano-Germanic(orContinentallaw)legalsystem(英美法法系与大陆法系）c.caselawv.statuarylaw(判例法与制定法）Unit1Understandingsomelega36d.CivilcasesandCriminalcases(民事案件与刑事案件）Civilcasesmayincludesuitsforbreachofcontract（违约）ortort(侵权）cases,suchassuitsforpersonalinjuries.Typically,theyinvolvearequestfordamagesofthewrongdoer.Criminalcasesinvolvearepresentativeofgovernmentattemptingtoprovethewrongcommittedagainstsocietyandseekingtohavethewrongdoerpunishedbythecourtsystem.d.CivilcasesandCriminalca37CivilLawSystem(Continentallawsystem)

Thecivillawsystemisthegeneraltypologyoflegalsystemsfoundinmostcountries.ItisanalternativetocommonlawsystemandhasitsrootsinRomanLaw.ItisemployedbyalmosteverycountrythatwasnotacolonyoftheBritishEmpire.Inmostjurisdictionsthecivillawiscodifiedintheformofacivilcodes,butinsome,likeScotlanditremainsuncodified.MostcodesfollowthetraditionofCodeNapoléoninsomefashion.Notably,theGermancodewasdevelopedfromRomanlawwithreferencetoGermanlegaltradition.Civillawreliesonlegislation,ratherthanjudicialdecisionsforlaw.Civillawsystemdonotrecognizejudge-madelaw.CivilLawSystem(Continental38CommonLaw(Judge-madeLaw)

CommonlawisasystemoflawusedinEngland,allofthestatesoftheUnitedStates(exceptLouisiana)andotherformerBritishpossessionssuchasAustralia,Canada(exceptQuebec),India,Ireland,Jamaica,NewZealandandHongKong.TheCommonlawsystememphasizestheroleofjudgesindeterminingthemeaningoflawsandhowtheyapply.ItarosebeginningintheeleventhandtwelfthcenturiesastheEnglishmonarchappointedroyaljudgestoresolvedisputesinthenameoftheking(orqueen).Astherearelittleformallawtoapplytomanydisputes,thedecisionshandeddownbythejudgesliterallymadethelaw.CommonLaw(Judge-madeLaw)39ChineseLaw(AHybrid)

TheLawofChina,formostofthehistoryofChina,wasrootedintheConfucianphilosophyofsocialcontrol.TheseinfluencesremaininthecontemporarylegalsystemofthePeople'sRepublicofChina.PRChasbeeninfluencedbyanumberofsourcesincludingtraditionalChineseviewstowardtheroleoflaw,thePRC'ssocialistbackground,theGerman-basedlawinTaiwanProvince,andtheEnglish-basedcommonlawusedinHongKongSAR.ThelawoftheUnitedStateshasalsobeenveryinfluentialparticularlyintheareaofbankingandsecuritieslaw.ChineseLaw(AHybrid)The40ContractLaw

TheconventionsgoverningContractLawIn1966,theUnitedNationcreatedtheU.N.CommissiononInternationalTradeLaw.(UNCITRAL)（联合国国际贸易法委员会）UNCITRALhasdraftedseveralwidelyacceptedlegalcodesforinternationalbusiness,includingtheConventiononContractsfortheInternationalSaleofGoods,orCISG.（国际货物买卖合同公约）IfacaseinvolvingthesaleofgoodsbetweenaChinesefirmandapartywhoseplaceofbusinessisinanothercountrythathasadoptedCISG,theCISGwouldapply.ContractLawTheconventionsg41TheconventionsgoverningContractLawTheInternationalInstitutefortheUnificationofPrivateLaw(UNIDROIT)（国际私法统一协会）wassetupin1926undertheLeagueofNations. ThePrinciplesofInternationalCommercialContracts(PICC)（国际商事合同通则）wereproposedbyUNIDROITasmodellawstoharmonizedifferentdomesticcontractlaws.TheconventionsgoverningCont42TheapplicabilityoftheCISGThreeconditionsforCISGtoapply:a.Thecontractisforthecommercialsaleofgoods.(sosaleofservicecontractexcluded.)b.Itisbetweenpartieswhoseplacesofbusinessareindifferentcountries.(notnationalityorcitizenship)c.Theplaceofbusinessarelocatedincountriesthathaveratifiedtheconvention.TheapplicabilityoftheCISGT43SalesexcludedfromCISG1.Consumergoodssoldforpersonal,familyorhouseholduse.2.Goodsboughtatauction.3.Stocks,securities,negotiableinstrumentsormoney.4.Ships,vessels,oraircraft.5.Electricity.6.Assemblycontractsforthesupplyofgoodstobemanufacturedorproducedwhereinthebuyerprovidesasubstantialpartofthematerialsnecessaryforsuchmanufactureorproduction7.Contractsthatareinpreponderantpartofthesupplyoflabororotherservices.8.Liabilityofthesellerfordeathorpersonalinjurycausedbythegoods.9.Contractswherethepartiesspecificallyagreetooptoutoftheconventionorwheretheychosetobeboundbysomeotherlaw.SalesexcludedfromCISG1.Con44FormalityofInternationalContractsAcontractofsaleneedsnotbeconcludedinorevidencedbywritingandisnotsubjecttoanyotherrequirementastoform.Itmaybeprovedbyanymeans,includingwitnesses.FormalityofInternationalCon45FormationofContractNormally,avalidcontractneedstocontainallofthefollowingelements.a.Itisanagreementbetweenthepartiesenteredintobytheirmutualassentb.Thecontractmustbesupportedbylegallysufficientconsideration.c.Thepartiesmusthavelegalcapacity.d.Thecontractmustnotbeforillegalpurposesortocarryonanactivitythatisillegalorcontrarytopublicpolicy.FormationofContractNormally,46EnteringContractThemutualagreementisreachedthroughthebargainingprocess,betweenoffferorandoffereeuntiltheoffereeacceptedtheoffer.构成合同协议的基本要素有两个：一是要约，一是承诺。

Offer:anofferisastatementbyonepartyofawillingnesstoenterintoacontractonstatedterms,providedthatthesetermsare,inturn,acceptedbythepartyorpartiestowhomtheofferisaddressed.Anoffertakeseffectwhenitreachestheofferee.CISG:Aproposalforconcludingacontractaddressedtooneormorespecificpersonsconstitutesanofferifitissufficientlydefiniteandindicatestheintentionoftheofferortobeboundincaseofacceptance.Aproposalissufficientlydefiniteifitindicatesthegoodsandexpresslyorimplicitlyfixesormakesprovisionfordeterminingthequantityandtheprice.EnteringContractThemutua47中国《合同法》对要约条件的规定第一，要约必须具有订立合同的意图;第二，要约必须向特定的受要约人发出;第三，要约的内容必须确定;第四，要约必须送达受要约人。中国《合同法》对要约条件的规定第一，要约必须具有订立合同的意48invitationtooffer

Aninvitationtoofferorinvitationtotreatissimplyanexpressionofwillingnesstoenterintonegotiationswhich,itishoped,willleadtotheconclusionofacontractatalaterdate.要约邀请通常是一方当事人邀请或引诱对方当事人提出要约的意图表示，它对双方当事人均不具有强制效力。

invitationtoofferAninvi49DisplayofgoodsforsaleinasupermarketCase:PharmaceuticalsocietyofGBv.BootsCashChemistsBootsorganizedtheirshoponaself-servicebasis.Theywerechargedwithabreachofsection18(1)ofthePharmacyandPoisonsAct1933,whichrequiredthatasaleofdrugstakeplaceunderthesupervisionofaregisteredpharmacist.Therewasnopharmacistpresentclosetotheshelves,butapharmacistsupervisedthetransactionatthecashdeskandwasauthorizedtopreventacustomerfrompurchasinganydrugifhethoughtfittodoso.Displayofgoodsforsaleina50争议：哪个阶段是要约，哪个阶段是承诺？药物学会认为：货架摆放药品，显示价格是要约，顾客取走药品是承诺，合同成立时，没有药师监督，boots违反法律规定。Boots认为：摆放药品是要约邀请，顾客取走药品是要约，收银是承诺，收银时有药师监督，故没有违反法律。争议：哪个阶段是要约，哪个阶段是承诺？51AdvertisementThegeneralruleisthatacommercialadvertisementisaninvitationtotreatratherthananoffer.InGermany,advertisementisonlyainvitationtooffer.Whileincommonlawlegalsystem,ifitcanbeprovedthatthemakeroftheadvertisementiswillingtobeboundbytheadvertisementandtheadvertisementhasclearlyprovidedsufficientinformationofthegoods,advertisementcanalsobeoffer.CISG:anadvertisementispresumedtobeaninvitationunlessthecontraryisclearlyindicatedbythepersonmakingtheproposal.AdvertisementThegeneralr52AuctionsalesStep1.AdvertisementofauctionorastatementofauctionStep2.TheauctioneerinvitesthebidsStep3.TheprospectivebuyersbidsforthecommodityStep4.Theauctioneerstrikesthetable.Whichstepisoffer,andwhichstepisacceptance?AuctionsalesStep1.Advertise53TendersWhereapersoninvitestendersforaparticularproject,thegeneralruleisthattheinvitationtotenderissimplyaninvitationtotreat.Theofferismadebythepersonwhosubmitsthetenderandtheacceptanceismadewhenthepersoninvitingthetendersacceptsoneofthem.TendersWhereapersonin54Terminationofoffera.Theofferororoffereedied.b.Noacceptancewassentbeforetheofferexpires.c.Anoffer,evenifitisirrevocable,maybewithdrawnifthewithdrawalreachestheoffereebeforeoratthesametimeastheoffer.要约被撤回d.Untilacontractisconcludedanoffermayberevokediftherevocationreachestheoffereebeforehehasdispatchedanacceptance.要约被撤销(2)However,anoffercannotberevokedunderCISG:(a)ifitindicates,whetherbystatingafixedtimeforacceptanceorotherwise,thatitisirrevocable;or(b)ifitwasreasonablefortheoffereetorelyontheofferasbeingirrevocableandtheoffereehasactedinrelianceontheoffer.e.Anoffer,evenifitisirrevocable,isterminatedwhenarejectionreachestheofferor.Terminationofoffera.Theof55CaseofRevocationofofferByrnev.VanTienhovenThedefendantssenttheclaimantsanofferon1October,whichreachedclaimantson10October,theclaimantacceptedtheofferbyfaxon11October.However,inthemeantime,thedefendantshadsent,on8October,aletterrevokingtheiroffer,whichreachedtheclaimantson20October.Itwasheldthatacontractwasconcludedbetweenthepartieson11Octoberbecausethepurportedwithdrawalcouldnottakeeffectuntil20October.CaseofRevocationofoffer56acceptance

Theacceptanceistheofferee’smanifestationoftheintentiontobeboundtothetermsoftheoffer.Theconditionsofacceptance:a.Anacceptancemustbemadebeforetheofferexpires.b.Theacceptancemustbeunconditionalandabsolute,withthesamecontentsastheoffer.c.Theacceptancemustbemadebyoffereetoofferor.acceptanceTheacceptancei57Apurportedacceptancewhichdoesnotacceptallthetermsandconditionsproposedbytheofferorbutwhichinfactintroducesnewtermsisnotanacceptancebutacounter-offer,whichisthentreatedasnewoffer.Theeffectofthe