哈佛大学幸福课第二课中英文讲义

哈佛大学幸福课第二课中英文讲义哈佛大学幸福课第二课中英文讲义哈佛大学幸福课第二课中英文讲义哈佛大学幸福课第二课中英文讲义编制仅供参考审核批准生效日期地址：电话：传真:邮编:哈佛大学幸福课第二课中英文讲义早上好Hi.Goodmorning.很高兴你们都来了I'msogladthatyoucame.我还担心在这种天气没人会来Iwasworriedthatnoonewouldshowupinthisweather.很高兴你们都很好I'mgladyouareOk.首先做几个声明Justacoupleofannouncements.我通过邮件收到的几个问题QuestionsthatIreceivedviaemail.在开始课程之前我要说的几件事情Afewthingsbeforewejumpintothematerial.首先有人问我"这门课程是为谁设置的"Firstofall,Iwasasked,"whoisthisclassfor"这是积极心理学"Isitforpeople--youknowit'spositivepsychology--"它是为非常不开心的人设置的吗"peoplethatareveryunhappy"它只是为抑郁的人设置的吗"Isitonlyforpeoplewhoaredepressed"这门课程是为谁设置的"whoisthisclassfor"这门课程的授课对象是Well,theclassisforanyonewhoisinterestedin对积极心理学有兴趣的人及想更开心的人Positivepsychologyandanyonewhowantstobehappier.如果你非常开心你还可以更开心Ifyouareextremelyhappy,youcanstillbehappier.如果你非常不开心你也可以更开心Ifyouareveryunhappy,youcanstillbehappier.所以这门课程适合任何sotheclassessentiallyisforanyone对它感兴趣的人who'sinterestedinthematerial-我会邀请有兴趣投入andIwouldaddsomeonewhoisreallyinterestedtowork,我们上次谈到的那种努力的人上来toputthekindofeffortthatwetalkedaboutlasttime.你不需要投入那种Justnotthekindofeffortthatwewouldrequireyouto为了明白某个概念而大为头痛的努力wreckyourheadaboutunderstandingcertainconcept,而是努力把这些观念融入你的生活butitiseffortintermsofapplyingtheseideastoyourlives.也许你之所以上这门课程Nowyoumaywanttotakethisclass,是因为你对积极心理学的理论感兴趣becauseyouareinterestedonacademiclevelinpositive这也没问题psychologythat'sperfectlyfine.你将会得到很多...Andyou'llgetmany--我们每节课都会谈到非常多的研究we'lltalkaboutnumerousstudiesineverylecture,从下节课开始startingnexttime.我们将接二连三地谈到那些研究We'lltalkaboutstudyafterstudyafterstudy,所以你也可以得到理论方面的知识soyou'llgetthatelementaswell.但是如果你修积极心理学However,ifyouarethinkingabouttakingpositivepsychology是为了个人利益那么你就需要努力forpersonalbenefits,youneedtoputtheeffortin.对此今天我会作进一步的阐述AndI'lltalkmoreaboutthattoday.所以这门课程任何人都可以修Sotheclassisforeveryone.包括那些非常开心而且想更开心的人Anyonewho'sextremelyhappyandwantstobehappier,及那些不开心但是想更开心的人andanyonewho'snothappyandwantstobehappier.考试成绩这不是个问题Pass/fail--perfectlyfine.这门课程的宗旨以你们的利益为上Againtheideaaboutthisclassisfirstandforemostforyou.所以我建议如果你想及格SoIwouldurgeyouifyoudotakepass那么就要努力andfailtoputinthework,因此是否及格的决定因素之一andthat'swhytheoneelementofpass/failisnotnegotiableis就是所有的回应报告必须交上来thatalltheresponsepapershavetobesubmitted.回应报告不会评分Nowtheresponsepapers,asyouknow,arenotgraded.它们基本上就是心得体会Theyarebasicallyreflectionpapers.也就是你会思考能够融入Willyoureflectabouttheideasaboutthings你的生活的想法和事情吗thatcanbeappliedtoyourlife它们是必需要交的Buttheyarerequired.你交上来你就及格Soyouhandthemin,youpass.不交就不及格Ifyoudon'thandthemin,youfail.除此之外Butotherthanthat,byallmeans,如果你想参加考试那也没问题ifyouwanttotakethisclasspass/fail,it'sperfectlyfine.第三件事Thirdthing,在这门课程你将会接触很多理论和观点you'llbeexposedtomanytheories,tomanyideasinthisclass.不是所有理论观点都会引起你的共鸣Noteverythingwouldresonateofyou.2008年出版了一本很棒的书There'sawonderfulbookjustcameoutin2008,就在两周前书名叫《快乐之道》justtwoweeksago,called"TheHowofHappiness"它由SonjaLyubomirsky所着bySonjaLyubomirsky.在书中她谈到了一个概念...Andthereshetalksabouttheconcept--她是加州大学河滨分校的教授she'saprofessoratRiverside(UC),哈佛大学的毕业生斯坦福大学的研究生HarvardcollegegraduateandwenttoStanfordforgraduateschool她谈到了找到"适合"的重要性shetalksabouttheimportanceoffindingfit,63也就是某种方法meaningthefitbetweencertaintechnique,某种工具某种观点是否适合你ortool,oridea,andyourself.并不是你听到的每种观点Noteveryidea,每种研究noteverystudythatyou'veheardabout,以及你运用的每种介入方法...noteveryinterventionthatyouactuallypractice你在生活中将会运用介入方法andyouwillpracticeinterventionsinyourlife,不管是作善举whetherit'sdoingactsofkindness,还是表达感激whetherit'sexpressinggratitude,还是体育锻炼还是写日记whetherit'sphysicalexercising,whetherit'sjournaling.这些事情你在整个学期里都要做Youwilldoallthesethingsthroughoutthesemester.然而并不是一切都适合你Noteverythingwouldberightforyou.你将会接触它You'llbeexposedtoit.尝试它You'lltryit.然后你将作出决定Andthenyou'llmakeupyourmind,"对我想把它融入到生活中""yes,thisiswhatIwanttoincorporate"或者"不它对我没什么意义"or"no,thisisjustnotrelevantforme."所以记住这一点很重要Soit'simportanttokeepthatinmind.我所说的一切都有研究论证AnythingthatItalkaboutisbackedbyresearch,但是研究没有说它适合所有人buttheresearchdoesn'tsayit'srightforeveryone.它说这对于大多数人或者对于很多人Itsaysit'sformostpeopleorformanypeople;都有作用或者正在起作用thishasworkedoritisworking.所以你要积极参与到课程中Soagainbeanactiveparticipantinthisclass而非某种学说的被动接受者asopposedtopassiverecipientofadoctrine.鉴别哪些东西适合你...不是一切东西Andidentifythethingsthatworkforyou--noteverything.我敢说并非一切东西都适合你Iguaranteenoteverythingwillworkforyou,但是有很多东西会适合你butalotofthingswill.关于我之前提到的回应报告YourresponsepapersthatIjustmentionedearlier:它们在下午五点钟就要交很抱歉theyaredueat5pm,sorry,从下周二开始你将在每周二下午五点收到you'llgetthemby5pmonTuesday,startingnextTuesday.然后在周日下午五点前交到你的任务组Andtheywillbedueat5pmonSundaytoyourTF.回应报告对大多数人来说Againtheresponsepapersareusuallyformostpeoplefun,都是有趣而好玩的活动interestingandengagingactivities.它不会评分它让你去思考Notgraded,justbasicallyforyoutoreflect,并通过它们去成长foryoutogrowthroughthem.要写论文的人Thesiswriters.你们中有多少人要写论文Howmanyofyouarethesiswriters请举手让我看看JustsoIgetashowofhandhere.好的很抱歉我没有在开玩笑Ok,Iamsorry.NoI'mkidding.要写论文的人你们不用参加期中考试Thesiswriters:you'llnotneedtotakethemidterms.我知道那段时间里非常紧张...Iknowit'scrunchtimearoundthattime-我自己也经历过那段时期beingthroughitmyselfhere.所以你们不用参加期中考试Soyou'llnothavetotakethemidterm.你的期末考占更多分数Yourfinalwillaccountformore.除非你想参加期中考试Unlessyouwanttotakethemidterm,当然我们非常欢迎你参加ofcourseyou'llmorethanwelcometo.我们不会把你扔到教室外面wewon'tthrowyououtoftheclassroom.写论文的人可以不用参加Yourthesiswritersmay.网上将会有很多公告There'llbemanyannouncementsonline.请经常查看网站Docheckthewebsiteontheregularbasis.我们会发布很多东西而不是向你发邮件Wecommunicatealotofthings.Insteadofsendingyouemails,我们会发布公告we'llhavetheannouncements.需要经常查看一下大概每天六七次Checkthemregularly,about67timesaday.这只是开玩笑Justkidding.一两天一次就已经足够了Onceadayoronceeverytwodaysismorethanenough.在开始课程之前...I'dlikeBeforeIdojumpintothematerial今天的课程非常令人兴奋andwehaveaveryexcitinglecturetoday,我们会邀请进修学院任务组组长DebLevytoinviteDebLevywhoistheheadTFforextensionschool--哈佛进修学院的同学们soextensionschoolstudents,我知道该学院的一些同学在这里Iknowthereareacoupleofyouhere,还有一些在家里...thoseofyouathome--有请DebLevyheresheis.DebLevy.00:06:13,050-->00:06:14,280好的DebLevy:Alright.我大概有二三十分钟的发言时间Ihaveabout20,30minutestotalk所以我会从我小时候讲起...这只是开玩笑soI'mgonnastartwithmychildhood.Iamjustkidding.我是进修学院的任务组组长我们很激动IamtheheadTFfortheextensionschoolandwearethrilled.进修学院有296名学生在选修这门课程Wehave296extensionstudentstakingthiscourseonline,也就是说他们会收看视频whichmeanstheyaregoingtowatchvideos,进修学院的学生们andthenextensionstudents你们会参加电话会议you'llbeinsectionsonteleconference,人们会打电话进来Whenpeoplearegonnacallin,所以我们将会有电话会议therearegonnabeteleconferences这是个很好的机会whichisgoingtobeagreatopportunity.我们跟新西兰的人打声招呼Let'ssayhitopeopleoutthereinNewZealand.还有法国的肯塔基州的莱克星顿的人Hi.France.Kentucky.Lexington.真是难以置信It'sreallyunbelievable.另一件事就是我想拍一张照片SotheotherthingisIwanttotakeapictureactually.教室里不准拍照(Tal:Nopicturesintheclassroom.)也给你拍一张TalYou'lltakeapictureTal.我不会授课SoIamnotgoingtodoanylecturing.但是Tal和我有着相似的系统知识ButsinceTalandIhaveverysimilarsystematicstuff,所以如果Tal因某种原因缺席的话soifTalisabsentforanyreason,我会代你授课I'llbedoingthelectureforyou.很好(Tal:Good.)另一件事就是进修学院的学生们Theotheris:peoplewhoareextension,希望你们要耐心点Iwanttoyoubepatient.我们会尽快把信息发出去Wearegoingtogetinformationoutthereassoonaswecan.大概下周你们就会分组Andyou'llallbesectionedinnextweekorso.能来这里真是太激动了Andfeelthrilledtobehere.好的谢谢你DebGreat.ThankyouDeb.我想以一个故事开始今天的课程SoIwanttostartwithastory,那是两年前发生在我身上的事somethingthathappenedtomeexactly2yearsago,恰好两年justabouttotheday,那是我上次教积极心理学的最后一节课whenwasthelasttimewhenItaughtpositivepsychology.那学期开始的时候Asthesemesterstarted,同时那是压力很大的一个时期我的导师itwasaverystressfulperiodalso,mymentor,我要把这节课程whoIamdedicatingthisclassaswellas以及将来的积极心理学课程献给allmyfuturepositivepsychologyclassisto,在课程开始前一天去世的PhilipStonePhilipStonepassedawayjustthedaybeforetheclassstarted.那时候我压力非常大Verystressfulperiod.我生病了病得非常严重AndIgotsick.AndIgotverysick.然而我还是上完了课SomehowIgotthroughtheclass.我教授周四的课程它从两年前开始ItaughttheThursdayclass.Thatstarted2yearsago.课程在周二上ItstartedonTuesday.SoItaughtonTuesday.后来改为周四我服了很多药SomehowThursday,completelydrugged.然而我还是上完了课ThislectureImadeitthroughsomehow.我回家后无法入睡AndIwenttohomeandIcouldn'tfallasleep.我感到非常痛所以我去看医生了Iwasinrealpain.Iwenttothedoctors.那是周五下午我说ThatwasonFridayafternoon,justsaying"我必须要看医生我服的药不起作用""youknowIhavetogo.ThemedicationItookdidn'thelp."我去看了医生验了血Wenttothedoctors.Hadsomebloodtests.几天无法入睡之后AndfinallyafterdaysIcouldn'tsleep由于痛苦我终于睡着了becauseofpain,fellasleep.那是周五晚上ThiswasFridaynight.午夜的时候电话响了Inthemidnight,therewasaphonecall.我没有去接我很快睡着了Idon'thearit.Iamfastasleep.我的妻子Tommy拿起了话筒Mywifepicksitup.Tommypicksitup.那是医生打来的It'sthedoctor.医生对Tommy说AndthedoctorsaystoTommy,结果出来了"thetestresultsjustcamein.Tal要立刻到医院来AndTalshouldgettothehospitalnow."她对医生说Shesaidtothedoctor,他刚睡着他几天没睡了"Hejustfellasleep.Hehasn'tsleptfordays.能不能等到明天再去Canitwaittiltomorrowmorning"医生说不行他要到BethIsrael医院Andthedoctorsaid,"No.AndhehastogotoBethIsrael,那里有最好的实验室可以给他提供治疗becausetheyhavethebestlabsforwhatheneedsrightnow."她没有再说Andshedoesn'telaborateitanymore.Tommy叫醒了我告诉我发生的事Tommywakesmeup,retellsmethestoryofwhat'shappening.我起来了SomehowIgetup.她不能带我去医院因为DavidShecan'ttakemetothehospitalbecauseDavid,当时他才一岁他正在睡觉atthattimeoneyearold,isasleep.我们不想叫醒他Wedon'twanttowakehimup.我们叫了一辆计程车带我到BethIsrael医院SowegetacabtotakemetoBethIsrael.路上...这是我不做Ontheway--sothiswastheyearLeverett的常驻导师资格的第二年afterIwasnolongerresidenttutorsinLeverett.我们驶经查尔斯河Wewere(),drivingdowntheCharlesRiver.然后我们经过哈佛UpanddriveandthennexttoHarvard.我当时看着哈佛看着美丽的河IlookatHarvard.Ilookatthebeautifulriver.四周静悄悄It'sveryquiet.周五午夜之后没有多少车辆NotmanycarsjustaftermidnightonaFridaynight.我情不自禁地想AndIcan'thelpmyselfbutthink,如果情况真的很严重呢"whatifthere'ssomethingreallyterriblegoingon"他们为什么午夜叫我去医院Imean,whywouldtheycallmemidnighttothehospital--还指定是BethIsrael医院BethIsrael,insistingonjustonespecifichospital一定是出了很严重的问题Theremustbesomethingreallywrong.我开始思考Andmymindbeginstowander.我说AndIsay,如果我只剩下一年时间呢我在这一年里会做什么"whatifIonlyhaveayearleftWhatwouldIdointhatyear"我变得非常伤心因为我看不到David长大IbecomeverysadbecauseIthinkIwon'tseeDavidgrowup.我以后再也不会有孩子Iwon'tsee--Iwon'thaveanyfuturechildren.在上面要小心谨慎Becarefulupthere.我变得十分忧郁悲伤AndIbecomeverywistfulandsad.然后我问自己好的在职业上AndthenIaskmyself,"Oksoprofessionally,我在最后一年想做什么whatwouldIwanttodointhatlastyear"我知道在生活在我要做什么SoIknowpersonallyexactlywhatI'lldo.我会用所有时间和家人一起度过I'llspendallthetimethatIcanwithmyfamily.但是在职业上在这一年我想完成什么ButprofessionallywhatdoIwanttoaccomplishinthisyear我的第一反应就是Andmyimmediateresponsewas我要留下一个系列的课程Iwanttoleavebehindacoherentbodyofwork,一个向人们介绍积极心理学的系列课程acoherentcourseintroducingpeopletopositivepsychology.我到达医院之后再进行了一些检查WhileIarrivedatthehospital,Ihadsomemorechecks.结果是没什么严重情况Itendsupbeingnothingtooserious.他们让我服抗生素Theyputmeonantibiotics.几天之内我就开始复原了AndwithinacoupleofdaysIamonthewaytorecovery.但是今天我要和你们探讨Iwanttosharewithyoutodaythoughwhy.为什么对我最重要的事情...Whyisitthemostimportantthingforme那时和现在都是如此atthattimeandstilltoday,就是留下一系列istoleavebehindacoherentbodyofwork关于积极心理学的课程aboutpositivepsychology,向你们介绍这个奇妙的领域tointroduceyoutothiswonderfulfield为什么是积极心理学为什么是这个领域WhypositivepsychologyWhyisitItsownfield为什么不只是研究Whyisitnot--well,juststudyhappiness,社会心理学或临床心理学的幸福wellbeingaspartofsocialpsychologyorclinicalpsychology为什么世界上这么多学者Whyhavesomanyscholarsaroundtheworld都在研究积极心理学这个概念unitedaroundthisconceptofpositivepsychology这是我今天要说的SothisiswhatIwanttodotoday.2000年DavidMyers做了一项研究Intheyearof2000,aresearchwasdonebyDavidMyers.霍普学院的DavidMyers你们当中学过DavisMyers,fromHopeCollege--someofyou社会心理学的可能读过他的书who'vestudiedsocialpsychologymayhavereadhistextbook,他做了心理学概念方面的研究didresearch,lookingatpsychologicalabstracts.他研究的是Whathelookedatwastheratio"消极研究"和"积极研究"之间的比率between"negativeresearch"and"positiveresearch".这是他的研究结果Hereiswhathefound.从1967年到2000年From1967toyearof2000-这是积极心理学的形成期thiswasaroundthetimewhenpositivepsychologystarted,他发现在这33年里有5000篇文章研究愤怒whathefoundinthe33yearsareover5000articlesonanger,5000篇文章研究愤怒5000researcharticlesonanger.超过41000篇文章研究焦虑Hefoundover41000researcharticlesonanxiety还有超过54000篇研究抑郁andover54000articlesondepression.然后他看看积极的概念积极的研究Andthenhelookedatthepositivewords,positiveresearch.他寻找关于快乐的研究Helookedforresearchonjoy.他仅仅找到了415篇研究Andhefoundstaggering415studies.情况会有所改善Itdoesgetbetter.他寻找关于幸福的研究Helookedatresearchonhappiness他发现在33年里有接近2000篇文章研究幸福andhefoundcloseto2000articlesonhappinessin33years.生活满意度研究最多超过2500篇研究文章Lifesatisfactioncameontop:over2500studies.但是如果你看看Still,ifyoulookatthat,消极研究和积极研究的对比thenegativestudiesversusthepositivestudies,你得到的比率是21比theratiothatyougetis21to1.每份研究某个积极方面Foreveryonearticleonsomepositiveaspect,积极因素的文章somepositiveelementoflife,不管是研究健康满意程度快乐还是幸福wellbeing,satisfaction,joy,happiness,都有21份消极方面的文章包括抑郁焦虑youget21articlesondepression,anxiety,精神分裂神经衰弱等等schizophrenia,neurosisandsoon.21比1的比率Ratioof21to1.我得承认这是非常令人郁闷的比率Verydepressingratio,Imustadmit.实际上它让我非常生气和忧虑Infact,itmademeveryangryandanxious.那些研究主要集中于不起作用的东西上Studiesfocuson,primarilyonwhatdoesn'twork,大部分都是这样而且这也不是新现象mostlyonwhatdoesn'twork.Andthisisnotanewphenomenon.这是AbrahamMaslow写的一些东西HereissomethingfromAbrahamMaslow,我们上次提到过他whowementionedlasttime,他在1954年谈到过这种现象talkingaboutthisphenomenonin1954:"心理学这一学科对于消极方面的研究""Thescienceofpsychologyhasbeenfarmoresuccessful"远比对于积极方面的研究成功"onthenegativethanonthepositiveside."它向我们展示了人类的短处"Ithasrevealedtousmuchaboutman'sshortcomings,"他的缺点他的过失"hisillnesses,hissins,"但很少谈到他的潜能他的长处"butlittleabouthispotentialities,hisvirtues,"他的实际愿望或精神高度"hisachievableaspirationsorhispsychologicalheight."好像心理学自愿固步自封"Itisasifpsychologyhadvoluntarilyrestricteditselftoonly"让自己仅限于研究黑暗低劣的一半"halfitsrightfuljurisdictionandthatdarker,meanerhalf."心理学研究什么Sowhatdoespsychologystudy学心理学的人Imeanthepsychologyconcentratorshereknowthat,可能会猜probablyguessthat.我们大量地研究偏见Westudyalotofprejudice.我们大量地研究抑郁和焦虑Westudyalotdepressionandanxiety.我们大量地研究相似性Westudyalotaboutconformity.我们大量地研究判断错误和过失Westudyalotaboutmisjudgmentsanderrors,大概就是专门研究这方面而很少...verymuchfocusingonthisaspectandverylittle--21比1的比率表明很少研究积极方面again,21to1,verylittle--onthepositive.看到这个比率时我想AndwhenIlookatthisratioandIthinkaboutit,那是1954年到现在也没多大改变thisis1954--hasn'tchangedmuchsince.当我思考它调查它的时候AndwhenIthinkaboutitandIlookintoit,我觉得心理学需要帮助Ithinkthatpsychologyneedshelp.我真的这样觉得Ireallydo.你可以从个人的角度想想它Imeanthinkaboutitatapersonallevel.如果一个人一天里有21小时感到消沉thatifyouhadapersonwho21hoursadaywasdepressed而只有一个小时感觉良好会怎样andonehourinadayfeltgood或者有一天感觉良好便有21天觉得焦虑Oronedayfeelinggoodandthen21daysfeelinganxious和消沉会怎样anddepressed你会说这个人需要帮助Youwouldsaythatthispersonwouldneedhelp.我觉得这个领域需要帮助AndthefieldIthink,needshelp.但问题是这是正确的比喻吗Butthequestionbecomes"isittherightanalogy"我们应该这样去看待它吗Shouldwelookatitthisway因为21比1的比率是不健康的Becausethe21ratioisunhealthy,从个人的角度来看肯定也是这样certainlywouldbesoontheindividuallevel,但是它从多个角度反映了现实butitreflectsrealityinmanyways.因为我们今天所看到的Becausewhatweareseeingtoday是越来越多的研究表明inmoreandmoreresearchshowingthatthereismoreandmore世界上出现了越来越多的抑郁症depressionaroundtheworld,还有越来越多的焦虑东南西北thatthereismoreandmoreanxiety,east,west,north,south--世界各地aroundtheworld.有些人会争辩道...Andonecouldargue--那些主张继续研究这片领域peoplewhoargueforcontinuingtodoresearchinthisarea,而少点研究积极心理的人认为fordoinglessinpositivepsychologies,--我们应该让这个比率大于21比wellweshouldbedoingevenmorethanthe21to1ratio,因为我们想缓和人们受到的becausewewanttoalleviatetheanxiety焦虑和抑郁anddepressionthatpeopleexperience.今天的抑郁症病例比1960年高十倍Todaydepressionis10timeshigherthanitwasin1960.部分的原因是人们的意识程度高了Nowpartofitisbecausethere'smoreawareness,我们对抑郁症的诊断更准确becausewemeasurebetter.但这并非全部原因Butthat'snotall.还因为抑郁症在客观上增加了It'salsosimplybecauseobjectivelythere'smoredepression.其中的一种迹象就是最客观的"诊断"Andonewayofknowingthatisthatthemostobjective"measure"不幸的是就是自杀thatwehaveisunfortunatelysuicide.自杀人数在世界范围内明显上升Andnumbershaverisensignificantlyaroundtheworld,327不仅是在美国notjustintheUnitedStates--不管是在中国澳大利亚还是这里whetherit'sinChina,whetherit'sAustralia--aswellashere.现在抑郁症人群的平均年龄小于15岁Themeanagefordepressiontodayislessthan15.孩子们在很小的时候就接触了Kidsatveryyoungageareintroducedtothe信息高速公路"informationhighway".通常来说他们都没有准备好Andveryoften,theyarenotprepared,他们无法有效地应对它notabletodealwithitinaneffectiveway.所以当我们看到这个数据时Sowhenwelookatthisdata,我们认为我们需要更多的研究帮助人们wesaywedoneedmoreresearchtohelppeople克服抑郁症克服焦虑overcomedepression,tohelppeopleovercomeanxiety.这应引起足够的重视AndIdon'twanttobelittlethat.这非常重要极度的重要Thatisimportant.Itisextremelyimportant.我主张的WhatI'marguing,whatIwillarguefor,是天平的偏移istheshiftofthependulum.这样它将不会再是21比Soit'snolonger21to1.要有更多的研究关于积极心理学Therearemore,manymorestudiesinpositivepsychology,不是要只研究它根本不是--nottotheexclusionof,notatall,而是让天平偏移一点butjustshiftingthependulum.这里的情况如何Howabouthere我们的象牙塔里的情况如何Inourlocalvillage有一篇文章...我无法找到更新的研究Thisarticle,--Icouldn'tfindastudythatismorerecent,它是在2004年发表的thiswaspublishedin2004.《哈佛克里姆森》HarvardCrimson这篇文章说经过他们6个月的研究Thisarticlesaysthat,intheir6monthsstudyofthis,哈佛大学八成的学生在过去一年80%ofHarvardstudentsexperienceddepression都经历过抑郁期overthepastyear.我们说的不是大多数人一天里Nowwearenottalkingabouttheregularupsanddowns经常出现的情绪起伏我也是如此thatmostpeoplehavetentimesaday--Icertainlydo.我们说的是抑郁Wearetalkingaboutdepressionhere.它会持续一段时间Foranextendedperiodoftime.根据这份研究47%的哈佛学生...47%ofHarvardstudents,accordingtothis,--这不是学术研究andgrantit:thisisnotacademicstudy,但是我待会就和你们分享学术研究butIwillsharewithyouacademicstudyinaminute,它发表在高级期刊上publishedinatop-tierrefereedjournal.但是克里姆森里的研究表明ButCrimsonhasfoundedinitssurvey47%的哈佛学生在过去一年that47%Harvardstudentsoverthepastyear经历过无法正常生活学习的抑郁期haveexperienceddepressiontothepointofnotfunctioning.他们无法出门Sotheycouldn'tleavehome.他们要痛苦地度日Theywerereallystrugglingtojustbasicallygetthroughtheday.47%的人47%.人们看到这个数据的时候他们说Nowwhenpeoplelookatthis,theysay"当然了我们要努力研究精神病理学""wellofcourse,weneedtofocusmoreonpsychopathology."21比1还不足够30比1才像样"21to1--notenough!30to1soundsmorelikeit."这样的情况各个校园都有Weseeitaroundcampuses.而不仅仅是哈佛ThisisnotpeculiartoHarvard.绝对不是哈佛才有的现象NotatallpeculiartoHarvard.RichardKadisonRichardKadison,他是这里的心理健康服务中心的领导whoistheheadofmentalhealthserviceshere,他最近在医学领域的领先杂志intheNewEnglandJournalofMedicine--《新英格兰医学杂志》上probablytheleadingjournalinthefieldofMedicine,发表了一篇文章recentlypublishedanarticle,他谈到了一项调查wherehetalkedaboutasurvey调查对象是全国13500名大学生thatwasdoneamong13500collegestudentsnationwide,他们来自不同类别的学院differentkindsofcolleges,大学公立学校私立学校universities,statesschools,privateschools.他们在这项重要的研究里发现Andwhattheyfoundinthisverysignificantstudy全国45%的大学生在过去一年wasthat45%ofcollegestudentsnationwideoverthepastyear经历过无法正常生活学习的抑郁期haveexperienceddepressiontothepointofnotfunctioning.《哈佛克里姆森》的数据是47%SoTheHarvardCrimsonfound47;在全国范围的数据是45%基本上是一样nationwide,itwas45--essentiallyidentical,两者之间的差异并不大nosignificantdifferenceamongthetwo.这是一个全国性的现象Thisisanationwidephenomenon.这份研究表明Inthisstudy,全国94%的大学生感到压抑94%ofcollegestudentsnationwidefeeloverwhelmed因为他们必须要做的事而不堪负重andstressedbyeverythingthattheyhavetodo.94%94%.这本应该是我们一生中最美好的四年Imeanthesearesupposedtobethebestfouryearsofourlives.事情不对劲Somethingisgoingonhere.不仅是美国才有这种现象NowthisisnotuniquetoUnitedStates.我最近刚从一次游历回来Ijustrecentlycamebackfromatour.我到了欧洲包括英国法国Iwasin--spenttimeinEurope--intheUK,France;我在中国逗留了很久也去了澳洲spentalotoftimeinChinaandsometimeinAustralia.所有这些地方Ineveryoneoftheseplaces,政府都非常担忧...thegovernmentsarereallyconcerned;大学校长们都非常担忧universitypresidentsareveryconcerned越来越多的抑郁现象aboutthegrowinglevelofdepression,焦虑精神紊乱anxietyandgeneralmentaldisorder,自杀率的上升上面提到的所有国家都是如此riseofsuicideratesinallofthesecountriesthatImentioned.所以这是全球性流行病Sowehaveaglobalepidemichere.我们再看看21比1的比率是好事吗Andonceagaingoingbackso:Isitthe21:1ratiogood它重要吗它不是应该扩大吗IsitimportantShouldn'titbeincreased我们怎么可以去研究幸福Howcanweeventhinkaboutstudyinghappiness健康爱和快乐andwell-beingandloveandjoy我们不是应该首先处理Shouldn'twefirstdealwith真正迫切的问题吗比如抑郁therealpressingproblemofdepression,焦虑神经衰弱等等anxiety,neurosisandsoon这样说确实有些道理--Sometruthtothat,但是在这个课程里我要主张的是butagainwhatI'mgoingtoargueforinthisclass我们也要...isthatwedoneedtoalso,不是专门也不用主要notonly,notexclusively,notevennecessarilyprimarily,我们也要集中研究积极心理学weneedtoalsofocusonthepositive.我要说三个为什么应该这样做的理由Iamgoingtotalkaboutthreereasonswhyweshoulddothat.首先集中研究有用的东西至关重要Thefirstreasonisthatitisimportanttofocusonwhatworks,因为有用的或者集中研究的会成为现实becausewhatworksorwhatwefocusonrathercreatesreality.如果我们集中研究起作用的Ifwefocusonwhatisworking,它就会在世界起更大的作用we'llhavemoreworkinginourworld,在我们身上以及关系上起更大作用moreworkinginourselves,moreworkinginourrelationships.其次为什么积极心理学Thesecondreasonwhypositivepsychology作为一门独立领域的研究学科asanindependentfieldofstudyasacoursein是重要的这是因为快乐andofitselfisimportantisthatbeinghappy并非只是对痛苦的否定isnotjustthenegationofhappiness.摆脱我正在经历的Itdoesn'tmeanjustgetridofdepressionoranxiety抑郁或者焦虑并不意味着thatIamexperiencing,我同时就变得快乐了Ispontaneouslybecomehappy.情况并非是这样问题不会这样被解决That'snotthecase.That'snothowitworks.最后预防在今天来说非常重要Andfinally,preventionwhichisveryimportanttoday,预防困苦最有效的方法...themosteffectivewayofpreventinghardship,不管是抑郁还是焦虑--whetherit'sdepression,whetherit'sanxiety,实际上是通过专注于培养积极心态--isactuallybyfocusingonandcultivatingthepositive.我会跟你们分享一些关于这点的研究NowIwillsharewithyousomestudiesaboutthis.这三个原因表明我们需要积极心理学Soforthesethreereasons,weneedpositivepsychology.我从专注于有效方法的重要性开始Letmebeginwiththeimportanceoffocusingonwhatworks.在《积极心理学手册》的序言里IntheintroductiontotheHandbookofPositivePsychology,我们上次提到的MartinSeligman...MartinSeligmanwhowetalkedaboutlasttime,他被认为是积极心理学之父consideredthefatherofpositivepsychology,影响了很多学者他说networkofscholars,saysthis:"积极心理学的目标是促成一种变化""Theaimofpositivepsychologyistocatalyzeachange"让心理学从只关注补救生活中最糟糕的事"inpsychologyfromapreoccupationonlywithrepairingtheworst"到同时建立生活中最美好的事"thingsinlifetoalsobuildingthebestqualitiesinlife."请留意他说的是同时Notethathesaysalso.他没有说专门甚至没有说主要Hedoesn'tsayexclusivelyorevenprimarily.专注于研究有效的东西至关重要It'simportanttofocusonwhatworks,不管是对我们的关系对我们自身--whetheritisinourrelationship,whetherit'sinourselves,对其他人对哈佛whetherit'sinothers,whetherit'sinHarvard,对美国还是对世界而言whetherit'sinUnitedStatesortheworld--这是为了获得更多有效的东西inordertohavemorewhatworks.问题是"如何专注于研究有效的东西"Nowthequestionis"howdowefocusonwhatworks"这个问题的答案Andtheanswertothisquestion就在我们提出的问题的本身isthroughthequestionsthatweask.我通过一个案例研究来阐明这点Letmeillustratethroughacasestudy.心理学家在20世纪40年代末开始Psychologists,startinginthelate1940s,研究受危人群studiedat-riskpopulation.越来越多的钱政府资金大学资金Moreandmoremoney--governmentmoney,universitymoney,慈善基金都投入到研究城市或地区里philanthropistmoney--wentintostudyinthecitiesorplaces所谓的受危儿童的身上wheregenerallythekidswereconsideredatrisk--他们更容易退学morepronetodroppingoutofschool,以后更容易犯罪少女妊娠等等morepronetolater-oncrime,teenpregnancyandsoon.他们为这项研究投入了大量金钱Sothisstudytheyputinalotofmoney,大量的精力alotofeffortintothis.心理学家们问的问题是Thequestionthatthepsychologistsaskedwas"为什么这些人会失败""whydotheseindividualsfail00:25:47,760-->00:25:50,240"为什么受危人群中"whydoessuchahighpercentageofstudentsin"有如此高比例的学生退学"thatas-riskpopulationendupdroppingoutofschool"怀孕犯罪"GettingpregnantCrime"我们下周再谈统计数据--Andwe'lltalkaboutthestatisticslateronnextweek."为什么他们当中有这么多人会失败""Whydosomanyoftheseindividualsfail"他们提出了很重要的问题Nowanimportantquestion,心理学家们动机良好头脑灵活投入了很多钱goodintentionsofthepsychologists,smartpeople,lotofmoney,投入了很多资源lotofresourcesgoingin.然而变化却非常少However,verylittlechangewasintroduced.这些研究带来的变化微乎其微Verylittlechangecameaboutasresultsofthesestudies.很多地区的情况继续恶化Andthesituationinmanyareascontinuedtoexacerbate.情况没有任何好转虽然动机良好Certaindidn'tgetanybetter,despitethegoodintentions,虽然资源充足虽然人们头脑灵活despitetheresources,despitethebrainpower它们都被投入去研究这个问题thattwinedintotheresearchingintothisquestion.得到的答案却非常有意思Interestinganswers--我们需要更好的教育更好的建筑well,weneedbettereducation,weneedbetterbuildings,更多的资源weneedmoreresources,但是实际上发生的变化很少butverylittlechangeactuallyinpracticecameabout.然后出现了一种范式Andthentherewasaparadigm,20世纪80年代出现了范式转移quiteliterallyaparadigmshiftinthe1980s.通过Antonovsky的努力我上次提到过他ThroughtheworkofAntonovskywhoImentionedlasttime今天我要再次提到他通过AntonovskyandI'llmentionagaintoday,throughtheworkofAntonovsky,及EllenLanger和AliceIsen等其他人的努力andotherpeoplelikeEllenLanger,otherpeoplelikeAliceIsen,心理学家们提出了不同的问题differentquestionsstartedtobeaskedbypsychologists.他们不去问为什么这些人会失败Insteadofaskingwhatdidtheseindividualsfail,积极心理学家开始问是什么让某些人positivepsychologistsstartedtoaskwhatmadesomeindividuals成功了即便面对的是不理想的环境succeeddespiteunfavorablecircumstances也许是有很多人失败了但并非所有人Maybeitwasthecasethatmanyfailed,butnoteveryone.有些人成功了而且非常成功Somesucceededandsucceededbigtime.心理学家们此时便开始问为什么Andwhatpsychologistsstartedtodothenwastoaskwhy.为什么他们如此成功Whatisitaboutthemthatissosuccessful用Frost的话来说这才是至关重要的Andthat,inthewordsofFrost,madeallthedifference.心理学家们开始识别这些人的各种因素Thepsychologistsstartedtoidentifyelements,以及各个方面并深入分析他们aspectsoftheseindividualsandstudiedthemindepth,他们开始研究这些成功的人