考研考博-英语-上海交通职业技术学院考试押题三合一+答案详解1

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-上海交通职业技术学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

ItissometimesclaimedthatAmericaisa_______potofdifferentraces.

问题1选项

A.burning

B.burnt

C.melting

D.melted

【答案】C

【解析】句意：有人说美国是不同种族的大熔炉。meltingpot为常用搭配,所以选项C正确。

2.单选题

Withcloud,mobility,bigdataandconsumerization,companiesareinevengreaterneedoftechnologytalentthantheywereinthelate1990s,andthattalentisinevenshortersupply.Computerscienceenrollmentsareatanall-timelow;baby-boomerworkersareretiringandtakingallofthatlegacy—systemsknowledgewiththem;andSiliconValleyishotagain.Wouldthatyoung,brilliantdeveloperratherjointhenextZyngaorupgradethepayrollsystemsatyourinsurancecompany?

Twoweeksago,IaskedtheITexecutivereadershipofmyweeklynewsletter,TheHellerReport,toanswerthequestion:Ifyouhadamagicwand,whichonetalentproblemwouldyousolve?Responsespouredinandaddressedchallengesaroundrecruiting,developingleaders,andretainingthetalentthattheycurrentlyhave.Butmorethan70percentofreaderswouldusetheirmagicwandtodoonlyonething:givebusinessskillstotheirtechnologists.Theirpeople,theyworry,aresonarrowlyfocusedonthetechnologythattheyfailtoseetheforestforthetrees.Theydonotunderstandthebusinesscontextoftheirtechnologywork,norcantheyhavemeaningfuldiscussionswiththeleadersofthebusinessareasabouttheirtechnologysupport.

Thislackofbusiness-savvytechnologytalentisaseriousproblemforeverycompanythatreliesontechnologytoexist(whichis,ofcourse,everycompany).Thosebeautifully“blendedexecutives,”whocantalktechnologyinonemeetingandcantalkbusinessinanother,arerarebirds.Yetwithtechnologymovingdirectlyintotherevenuestreamofyourcompany,youneedthem,andyourneedisonlygoingtoincrease.

Oneoptionistospendallofyourtimeandmoneyonrecruitingblendedexecutivesfromtheoutside.Youwillbeinheatedcompetitionwitheveryothercompanyinyourmarket,andifyourrecruitingfunctionisnotacompetitiveweaponforyou,youwillfindyourselfinalosingbattle.Youwouldbemuchbetteroffgrowingyourown.Herearesomeideas:

Buildarotationalprogram.EncourageyourheadofhumanresourcestoworkwithyourCIOandafewofyourotherbusinessleaderstobuildaprogramthatrotatesITpeopleintodifferentfunctionsofthebusiness.Thiskindofprogramisnoteasy,withyourCIOhavingtosurvivewithoutatrustedITleaderforaperiodoftime,butthelong-termresultofagoodrotationalprogramcanbetremendous.Itmaywellbeworththeinvestment.

Involveyourbusinessleaders.Ifarotationalprogramistoomuchtotakeonrightnow,buildaleadershipdevelopmentprogramforITthatinvolvesyourbusinessexecutives.EncourageyourCIOtoinvitetheheadsofyourmajorbusinessunitstomeetregularlywiththeseniorITteamtoeducatethemontheirbusinessarea.Andbesurethatyou,CFO,arespendingenoughtimewithIT.Usethatinteractiontochipawayatthelong-standingwallthatoftenexistsbetweenthebusinessandIT.

1.CompaniesareingreaterneedoftechnologytalentNOTbecauseof（）.

2.ThemainideaofParagraph2isthat（）.

3.Thephrase“recruitingfunction”underlinedinParagraph4refersto（）.

4.Ifacompanydoesn’thaveenoughtimeandmoneytohireexecutivesitneeds,itshould（）.

5.ArotationalprogramDOESN’Tinvolve（）.

问题1选项

A.theaccumulationofmoredata

B.theneedtoserveconsumers

C.therisingdemandforcloudcomputation

D.thedevelopmentofmedicalindustry

问题2选项

A.profounddiscussionisrequired

B.ITemployeesshouldbebusiness-savvy

C.technologysupportisexpected

D.therearechallengesinrecruitingdevelopers

问题3选项

A.recruitmentofaparticularfirm

B.thefunctionalityofrecruitment

C.competitiverecruitmentstrategy

D.employmentofITworkersforacertainemployer

问题4选项

A.achievelong-termresults

B.deviseatrainingprogram

C.participateinheatedcompetition

D.callonallbusinessleaders

问题5选项

A.blendedITexecutives

B.CIO

C.CEO

D.allbusinessleaders

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:D

【解析】1.事实细节题。题干：公司特别需要技术人才不是因为_______。通过题干定位到文章第一段的第一句话Withcloud,mobility,bigdataandconsumerization,companiesareinevengreaterneedoftechnologytalentthantheywereinthelate1990s.（随着云计算、移动性、大数据和消费化，企业比上世纪90年代末更需要技术人才。），A选项“更多数据的累积”，对应“大数据”，B选项“服务消费者的需要”，对应“消费化”，C选项“云计算需求的增加”，对应“云计算”，只有D选项“医药产业的发展”，在文中并没有提及，所以本题应该选D选项。

2.主旨大意题。题干：第二段的中心思想是________。根据第二段的主要内容“如果你有根魔杖，你会解决哪一个人才问题？70%的读者的选择是把商业技能传授给他们的技术人员”，所以B选项“IT员工应该具有商业头脑”符合题意。文中最后一句提到Theydonotunderstandthebusinesscontextoftheirtechnologywork,norcantheyhavemeaningfuldiscussionswiththeleadersofthebusinessareasabouttheirtechnologysupport.（他们不了解其技术工作的业务环境，也不能与业务领域的领导者就其技术支持进行有意义的讨论。），由此可知，和业务领域的领导者进行深入的讨论是包括在商业技能里面的，所以A选项“需要深入的讨论”不正确，C选项“期待技术支持”和D选项“在招聘开发者方面存在一些挑战”都是想要解决的问题之一，但不是中心思想。综上所述，该题正确答案为B选项。

3.语义推测题。题干：文中第四段的划线部分“recruitingfunction”指的是_______。第四段中提到ifyourrecruitingfunctionisnotacompetitiveweaponforyou,youwillfindyourselfinalosingbattle.Youwouldbemuchbetteroffgrowingyourown.Herearesomeideas：（如果你的recruitingfunction对你来说不是一件有竞争力的武器，你会发现自己处于一场失败的战斗中。你最好发展自身，以下是一些建议：），紧接着第五，第六段提出一些建议。所以recruitingfunction在这里指的是“有竞争力的招聘策略”，C选项符合题意。A选项“特定公司的招聘”，B选项“招聘的功能”，D选项“为某个雇主雇佣IT工人”，均不是对recruitingfunction正确的解释。综上所述，该题正确答案为C选项。

4.细节推理题。题干：如果一家公司没有足够的时间和资金来聘请它所需要的高管，那么它应该_________。文章第五段和第六段提到的两个建议，第一个是Buildarotationalprogram（建立一个轮换计划），第二个是Involveyourbusinessleaders（让你的商业领袖参与进来），由此可知，D选项“号召所有的商业领袖”符合题意。A选项“取得长期结果”，在文中并未提及，排除A选项，B选项“制定培训计划”，文中第六段提到的轮换计划指的是将IT人员轮换到业务的不同职能的程序，和B选项表达的内容不相符，排除B选项，C选项“参加激烈的比赛”，在文中并未提及，排除C选项。所以本题应该选择D选项。

5.事实细节题。题干：轮换制度不包括________。由关键词“rotationalprogram”定位到文章第五段EncourageyourheadofhumanresourcestoworkwithyourCIOandafewofyourotherbusinessleaderstobuildaprogramthatrotatesITpeopleintodifferentfunctionsofthebusiness.（鼓励您的人力资源主管与您的CIO和其他一些业务领导合作，建立一个将IT人员轮换到业务的不同职能的程序。），由此可知，D选项“所有商业领袖”，不正确，所以本题选择D选项，A选项“混合IT高管”，B选项“CIO”均在第五段中提到，C选项“CEO”在第六段中提到“businessexecutives”，综上所述，本题的正确答案是D选项。

3.单选题

Manyoldhouseshavebeen（

）inorderthatnewbigbuildingsmaybebuilt.

问题1选项

A.leveled

B.collapsed

C.demolished

D.felled

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。level“使同等；对准；弄平”；collapse“倒塌；瓦解”，一般做不及物动词，无被动形式；demolish“拆除；破坏”；fell“砍伐；打倒；击倒”。句意：为了修建新的建筑，很多老房子被拆除了。选项C符合题意。

4.单选题

Canyou（）thetruthofhisstatement?

问题1选项

A.deny

B.refuse

C.decline

D.reject

【答案】A

【解析】近义词辨析。deny“否认”，否认事实的真实性，refuse“拒绝”，decline“婉拒”，语气没那么强，reject“拒绝，排斥”，语气更强，不采纳别人的意见。句意：你能否认这个陈述的真实性吗？选项A符合题意。

5.单选题

Theplotofthenovel（

）theeconomicdevelopmentofthevillage.

问题1选项

A.evolveswith

B.emergesfrom

C.blendswith

D.attachesto

【答案】A

【解析】考查词组辨析。evolvewith意为“随……进化”；emergefrom意为“（从……）露出，浮现，产生于”；blendwith意为“与……协调或和谐”；attachto意为“依附，附属与，喜爱”。

句意：小说情节随着村落经济的发展而演变。

6.单选题

Undertheterm“services”（）togethermiscellaneousactivitieswithlittleincommonexceptotherthanagriculture,extractiveindustries,utilitiesandmanufacturing.

问题1选项

A.lump

B.tolump

C.islumped

D.arelumped

【答案】D

【解析】语法题。介词短语位于句首，句子用部分倒装，所以选项A和B可排除。根据句子的主语“miscellaneousactivities”为复数，所以为了保持主谓一致，be动词选用复数形式are，选项D符合题意。

7.单选题

Fromthismaterialwecan（）hundredsofwhatyoumaycalldirectproducts.

问题1选项

A.derive

B.discern

C.diminish

D.displace

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项derive“源自，获得”；B选项discern“觉察出，识别”；C选项diminish“减少，缩小”；D选项displace“取代”。根据句意：我们能够从这个材料中数百个你称之为直接产品的东西。根据介词短语fromthismaterial可知，这里应该是表示来源并且能够与介词from搭配，所以只有选项A符合要求。

8.单选题

Hereyoumayselecttheonewhichismosttoyourtaste,andyouareevenallowedto（）thembeforecomingtoadecision.

问题1选项

A.auction

B.sample

C.enforce

D.wrap

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。auction“拍卖，竞卖”；sample“品尝，体验”；enforce“实施，执行，强迫”；wrap“包，缠绕”。句意：在这里你可以选择最合你口味的，在做决定之前，你甚至可以品尝他们。由“mosttoyourtaste”可知这里提及的是一种食物，然后可推知在决定购买之前可以品尝。故B项正确。

9.单选题

Itisallverywelltoblametrafficjams,thecostofpetrolandthequickpaceofmodernlife,butmaimersontheroadsarebecominghorrible.Everybodyknowsthatthenicestmenbecomemonstersbehindthewheel.Youmighttoleratetheoddroadhog,therudeandinconsideratedriver,butnowadaysthewell-manneredmotorististheexceptiontotherule.Perhapsthesituationcallsfora“BeKindtoOtherDrivers”campaign;otherwiseitmaygetcompletelyoutofhand.

Roadpolitenessisnotgoodmanners,butgoodsensetoo.Ittakesthemostcoolheadedandgoodtemperedofdriverstoresistthetemptationtorevengewhensubjectedtouncivilizedbehavior.Ontheotherhand,alittlepolitenessgoesalongwaytowardsrelievingthetensionsofmotoring.Afriendlynodorawaveofacknowledgementinresponsetoanactofpolitenesshelpstocreateanatmosphereofgoodwillandtolerancesonecessaryinmoderntrafficconditions.Butsuchacknowledgementsofpolitenessarealltooraretoday.Manydriversnowadaysdon’tevenseemabletorecognizepolitenesswhentheyseeit.

However,misplacedpolitenesscanalsobedangerous.Typicalexamplesarethedrivewhobrakesviolentlytoallowacartoemergefromasidestreetatsomehazardtofollowingtraffic,whenafewsecondslatertheroadwouldbeclearanyway;orthemanwhowavesachildacrossazebracrossingintothepathofoncomingvehiclesthatmaybeunabletostopintime.Thesamegoesforencouragingoldladiestocrosstheroadwhereverandwhenevertheycareto.

Aveterandriver,whosemannersarefaultless,toldmeitwouldhelpifmotoristslearnttofiltercorrectlyintotrafficstreamsoneatatimewithoutcausingthetotalblockagesthatgiverisetobadtemper.Unfortunately,modernmotoristscan’tevenlearntodrive,letalonemasterthesubtleraspectsofroadsmanship.Yearsagotheexpertswarnedusthatthecarownershipexplosionwoulddemandalotmoregiveandtakefromallroadusers.Itishightimeforallofustotakethismessagetoheart.

1.Intheauthor’sopinion，（

）

2.Thesentence“Youmighttoleratetheoddroadhog…therule”(Para.1)impliesthat

3.Whatwouldmostprobablyhappennowadayswhenyoushowpolitenesstootherdriversonroad?

4.Theexamplesinthethirdparagraphareusedtoillustrate（

）.

5.Expertshavelongpointedoutthatinthefaceofcarownershipexplosion，（

）.

问题1选项

A.stricttrafficregulationsarebadlyneeded

B.driversshouldapplyroadpolitenessproperly

C.rudedriversshouldbepunished

D.driversshouldavoidtrafficjams

问题2选项

A.oursocietyisunjusttowardswell-manneredmotorists

B.rudedriverscanbemetonlyoccasionally

C.thewell-manneredmotoristtodaycannottolerateimpolitedrivers

D.nowadaysimpolitedriversconstitutethemajorityofmotorists

问题3选项

A.Theywouldshowpolitenesstoyouinversely.

B.Theywouldshowthankfulnesstoyou.

C.Theywouldjustdriveonasnothinghashappened.

D.Theywouldmakewayforyoureadily.

问题4选项

A.itispolitefordriverstoletchildrenandtheoldtocrosstheroadfirst

B.thepolitenessshowninthewrongmomentcanleadtodangers

C.itisdangeroustoallowacartoemergefromasidestreettofollowtraffic

D.driversshouldrecognizeother’spolitenessattherightmoment

问题5选项

A.roadusersshouldmakemoresacrifice

B.driversshouldbereadytoyieldtoeachother

C.driversshouldhavemorecommunicationamongthemselves

D.driverswillsufferagreatlossiftheypaynorespecttoothers

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:B

【解析】1.文章第一段提出交通状况与司机的态度之间的关系。第二段指出司机应该礼貌并且对他人的礼貌做出回应，这样才能创造出一个好的行车气氛。第三段作者话锋一转提到错误的礼貌是危险的并且举例说明如何危险。第四段作者号召司机正确考虑公路礼仪问题了。选项B“司机应该适当地使用公路礼仪”，符合题意。

2.文章原句Youmighttoleratetheoddroadhog,therudeandinconsideratedriver,butnowadays

thewell-manneredmotorististheexceptiontotherule.你可以忍受那些奇怪自私、粗鲁、不顾及他人的司机，但是现在那些好教养的司机反而是不多见的。选项D“如今没有礼貌的司机占绝大部分”，与作者的描述一致，符合题意。

3.文章第二段主要讲关于回应公路礼貌的问题，最后一句manydriversnowadaysdon’tevenseemabletorecognizepolitenesswhentheyseeit“现在很多司机当他们看到别人的礼貌时无法认出”。选项C“他们会当没这回事直接开车走人”符合题意。

4.文章第三段的例子是为了证明错误的行车礼仪是危险的（however,misplacedpolitenesscanalsobedangerous）。选项B符合题意。

5.文章最后一段倒数第二句话yearsagotheexpertswarnedusthatthecarownershipexplosionwoulddemandalotmoregiveandtakefromallroadusers“很多年前专家就告诫我们拥有汽车的人数激增需要汽车使用者的让步”，选项B符合题意。

10.翻译题

TranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintogoodChinese.

Thenotionthatinanimateobjectsaresubjecttotheirownexperiencemaysoundabsurd;anditis.However,thereasontodismissitisnotintuition—conditionedasthelatterisbyunexaminedculturalassumptions—butsimplelogic.（1）

Yousee,themovementfrom“consciousnessistheintrinsicnatureofthephysicalworld”to“subatomicparticlesareconscious”reliesonaflawedlogicalbridge:itattributestothatwhichexperiencesastructurediscernibleonlyintheexperienceitself.

Theconceptofsubatomicparticlesismotivatedbyexperimentswhoseoutcomesareaccessibletousonlyintheformofconsciousperception.（2）

Evenwhendelicateinstrumentationisused,theoutputofthisinstrumentationisonlyavailabletousasperception.Thoseexperimentsshowthattheimagesonthescreenofperceptioncanbedividedupintoever-smallerelements,untilwereachalimit.Atthislimit,wefindthesmallestdiscernibleconstituentsoftheimages,whicharethusakintopixels.Assuch,subatomicparticlesarethe“pixels”ofexperience,notnecessarilyoftheexperiencer.Thelatterdoesnotfollowfromtheformer.

（3）Therefore,thatlivingbodiesaremadeofsubatomicparticlesdoesnotnecessarilysayanythingaboutthestructureoftheexperiencer:abodyisitselfanimageonthescreenofperceptionandsowillnecessarilybe“pixelated”insofarasitisperceived.Suchpixilationreflectstheidiosyncrasiesofthescreenofperception,notnecessarilythestructureofthesubjectitself.Asananalogy,thepixelatedimageofapersononatelevisionscreenreflectstheidiosyncrasiesofthetelevisionscreen;itdoesnotmeanthatthepersonherselfismadeupofpixels.

Ithussubmitthatconsciousnessisindeedtheintrinsicnatureofthephysicalworld,butsubatomicparticlesandotherinanimateobjectsarenotconscioussubjects.（4）

Afterall,asFreyaMatthewspointedout,theboundariesofinanimateobjectsaremerelynominal—wheredoestheriverstopandtheoceanbegin?Whereasthoseofconscioussubjectsareunambiguouslydeterminedby,forinstance,therangeofthesubjects'internalperceptions.Soinanimateobjectscannotbeconscioussubjects.

Withinanimateobjectsexcluded,onlylivingorganismsandtheinanimateuniverseasawholecanbeconscioussubjects.Thisway,asalivingnervoussystemistheextrinsicappearanceofanorganism'sinnerexperiences,sotheinanimateuniverseasawholeistheextrinsicappearanceofuniversalinnerexperiences.Circumstantially,theinanimateuniverseatitslargestscaleshasindeedbeenfoundtostructurallyresembleanervoussystem.（5）

Underthisview,thereisnothingitfeelsliketobeaspoonorastone,forthesamereasonthatthereisnothingitfeelsliketobe—atleastasfarasyoucanassessthroughintrospection—oneofyourneuronsinandofitself.Thereisonlysomethingitfeelsliketobeyournervoussystemasawhole—thatis,you.Analogously,thereisonlysomethingitfeelsliketobetheinanimateuniverseasawhole.

【答案】1.仔细想想，从“意识是物理世界的本质”到“亚原子粒子有自由意志”的转变建立在一个有瑕疵的逻辑之上。这种有瑕疵的逻辑属于那种体验者，它将本身视作一种只有在体验中才能辨别的结构。

2.即使（在实验中）我们使用了精密的仪器，但仪器的输出结果也只能通过感知的方式获取。这些实验表明，我们的感知之屏上放映的图像可以进一步分化成更小的成分，直到不可再分。

3.因此，生命体是由亚原子粒子构成，这并不一定说明了体验者的结构。一个身体本身就是感知屏幕上的一个图像，因此只要它被感知到，就必然会被“像素化”。

4.毕竟，正如弗莱娅•马修斯所指出的那样，无生命物体的边界只是象征性的——河流止于何处，海洋源于何处?而那些有意识的主体的界限则是明确的，可以由主体的内部感知范围确定。

5.以这种观点看，没有勺子或石头的内在体验，同样，你的神经元本身也不具有什么内在体验，至少你通过自省就可以察觉到。

11.单选题

Conversely,it（）thatapparentlysimilardomainsmakeradicallydifferentuseofthoseconstituentwordsandhencedemonstrateextremelydifferentcollocationalpatterns.

问题1选项

A.transpired

B.istranspired

C.maytranspire

D.maybetranspired

【答案】C

【解析】语法题。transpire在本题中作不及物动词，意思为“发生”，不及物动词无被动语态。选项B和D可排除。又根据整个句子的时态为一般现在时态，所以谓语动词不需要用过去式，选项A可排除。根据情态动词后接动词原形，可知选项C符合题意。

12.单选题

AlthoughIhadbeeninvitedtotheopeningceremony,Iwasunabletoattend________suchshortnotice.

问题1选项

A.to

B.in

C.with

D.on

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定搭配。句意：尽管我被邀请去参加了开幕式，但是我没能够参加。根据关键词suchshortnotice，结合选项可知考查点是固定搭配——onsuchshortnotice“刚约就要见（没有给对方充裕的时间）”，所以答案选D。attendto是“照顾，处理”的意思，代入句子中间不符合逻辑。

13.单选题

Therehasbeennothingmoreastonishingintheprogressofwarwhichisreallytheapplicationofthemechanicsofforcetohumannature（

）

thepositionthatpublicopinionoccupies.

问题1选项

A.as

B.to

C.than

D.better

【答案】C

【解析】【试题解析】考查语法结构。nothingmore...than...意思为“没有什么比……更加……”。分析句子结构，空格后面是名词“position位置”，而前面有nothingmore出现，再结合上下文意思，故推断选项C为最佳答案。句意为：战争实际上是武力作用于人性，在这个过程中，没有什么比公众舆论占据的地位更让人吃惊的了。

14.单选题

Thoughtherearehundredsoftestpapers,Icanpickhisoutwithouthesitation,forhishandwritingisquite（）.

问题1选项

A.manifest

B.separate

C.distinct

D.obvious

【答案】C

【解析】句意：尽管有好几百张试卷,但我可以毫不犹豫地找出他的试卷,因为他的笔迹很独特。选项C符合语境。

15.单选题

Itwasreportedthattheproject（

）bytheendofthismonth.

问题1选项

A.willbecompleted

B.wouldhavebeencompleted

C.wouldhavecompleted

D.willhavebeencompleted

【答案】B

【解析】句意：据报道，该项目将于本月底完成。根据was和by+时间可知，这里应该用would+过去完成时，首先排除选项A和D；项目是被完成，所以选项B正确。

16.单选题

A[A]technicalviewofanewinventionsometimes[B]differfrom[C]aneconomic[D]perspective.

问题1选项

A.technical

B.differ

C.an

D.perspective

【答案】B

【解析】【考查点】主谓一致。

【解题思路】句子主语是第三人称单数Atechnicalview（技术观点），因此谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式differs。该题选择B项。

【句意】对一项新发明的技术观点有时与经济观点不同。

17.单选题

Sheisavery（

）student.She’salwaystalkingabouttravelingtoouterspace.

问题1选项

A.imaginary

B.imaginative

C.imaginable

D.imagining

【答案】B

【解析】考察形似形容词词义辨析。imaginary“虚构的，假想的”；imaginative“富于想象的，有创造力的”；imaginable“可能的，可想象的”；imagining是image的动名词形式。句意：她是一个富有想象力的学生。她总是谈论关于在外太空漫游的事。选项B符合题意。

18.单选题

SomeofthismeatcamefromCanada.Howabout（

）?

问题1选项

A.another

B.others

C.theother

D.therest

【答案】D

【解析】考查不可数名词的指代。meat是不可数名词，前面三个选项一般用来知道可数名词，所以不符合题意。选项D既可以指代可数名词，也可以指代不可数名词，符合题意。句意：这里一部分肉来自加拿大，那剩下的呢？

19.单选题

Outof（

）revenge,hedidhisworsttoblackenhercharacterandruinherreputation.

问题1选项

A.sheer

B.total

C.integral

D.perfect

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。sheer意为“完全的，纯粹的，十足的”；total意为“总计的”；integral意为“完整的”；perfect意为“完美的”。

句意：纯粹是为了报复，他竭力抹黑她的人格，诋毁她的名誉。

20.单选题

SectionA

Everyhealthsysteminaneconomicallydevelopedsocietyisfacedwiththeneedtodecide(eitherformallyorinformally)whatproportionofthecommunity’stotalresourcesshouldbespentonhealth-care;howresourcesaretobeapportioned;whatdiseasesanddisabilitiesandwhichformsoftreatmentaretobegivenpriority;whichmembersofthecommunityaretobegivenspecialconsiderationinrespectoftheirhealthneeds;andwhichformsoftreatmentarethemostcost-effective.

SectionB

Whatisnewisthat,fromthe1950sonwards,therehavebeencertaingeneralchangesinoutlookaboutthefinitudeofresourcesasawholeandofhealth-careresourcesinparticular,aswellasmorespecificchangesregardingtheclienteleofhealth-careresourcesandthecosttothecommunityofthoseresources.Thus,inthe1950sand1960s,thereemergedanawarenessinWesternsocietiesthatresourcesfortheprovisionoffossilfuelenergywerefiniteandexhaustibleandthatthecapacityofnatureortheenvironmenttosustaineconomicdevelopmentandpopulationwasalsofinite.Inotherwords,webecameawareoftheobviousfactthattherewere“limitstogrowth”.Thenewconsciousnessthattherewerealsoseverelimitstohealth-careresourceswaspartofthisgeneralrevelationoftheobvious.Lookingback,itnowseemsquiteincrediblethatinthenationalhealthsystemsthatemergedinmanycountriesintheyearsimmediatelyafterthe1939-45WorldWar,itwasassumedwithoutquestionthatallthebasichealthneedsofanycommunitycouldbesatisfied,atleastinprinciple;the“invisiblehand”ofeconomicprogresswouldprovide.

SectionC

However,atexactlythesametimeasthisnewrealizationofthefinitecharacterofhealth-careresourceswassinkingin,anawarenessofacontrarykindwasdevelopinginWesternsocieties:thatpeoplehaveabasicrighttohealth-careasanecessaryconditionofaproperhumanlife.Likeeducation,politicalandlegalprocessesandinstitutions,publicorder,communication,transportandmoneysupply,health-carecametobeseenasoneofthefundamentalsocialfacilitiesnecessaryforpeopletoexercisetheirotherrightsasautonomoushumanbeings.Peoplearenotinapositiontoexercisepersonallibertyandtobeself-determiningiftheyarepoverty-stricken,ordeprivedofbasiceducation,ordonotlivewithinacontextoflawandorder.Inthesameway,basichealth-careisaconditionoftheexerciseofautonomy.

SectionD

Althoughthelanguageof“rights”sometimesleadstoconfusion,bythelate1970sitwasrecognizedinmostsocietiesthatpeoplehavearighttohealth-care(thoughtherehasbeenconsiderableresistanceintheUnitedStatestotheideathatthereisaformalrighttohealth-care).Itisalsoacceptedthatthisrightgeneratesanobligationordutyforthestatetoensurethatadequatehealthcareresourcesareprovidedoutofthepublicpurse.Thestatehasnoobligationtoprovideahealth-caresystemitself,buttoensurethatsuchasystemisprovided.Putanotherway,basichealth-careisnowrecognizedasa“publicgood”,ratherthana“privategood”thatoneisexpectedtobuyforoneself.Asthe1976declarationoftheWorldHealthOrganizationputit:“Theenjoymentofthehighestattainablestandardofhealthisoneofthefundamentalrightsofeveryhumanbeingwithoutdistinctionofrace,religion,politicalbelief,economicorsocialcondition.”Ashasjustbeenremarked,inaliberalsocietybasichealthisseenasoneoftheindispensableconditionsfortheexerciseofpersonalautonomy.

SectionE

Justatthetimewhenitbecameobviousthathealth-careresourcescouldnotpossiblymeetthedemandsbeingmadeuponthem,peopleweredemandingthattheirfundamentalrighttohealth-carebesatisfiedbythestate.Thesecondsetofmorespecificchangesthathaveledtothepresentconcernaboutthedistributionofhealth-careresourcesstemsfromthedramaticriseinhealthcostsinmostOECDcountries,accompaniedbylarge-scaledemographicandsocialchangeswhichhavemeant,totakeoneexample,thatelderlypeoplearenowmajor(andrelativelyveryexpensive)consumersofhealth-careresources.ThusinOECDcountriesasawhole,healthcostsincreasedfrom3.8%ofGDPin1960to7%ofGDPin1980,andithasbeenpredictedthattheproportionofhealthcoststoGDPwillcontinuetoincrease.(IntheUSthecurrentfigureisabout12%ofGDP,andinAustraliaabout7.8%ofGDP.)

Asaconsequence,duringthe1980sakindofdoomsdayscenario(analogoustosimilardoomsdayextrapolationsaboutenergyneedsandfossilfuelsoraboutpopulationincreases)wasprojectedbyhealthadministrator,economistsandpoliticians.Inthisscenario,ever-risinghealthcostswerematchedagainststaticordecliningresources.

1.Personallibertyandindependencehaveneverbeenregardedasdirectlylinkedtohealth-care.

2.Health-carecametobeseenasarightataboutthesametimethatthelimitsofhealth-careresourcesbecameevident.

3.InOECDcountriespopulationchangeshavehadanimpactonhealth-carecostsinrecentyears.

4.OECDgovernmentshaveconsistentlyunderestimatedthelevelofhealth-careprovisionneeded.

5.Inmosteconomicallydevelopedcountriestheelderlywillhavetomakespecialprovisionfortheirhealth-careinthefuture.

问题1选项

A.YESifthestatementagreeswiththeviewsofthewriter

B.NOifthestatementcontradictstheviewsofthewriter

C.NOTGIVENifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis

问题2选项

A.YESifthestatementagreeswiththeviewsofthewriter

B.NOifthestatementcontradictstheviewsofthewriter

C.NOTGIVENifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis

问题3选项

A.YESifthestatementagreeswiththeviewsofthewriter

B.NOifthestatementcontradictstheviewsofthewriter

C.NOTGIVENifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis

问题4选项

A.YESifthestatementagreeswiththeviewsofthewriter

B.NOifthestatementcontradictstheviewsofthewriter

C.NOTGIVENifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis

问题5选项

A.YESifthestatementagreeswiththeviewsofthewriter

B.NOifthestatementcontradictstheviewsofthewriter

C.NOTGIVENifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:C

【解析】1.根据SectionC中第二句，“Likeeducation,politicalandlegalprocessesandinstitutions,publicorder,communication,transportandmoneysupply,health-carecametobeseenasoneofthefundamentalsocialfacilitiesnecessaryforpeopletoexercisetheirotherrightsasautonomoushumanbeings.”，同教育、政治和法律程序和机构、公共秩序、通讯、运输和货币供应一样，医疗保健被视为人民行使其作为自主人的其他权利所必需的基本社会设施之一。可判断出个人自由和独立与医疗保健是有联系的。所以表述与原文不符合，答案为“NO”。

2.根据SectionE中第一句，“Justatthetimewhenitbecameobviousthathealth-careresourcescouldnotpossiblymeetthedemandsbeingmadeuponthem,peopleweredemandingthattheirfundamentalrighttohealth-carebesatisfiedbythestate.”，就在医疗保健资源明显不能满足人们要求的时候，他们要求国家满足他们获得医疗保健的基本权利。可判断出医疗保健被视为一项权利的同时，医疗保健资源的限制也变得很明显，表述正确，答案为“YES”。

3.根据SectionE中第二句，“Thesecondsetofmorespecificchangesthathaveledtothepresentconcernaboutthedistributionofhealth-careresourcesstemsfromthedramaticriseinhealthcostsinmostOECDcountries,accompaniedbylarge-scaledemographicandsocialchanges…”，导致目前对医疗保健资源分配的关注的第二组更具体的变化源于大多数经合发组织国家医疗费用的急剧增加，同时还伴随着大规模的人口和社会变化，可判断出近年来，经合组织国家的人口变化对医疗保健费用带来了影响，表述正确。答案为“YES”。

4.文中没有提及“经合组织各国政府低估了所需的医疗保健水平”这一问题，故答案为“NOTGIVEN”。

5.文中没有提及“在大多数经济发达的国家，老年人将来必须为他们的保健做特别的准备”这一问题，故答案为“NOTGIVEN”。

21.单选题

Lifeinsurancereflectsoneofthebestpartsofhumanbeings,caringforothers.Onebuyslifeinsurancebecauseheorshelovestheirspouseandchildren.Therearebenefitswhilelivingbuttherealreasonistomakesureothersarefinanciallytakencareof.

OneofthefirstrecordsoflifeinsurancewasinRome.There,groupscametogethercalledburialclubs.Theseweresetupbythepoortopayforthefuneralsofthemembersandtohelpthesurvivingfamilymembersfinancially.Themiddleageshadassociatio