考研考博-英语-南京森林警察学院考试押题三合一+答案详解3

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-南京森林警察学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Themultinationalcorporationwasmakingatake-over（）forapropertycompany.

问题1选项

A.application

B.bid

C.proposal

D.suggestion

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定搭配。application“应用，申请”;bid“出价，投标”；proposal“提议，建议，求婚”；suggestion“建议，暗示”。makeabidfor“竞拍，投标”，因此选项B符合题意。句意：这家跨国公司正在为接管一家房地产公司而竞标。

2.单选题

[A]Atitsmostbasic,corporatecultureisdescribedasthepersonalityofanorganization,orsimplyas“howthingsaredonearoundhere”.Itguides[B]whatemployeesthink,act,andfeel.Itisawideterm[C]usedtodefinetheuniquepersonalityorcharacterofaparticularcompanyororganization,[D]andincludessuchelementsascorevaluesandbeliefs,corporateethics,andrulesofbehavior.

问题1选项

A.Atitsmostbasic

B.what

C.usedtodefine

D.andincludes

【答案】B

【解析】考查关系词。B选项后面的句子主语是employees，谓语think，act，feel都是不及物动词，不能接宾语，因此应将what改为how。

3.单选题

Wecanbeginourdiscussionof“populationasglobalissue”withwhatmostpersonsmeanwhentheydiscuss“thepopulationproblem”：toomanypeopleonearthandatoorapidincreaseinthenumberaddedeachyear.Thefactsarenotindispute.Itwasquiterighttoemploytheanalogythatlikeneddemographicgrowthto’’along,thinpowderfusethatbumssteadilyandhaltinglyuntilitfinallyreachesthechargeandexplodes.”

Tounderstandthecurrentsituation,whichischaracterizedbyrapidincreasesinpopulation,itisnecessarytounderstandthehistoryofpopulationtrends.Rapidgrowthisacomparativelyrecentphenomenon.Lookingbackatthe8,000yearsofdemographichistory,wefindthatpopulationshavebeenvirtuallystableorgrowingveryslightlyformostofhumanhistory.Formostofourancestors,lifewashard,oftennasty,andveryshort.Therewashighfertilityinmostplaces,butthiswasusuallybalancedbyhighmortality.Formostofhumanhistory,itwasseldomthecasethatoneintenpersonswouldlivepastfort,whileinfancyandchildhoodwereespeciallyriskyperiods.Often,societieswereincleardangerofextinctionbecausedeathratescouldexceedtheirbirthrates.Thus,thepopulationproblemthroughoutmostofhistorywashowtopreventextinctionofthehumanrace.

Thispatternisimportanttonotice.Notonlydoesitputthecurrentproblemsofdemographicgrowthintoahistoricalperspective,butitsuggestthatthecauseofrapidincreaseinpopulationinrecentyearsisnotasuddenenthusiasmformorechildren,butanimprovementintheconditionsthattraditionallyhavecausedhighmortality.

Demographichistorycanbedividedintotwomajorperiods:atimeoflong,slowgrowthwhichextendedfromabout8,000BC.tillapproximateAD1650.Inthefirstperiodofsome9600years,thepopulationincreasedfromsame8millionto500millionin1650.Between1650andthepresent,thepopulationhasincreasedfrom500milliontomorethan4billion.Anditisestimatedthatbytheyear2000therewillbe6.2billionpeoplethroughouttheworld.Onewaytoappreciatethisdramaticdifferenceinsuchabstractnumbersistoreducethetimeframetosomethingthatismoremanageable.Between8000BCand1650,anaverageofonly50,000personswasbeingaddedannuallytotheworld'spopulationeachyear.Atpresent,thisnumberisaddedeverysixhours.Theincreaseisabout80,000,000personsannually.

1.Whichofthefollowingdemographicgrowthpatternismostsuitableforthelongthinpowderfuseanalogy?

2.Duringthefirstperiodofdemographichistory,societieswereoftenindangerofextinctionbecause（

）.

3.Whichstatementistrueaboutpopulationincrease?

4.Theauthorofthepassageintendsto

（

）.

5.Theword“demographic”inthefirstparagraphmeans（

）.

问题1选项

A.Avirtuallystableorslightlydecreasingperiodandthenasuddenexplosionofpopulation.

B.Aslowgrowthforalongtimeandthenaperiodofrapid,dramaticincrease.

C.Toomanypeopleonearthandafewrapidincreaseinthenumberaddedeachyear.

D.Alongperiodwhendeathratesexceedsbirthratesandthenashortperiodwithhigherfertilityandlowermortality.

问题2选项

A.onlyoneintenpersonscouldlivepast40.

B.therewashighermortalitythanfertilityinmostplaces.

C.itwastoodangeroustohavebabiesduetothepoorconditions

D.ourancestorshadlittleenthusiasmformorechildren.

问题3选项

A.Theremightbeanincreaseof2.2billionpersonsfromnowtotheyear2000

B.About50,000babiesarebomeverysixhoursatpresent.

C.Between8000BCandthepresent,thepopulationincreaseisabout80,000,000personseachyear.

D.Thepopulationincreasedfasterbetween8000BCand1650thanbetween1650andthepresent.

问题4选项

A.warnpeopleagainstthepopulationexplosioninthenearfuture

B.comparethedemographicgrowthpatterninthepastwiththatafter1650

C.findoutthecauseforrapidincreaseinpopulationinrecentyears

D.presentusaclearandcompletepictureofthedemographicgrowth

问题5选项

A.statisticsofhuman

B.surroundingsstudy

C.accumulationofhuman

D.developmentofhuman

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干关键词thelongthinpowderfuseanalogy定位至第一段:Itwasquiterighttoemploytheanalogythatlikeneddemographicgrowthto’’along,thinpowderfusethatbumssteadilyandhaltinglyuntilitfinallyreachesthechargeandexplodes(把人口增长比作“一根细长的火药引信，它以平稳的速度缓慢燃烧，直到爆炸”，这种类比是完全正确的)。故选A。

2.细节事实题。根据题干关键词societieswereoftenindangerofextinction定位至第二段:Often,societieswereincleardangerofextinctionbecausedeathratescouldexceedtheirbirthrates(通常，社会明显面临着灭绝的危险，因为死亡率高于出生率)。故选B。

3.判断推理题。最后一段:Between1650andthepresent,thepopulationhas

increasedfrom500milliontomorethan4billion.Anditisestimatedthatbytheyear2000therewillbe6.2billionpeoplethroughouttheworld(从1650年到现在，人口总量从5亿增加到了40亿。并且预计到2000年，全世界人口总量将达到62亿)。因此A项符合原文。

4.作者意图题。作者首先指出了人口增长的现状,然后详细回顾了历史上人口统计特征及原因。故选D。

5.词义题。“demographic”所在句:Itwasquiterighttoemploytheanalogythatlikeneddemographicgrowthtoalong,thinpowderfusethatbumssteadilyandhaltinglyuntilitfinallyreachesthechargeandexplodes(把人口增长比作“一根细长的火药引信，它以平稳的速度缓慢燃烧，直到爆炸”，这种类比是完全正确的)。而且,文章是以人口增长为讨论话题。因此,此题选A。

4.单选题

Thereisavirtuallimitonhowlongwecanhopetoremainalive,howeverluckyand（）weare.

问题1选项

A.vulnerable

B.rigorous

C.vicious

D.robust

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项vulnerable“易受攻击的；易受伤害的”；B选项rigorous“严格的；严厉的”；C选项vicious“恶毒的；恶意的”；D选项robust“强健的；健康的”。句意：不论我们多么幸运、多么……，我们能存活多长时间是有限度的。根据前面的信息lucky“幸运的”，那么与之并列的形容词也应该为积极的词汇。由此可以排除A，B，C选项。而后面说到的是remainalive“活着”可以知道应该与描述身体的词汇有关。因此D选项符合题意。

5.单选题

OilisNigeria’s______export.

问题1选项

A.elite

B.majority

C.spice

D.staple

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项elite“社会精英”；B选项majority“大部分；大多数”；C选项spice“（调味）香料；额外的趣味（或刺激等）”；D选项staple“（某国的）主要产品；主要部分”。句意：石油是尼日利亚出口的______。根据语境，D选项staple“（某国的）主要产品”搭配export“出口”比较合理，意思是石油是主要的出口产品。因此D选项正确。

6.单选题

Rumorsareeverywhere,spreadingfear,damagingreputations,andturningclamsituationinto（）ones.

问题1选项

A.turbulent

B.tragic

C.vulnerable

D.suspicious

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项turbulent“动荡的，湍流的”；B选项tragic“悲剧的，悲痛的，不幸的”；C选项vulnerable“易碎的，脆弱的”；D选项suspicious“可疑的，怀疑的”。句意：谣言无处不在，散布恐惧，损害名誉，使平静的局面变得_____。根据句子逻辑，这里表达的是“使平静的局面变得动荡”，因此A选项符合题意。

7.单选题

OneoftheresponsibilitiesoftheCoastGuardistomakesurethatallships________followtrafficrulesinbusyharbors.

问题1选项

A.cautiously

B.dutifully

C.faithfully

D.skillfully

【答案】C

【解析】考查副词辨析。A选项“谨慎地”；B选项“忠贞地，尽责地”；C选项“忠实地，如实地”；D选项“巧妙地，熟练地”。句意：海岸警卫队的职责之一是确保所有船只在繁忙的港口（）遵守交通规则。根据关键词trafficrule，我们一般是如实地遵守，而不是说谨慎地、有技巧地遵守，所以C选项最正确。

8.单选题

Bytoday'sstandards,earlyfarmerswereimprudentbecausetheyplantedthecroprepeatedly,exhaustingthesoilafterafewharvests.

问题1选项

A.unwise

B.stubborn

C.tiresome

D.unscientific

【答案】A

【解析】句意：按照今天的标准，早期的农民是轻率的，因为他们反复种植作物，几次收获后就把土壤耗尽了。imprudent意为“轻率的，鲁莽的”。unwise不明智的，轻率的；stubborn顽固的；tiresome无聊的，令人讨厌的；unscientific不科学的。选项A与之意思相近。

9.单选题

______thatasbothbirdsandmammalsbecomelarger,theirmetabolicratesperunitoftissuedecrease,andtheygenerallylivelonger.

问题1选项

A.Thetruth

B.Itistrue

C.Iftrue

D.Tobetrue

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定句型。句意：的确，随着鸟类和哺乳动物的体型变大，它们每单位组织的代谢率会下降，它们通常会活得更长。Itis/was+adj.+that是强调句型，It作形式主语，真正主语是that后面的内容，B选项Itistrue符合题意。因此B选项正确。

10.单选题

Cancerresearchersarelearningtoreadgeneslikeacrystalballtopredicthowpatientswillrespondtocancertherapy,whowillsuffertheworstsideeffectsandwhattreatmentsmaybebestforaparticularpatient.Foreseeingtheoutcomeoftreatment,andknowingwithcertaintywhichdrugsarebestforindividualpatients,havelongbeenthegoalsofcancerresearchers.

Foratleast40years,oncologistshavepuzzledoverwhysomepatientsrespondsowelltochemotherapywhileothersobtainmodestbenefitsornoneatall.ThediscoverydecadesagothatlinkedachromosomeabnormalitytooneformofleukemiapavedthewayforthedevelopmentofthedrugGleevecbyDrukerandtheabilitytoidentifythepatientsmostlikelytobenefit.Morerecently,withthewealthofknowledgefromthehumanGenomeProject,researchershavebeenabletodevelopevenmorespecifictoolstocreategeneticprofilesoftumorsandmatchthoseprofileswiththerightdrugs.Thetoolsalsohelpdeterminewhichpatientsaremostlikelytoexperiencetheworstsideeffectsofspecifictypesofchemotherapyandguidethemtoothertreatments.

ResearchersfromtheUniversityofChicagostudiedalterationsoftheUGT1A1gene,associatedwithanincreasedchanceofchemotherapysideeffects.MarkRatainandhisteamstudied61coloncancerpatientsreceivingirinotecanandlearnedthatpatientswithalterationsofthegenelabeledas7/7weremostlikelytosufferseverelossesofwhitebloodcells.Patientswiththe6/7alterationtypehadintermediatesideeffects,andpatientswiththe6/6typehadnone.

ScientistsattheMassachusettsGeneralHospitalexaminedgenesthatnormallyhavetheabilitytorepairdamagetoDNAincellscalledXPDandXRCC1.Thenumberofvariationsinthesegenesindicateshowlongapatientislikelytosurvive.SaradaGurubhagavatulaandherteamstudiedvariationsofthesegenesin103patientsdiagnosedwithadvancednon-small-celllungcancer.Patientswithatotalofthreevariationsinthegenessurvivedamedianof6.8months;thosewithtwovariationssurvived11months;patientswithonevariationsurvived16.6months;andthosewithnovariationssurvived20.4months.Gurubhagavatulasaysthevariationscouldbeidentifiedandthosewiththeworstpredictedoutcomesputonchemotherapyregimensthatofferbetteroddsofsurvival.

ScientistsatCedars-SinaiMedicalCenterandGenomicHealthInc.havedevelopedawaytotestlungtumorforgeneticprofilesassociatedwithresponsestothenewlungcancerdrugIressa.Thedrughasbeenshowntoshrinktumorsin10%to12%ofpatientswithadvancedlungcancer.DavidAgusatCedar-Sinaifoundapatternof185genesthatareturnedoffandoninamannerthatcorrelateswithresponsetoIressaortoalackofresponse.Whenusedcommercially,thetestwilltargetpatientsmostlikelytobenefitandwillallowpatientstomakeotherchoicesifthenegativeprofileisfound.

1.Thetextismainlyabout（

）.

2.TheachievementsfromHumanGenomeProjectenableresearchersto

（

）.

3.Thepurposeoftheauthorinmentioningthethreeresearchesisto

（

）.

4.Saradaandherteamareconvincedthat

（

）.

5.Inthe3rdparagraph,theword"alteration"means（

）.

问题1选项

A.thesearchforeffectivecancertreatmentdrugs

B.thegoalsofcancertreatment

C.thesuccessinreadinggenes

D.thecancertreatmentbyexamination

问题2选项

A.diagnoseachromosomeabnormalitymoreaccurately.

B.developcancertreatmentdrugslikeGleevec.

C.administercancertreatmentwithlesssideeffect.

D.comeupwithchemotherapyasaneffectivetoolforcancertreatment.

问题3选项

A.makeacontrastiveanalysisofthem.

B.illustratetheachievementsincancertherapy.

C.presentthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthem.

D.showhowalteredgenescancausecancer.

问题4选项

A.researchongenesoffersthemgreaterpredictivepower.

B.lungcanceriscausedbyvariationofgenes.

C.patientscansurvivelungcancerbyalteringtheirgenes.

D.chemotherapycansaveeventheworstlungcancerpatients.

问题5选项

A.investigations

B.activities

C.predictions

D.changes

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:D

【解析】1.主旨大意题。题目问的是“这篇文章的主要内容是……”。文章第一段提到癌症研究者正在像占卜者看水晶球一样来阅读基因（Cancerresearchersarelearningtoreadgeneslikeacrystalballtopredicthowpatientswillrespondtocancertherapy）；文章第二段提到研究者如何通过基因计划提高对癌症这类病的了解，并研究出相应的药物（Morerecently,withthewealthofknowledgefromthehumanGenomeProject,researchershavebeenabletodevelopevenmorespecifictoolstocreategeneticprofilesoftumorsandmatchthoseprofileswiththerightdrugs.），接下来的段落通过一些例子来说明在基因方面的成就，可知全文都是在讲述基因检测与癌症治疗，选项D符合题意。

2.细节事实题。题目问的是“人类基因工程的成果让研究者……”。文章第二段提到“研究人员能够开发出更具体的工具来创建肿瘤的基因图谱，并将这些图谱与正确的药物进行匹配”（Morerecently,withthewealthofknowledgefromthehumanGenomeProject,researchershavebeenabletodevelopevenmorespecifictoolstocreategeneticprofilesoftumorsandmatchthoseprofileswiththerightdrugs），由此可知选项C“用副作用更少的药物进行治疗”符合题意。

3.推理判断题。题目问的是“作者提及三位研究者的目的是什么”。文章第三、四、五段是为了用具体的例子来说明在人类基因工程的帮助下，在治疗癌症方面取得的成就。选项B符合题意。

4.推理判断题。题目问的是“Sarada和她的团队认为……”。文章第四段提到Sarada和她的团队研究了能够修复DNA中受损的基因。他们的研究了103例晚期非小细胞肺癌患者的这些基因变异，她认为这些变异可以被识别，然后把最糟糕的预测结果考虑进化学治疗的实施中，从而提高生存几率（thevariationscouldbeidentifiedandthosewiththeworstpredictedoutcomesputonchemotherapyregimensthatofferbetteroddsofsurvival），由此可以推断选项A“对基因的研究提高了预测能力”符合题意。

5.词义题。题目问的是“在第三段中，alteration的意思是……”。文章第三段第一句提到“芝加哥大学的研究人员研究了UGT1A1基因的改变，这与化学疗法副作用增加有关”（ResearchersfromtheUniversityofChicagostudiedalterationsoftheUGT1A1gene,associatedwithanincreasedchanceofchemotherapysideeffects），alteration有“改变”的意思，选项D符合题意。

11.单选题

Thediscussionwassoprolongedandexhaustingthat（）wehadtostopforrefreshments.

问题1选项

A.atlarge

B.atease

C.atrandom

D.atintervals

【答案】D

【解析】考查词组辨析。atlarge“详尽的；整个的”；atease“安逸”；atrandom“任意的”；atintervals“不时”，根据句子意思可知此处应该选一个词组来形容我们停下来提神的频率，四个选项中只有atintervals符合，故正确答案为选项D。句意：这场讨论无比冗长又使人疲累，以至于我们必须……的停下来提神。因此选项D符合题意。

12.单选题

Thehousewasveryquiet,（

）asitwasonthesideofamountain.

问题1选项

A.isolated

B.isolating

C.beingisolated

D.havingbeenisolated

【答案】A

【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：这栋房子非常安静，由于它在山麓上而被隔离开了。后半句句子的主语是it,指代前面的house，house与isolate是动宾关系，即“房子被隔离”，因此应该用过去分词形式。根据句意，选项A符合题意。

13.翻译题

舞狮是中国最广为流传的民间舞蹈之一。狮为百兽之首，在中国传统中，狮子被视为是能带来好运的吉祥物(mascot)。古人将狮子视作是勇敢和力量的化身，能驱赶邪恶、保护人类。据记载，狮舞已拥有了2,000多年的历史。在唐代，狮舞就己经被引入了皇室，因此，舞狮成为元宵节和其他节日的习俗，人们以此来祈祷好运、平安和幸福。

【答案】LiondanceisoneofthemostpopularfolkdancesinChina.Thelionisthekingofanimals.InChinesetradition,thelionisregardedasamascot,whichcanbringgoodluck.Theancientsawthelionastheembodimentofcourageandstrength,whichcoulddriveawayevilandprotecthumanbeings.Itisrecordedthattheliondancehasahistoryofmorethan2,000years.Inthetangdynasty,theliondancewasintroducedintotheroyalfamily.Therefore,performingtheliondanceattheLanternFestivalandotherfestiveoccasionsbecameacustomwherepeoplecouldprayforgoodluck,safetyandhappiness.

14.单选题

ThestrangestweatheroflastyearwaspossiblynotonEarth,butontheSun.Every11years（1）theSungoesthroughacycleofsunspots——actuallymagneticstormseruptingacrossitssurface.Thenumberofsunspots（2）itsminimumin2007and（3）haveincreasedsoonafterwards,buttheSunhasremainedstrangelyquietsincethen.Scientistshavebeenbaffledasweeksandsometimesmonthshavegonebywithoutasinglesunspot,in（4）isthoughttobethedeepestsolarminimumforalmost100years.

This（5）ofsolaractivitymeansthatcosmicraysreachingEarthfromspacehaveincreasedandtheplanet’sionosphereintheupperatmospherehassunkin（6），givinglessdragonsatellitesandmakingcollisionsbetweenthemandspacejunkmorelikely.ThesolarminimumcouldalsobecoolingtheclimateonEarthbecauseofslightlydiminishedsolarirradiance.Infact,thequietspellontheSunmaybe（7）someofthewanningeffectsofgreenhousegases,accountsforthesomewhatflattemperaturetrendofthepastdecade.But（8）ifthissolarminimumisoffsettingglobalwarming,scientistsstressthattheoveralleffectisrelativelyslightandcertainlywillnotlast.

TheSunhasgoneintolongquietspellsbefore.From1645to1715fewsunspotswereseenduringaperiodcalledtheLittleIceAge，whenshortsummersandsavagewintersoftenplaguedNorthernEurope.Scotlandwashitparticularly（9）asharvestswereruinedincold,miserablesummers,whichledtofamine,death,migrationandhugedepopulation.ButwhetherthequietSunwasentirelytoblameforitremainshighly（10）.

问题1选项

A.andso

B.orso

C.onso

D.soon

问题2选项

A.increased

B.got

C.reduced

D.reached

问题3选项

A.should

B.could

C.would

D.might

问题4选项

A.which

B.that

C.what

D.how

问题5选项

A.much

B.lack

C.number

D.amount

问题6选项

A.high

B.height

C.altitude

D.space

问题7选项

A.making

B.causing

C.decreasing

D.masking

问题8选项

A.even

B.what

C.incase

D.still

问题9选项

A.hard

B.severe

C.harsh

D.heavy

问题10选项

A.certain

B.unlikely

C.likely

D.uncertain

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:B

第6题:B

第7题:D

第8题:A

第9题:A

第10题:D

【解析】（1）考查词组辨析。andso“因此”；orso“大约，左右”；“onso不属于常规词组；soon“等等”。空格前“11years”与数字相关，因此orso更符合句意。因此B选项符合题意。

（2）考查动词辨析。increase“增加；增长”；get“获得”；reduce“减少”；“reach“达到”。句中number与minimum的关系只能是达到，因此D选项符合题意。

（3）考查语法知识。but后面表示现实情况是“太阳一直出奇地平静”，而空格前后表示“本应该上升”，所以此处应该用虚拟语气表示。shouldhavedone表示“本来应该……，却……”，因此A选项符合题意。

（4）考查语法知识。从句缺少主语，选项中只有what可以充当。因此C选项符合题意。

（5）考查上下文语义。上一段提到，科学家认为现在是100年来最低太阳黑子值，也就是说缺少太阳活动。因此B选项“lack”符合题意。

（6）考查近义词辨析。high“高的”，常见为修饰词用法；height“高度”；altitude“海拔高度”；space“空间；太空”。本句表示，上面大气层的行星电离层的高度下降了，应选择height。因此B选项符合题意。

（7）考查动词辨析。“thequietspellontheSun”与“someofthewanningeffects”之间的关系用mask“掩盖”更合适。因此D选项符合题意。

（8）考查固定搭配。evenif“即使；虽然”；whatif“假使……将会怎样”。C和D选项不与if搭配。根据句意“即使这个最小值抵消了温室效应……”，可知A选项符合题意。

（9）考查词语辨析。空格中词用来修饰前面的hit，应为副词。而选项中只有hard“猛烈地”和heavy“大量地；笨重地”。句中as“像……一样”表明空格中词语与havestswereruinedincoldmiserablesummers表示相同意思，因此A选项符合题意。

（10）考查语义。上文提到了“太阳的静止”期间发生了种种事件，句末由转折词but引导，说明句中提到“这是否归罪于太阳的静止”这一点应是“尚不明确的”，因此D选项符合题意。

15.单选题

Imagineaworldinwhichtherewassuddenlynoemotion—aworldinwhichhumanbeingscouldfeelnoloveorhappiness,noterrororhate.Trytoimaginetheconsequencesofsuchatransformation.Peoplemightnotbeabletostayalive:knowingneitherjoynorpleasure,neitheranxietynorfear,theywouldbeaslikelytorepeatactsthathurtthemasactsthatwerebeneficial.Theycouldnotlearn:theycouldnotbenefitfromexperiencebecausethisemotionlessworldwouldlackrewardsandpunishments.Societywouldsoondisappear:Peoplewouldbeaslikelytoharmoneanotherastoprovidehelpandsupport.Humanrelationshipswouldnotexist:Inaworldwithoutfriendsorenemies,therecouldbenomarriage,affectionamongcompanions,orbondsamongmemberso£groups.Society’seconomicunderpinningswouldbedestroyed:sincetherewouldbenoincentivesofanykind.Foraswewillsee,incentivesimplyacapacitytoenjoythem.

Insuchaworld,thechancesthatthehumanspecieswouldsurvivearenexttozero,becauseemotionsarethebasicinstrumentofoursurvivalandadaptation.Emotionsstructuretheworldforusinimportantways.Asindividuals,wecategorizeobjectsonthebasisofouremotions.True,weconsiderthelength,shape,size,ortexture,butanobject’sphysicalaspectsarelessimportantthanwhatithasdoneorcandotous—hurtus,surpriseus,angerusormakeusjoyful.Wealsousecategorizationscoloredbyemotionsinourfamilies,communities,andoverallsociety.Outofouremotionalexperienceswithobjectsandeventscomesasocialfeelingofagreementthatcertainthingsandactionsare“good”andothersare“bad”,andweapplythesecategoriestoeveryaspectofoursociallife—fromwhatfoodsweeatandwhatclothesweweartohowwekeeppromisesandwhichpeopleourgroupwillaccept.Infact,societyexplainsouremotionalreactionsandattitudes,suchasloyalty,morality,pride,shame,guilt,fearandgreed,inordertomaintainitself.Itgiveshighrewardstoindividualswhoperformimportanttaskssuchassurgery,makesheroesoutofindividualsforunusualordangerousachievementssuchasflyingfighterplanesinawar,andusesthelegalandpenalsystemtomakepeopleafraidtoengageinantisocialacts.

1.Thereasonwhypeoplemightnotbeabletostayaliveinaworldwithoutemotionisthat（）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,people’slearningactivitiesarepossiblebecausethey（）.

3.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheeconomicfoundationofsocietyisdependenton（）.

4.Emotionsaresignificantforman’ssurvivalandadaptationbecause（）.

5.Theemotionalaspectsofanobjectaremoreimportantthanitsphysicalaspectsinthatthey（）.

问题1选项

A.theywouldnotbeabletotellthetextureofobjects

B.theywouldnotknowwhatwasbeneficialandwhatwasharmfultothem

C.theywouldnotbehappywithalifewithoutlove

D.theywoulddothingsthathurteachother’sfeelings

问题2选项

A.enjoybeingrewardedfordoingtherightthing

B.knowwhatisvitaltotheprogressofsociety

C.believethatemotionsarefundamentalforthemtostayalive

D.benefitfromprovidinghelpandsupporttooneanother

问题3选项

A.theabilitytomakemoney

B.thewilltoworkforpleasure

C.thecapacitytoenjoyincentives

D.thecategorizationsofouremotionalexperiences

问题4选项

A.theyprovidethemeansbywhichpeopleviewthesizeorshapeofobjects

B.theyarethebasisforthesocialfeelingofagreementbywhichsocietyismaintained

C.theyencouragepeopletoperformdangerousachievements

D.theygeneratemorelovethanhateamongpeople

问题5选项

A.helpsocietyexploititsmembersforprofit

B.encourageustoperformimportanttasks

C.helptoperfectthelegalandpenalsystem

D.helpusadaptourbehaviortotheworldsurroundingus

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】1.根据第一段的第二句“Peoplemightnotbeabletostayalive：knowingneitherjoynorpleasure,neitheranxietynorfear,theywouldbeaslikelytorepeatactsthathurtthemasactsthatwerebeneficial.”如果知道没有了欢喜也没了快乐,没有了焦虑也没了恐惧,人们可能很难存活。他们有可能重复伤害自己的行为，却认为这是有益的。选项B符合原文。

2.根据第一段“Theycouldnotlearn：theycouldnotbenefitfromexperiencebecausethisemotionlessworldwouldlackrewardsandpunishments.”因为没有情感的世界里根本不存在奖惩,所以人们无法学习。反之,如果因为做了正确的事情而得到了奖励,那么人们就可能会学习。所以选项A符合原文内容。

3.根据第一段的倒数第二句“Society’seconomicunderpinningswouldbedestroyed:sincetherewouldbenoincentivesofanykind.”社会的经济基础将被摧毁:因为没有任何形式的激励。所以,社会经济基础依赖于享受激励的能力。选项C正确。

4.根据第二段的第一句,“Insuchaworld,thechancesthatthehumanspecieswouldsurvivearenexttozero,becauseemotionsarethebasicinstrumentofoursurvivalandadaptation.”选项B符合原文。

5.根据原文的最后一段可知,“Emotionsstructuretheworldforusinimportantways.Asindividuals,wecategorizeobjectsonthebasisofouremotions.”情感在很多重要的方面构造了世界。作为个体，我们会根据自己的情绪来分类物品。由此可见,情感可以帮助我们适应周围的世界，选项D符合原文。

16.翻译题

Theabilityoffallingcatstorightthemselvesinmidairandlandontheirfeethasbeenasourceofwonderforages.Biologistslongregardeditasanexampleofadaptationbynaturalselection,butforphysicistsitborderedonthemiraculous.

Newton’slawsofmotionassumethatthetotalamountofspinofabodycannotchangeunlessanexternaltorquespeedsituporslowitdown.Ifacathasnospinwhenitisreleasedandexperiencesnoexternaltorque,itoughtnottobeabletotwistaroundasitfalls.

Inthespeedofitsexecution,therightingofatumblingcatresemblesamagician’strick.Thegyrationsofthecatinmidairaretoofastforthehumaneyetofollow,sotheprocessisobscured.Eithertheeyemustbespeededup,orthecat’sfallsloweddownforthephenomenontobeobserved.Acenturyagotheformerwasaccomplishedbymeansofhigh-speedphotographyusingequipmentnowavailableinanypharmacy.

Butinthenineteenthcenturythecaptureonfilmofafallingcatconstitutedascientificexperiment.TheexperimentwasdescribedinapaperpresentedtotheParisAcademyin1894.Twosequencesoftwentyphotographseach,onefromthesideandonefrombehind,showawhitecatintheactofrightingitself.Grainyandquaintthoughtheyare,thephotosshowthatthecatwasdroppedupsidedownwithnoinitialspin,andstilllandedonitsfeet.Carefulanalysisofthephotosrevealsthesecret:Asthecatrotatesthefrontofitsbodyclockwise,therearandtailtwistcounterclockwise,sothatthetotalspinremainszero,inperfectaccordwithNewton’slaws.Halfwaydown,thecatpullsinitslegsbeforereversingitstwistandthenextendsthemagain,withthedesiredendresult.

Theexplanationwasthatwhilenobodycanacquirespinwithouttorque,aflexibleonecanreadilychangeitsorientation,orphase.Catsknowthisinstinctively,butscientistscouldnotbesurehowithappeneduntiltheyincreasedthespeedoftheirperceptionsathousandfold.

【答案】很久以前，降落中的猫在半空中平衡身体并以脚落地的能力一直令人好奇。生物学家们一直认为这是适应自然选择的一个例子，但对于物理学家，这真的是不可思议。

牛顿运动定律认为身体自旋的总量不变，除非外部扭矩使之加速或减缓。如果一只猫在被释放时没有旋转，也没有感受到外部扭矩，那么它在下落时就不应该旋转。

翻滚着的猫，以如此的速度平衡身体就像一个魔术师变戏法。猫在半空中的旋转得太快，人类的眼睛很难看清，所以这个过程是模糊的。要观察这个现象，要么眼睛必须加速，要么猫的下降减速。一个世纪以前，前者可以通过高速摄影的方法做到，使用的是现在在任何药店都能买到的设备。

但在19世纪，拍摄坠落的猫构成了一个科学实验。1984年的一篇论文《巴黎学院》描述了这个实验。两组共20张照片，一组从侧面，另一组从后面，展示了一只白猫平衡自己的行为。尽管照片有纹理很老式，但是展示了猫的行为：起初没有旋转，却翻滚着落下，并仍然用脚落地。对照片的仔细分析揭示了这个秘密：猫顺时针旋转身体前部时，身体后部和尾巴逆时针扭动，所以总自旋仍然是零，完全符合牛顿定律。下降中途，猫在颠倒扭转之前腿部收紧然后再展开，这样就得到了预期的最终结果。

其解释是：尽管没有扭矩，身体不能旋转，但是灵活者可以随时改变其旋转方向或阶段。猫本能地知道这点，但科学家们不能确定这事是怎么发生的，直到他们将其感知提高一千倍的速度。

17.单选题

PassagethreeToomanyvulnerablechild-freeadultsarebeingruthlessly(无情的)manipulatedintoparent-hoodbytheirparents,whothinkthathappinessamongolderpeopledependsonhavingagrand-childtospoil.Weneedanorganizationtohelpbeatdownthepersistentcampaignsofgrand-childlessparents.It’stimetoestablishPlannedGrandparenthood,whichwouldhavemanyglobalandlocalbenefits.

Partofitsmissionwouldbetopromotetherisksandrealitiesassociatedwithbeingagrandparent.Thestaffwouldincludedepressedgrandparentswhowouldexplainhowgrandkidsbreaklamps,bite,screamandkick.Otherswoulddetailhowanhourofbaby-sittingoftenturnsintoacryingmarathon.Moregrandparentswouldtestifythattheyhadt