2012考研英语-基础导学讲义

Iwillnotgiveyouafish lyouhowto2012考研英语基础主讲 吴耀20109主讲教 》系列 （西工大 《21世纪考研梦工厂》系列 （西工大、英语专业四八级《TEM-4/8考试指南》系列（世界和高考英语《考试》系列（西安外语音像）等30余部，逾1000万字。于2000年起在高校作关于考研英语、雅思（IELTS）、英语专业四八级（TEM-4/8、大四六级（CET-4/6）和高考英语巡回讲都市快报、西安零距离、华商报、西安晚报、三秦都市报等多家的关注和专这一理念在课堂上得以并为广大学员所认可。现在吴老师每年在、西安、、、石家庄、沈阳、、等20多所中心城市主讲考研英语、大四六级和高考英语，经他直接培训的学员已逾12万人，――――――――――――谈如数家珍，挥洒自如―――他的语言总是富有人生哲理，他的课堂充满着欢笑从容；他的吴耀武老师专线 ，进入国际学 或直接进1入 节（10（240~280词A1600词文章大意，（60B1篇文章（共500~600词51篇文章（C400词5150词（30A100词1B1~200词专题 考研英语如何复习TodayIbelieveThiswonderfullecturewillcomple ychangemylife!TodayIbelieveThatallmyeffortswillproducegenerousreturns!TodayIbelieveCGREEnglishwillbeconqueredthisVocabulary:黑白灰，分实虚，四管齐下巧Reading:把握，纵观全局，回归原文，NewReading:步步为营找关联，反客为主抢Translation:把握词义，调整语序纸面风平浪静，心中万箭 强化格式，明确目的，十句作文，五句给Graph 记住“一二三四五”，你比考官都Traditional 全新思路，经典范文，一旦拥有，别无所如何计算自己目前的词汇量面所给正确答案统计出你作对的题目个数记为N. CD A.D A.C A. A. A. A草 B玻 A.D10.A.11.A.D12.A.CD13.A.CD14.A.CD15.A.CD16.A.BD17.A.BCD18.A.BCD19.A.CD20.A.21.A.BCD救济金22.A.C23.A.D24.A.25.A.26.A.27.A.28.A.29.A.30.A.B.C.31.A.B.C. A.双 B.专 C.天 A.具 B.邮 C.也 D.邮 A.跑 B.范 C.围 D.角 A.牺 B.使满 C.使熟 A.郊 B.跳 C.裙 D.衬 A.典 B.型 C.风 D偷 A.顶 B.钢笔 C.一小 A.虚 B.星 C.顶 D寻 A.电 B.场 C.电 D让 A经 B C店 D商 A基 B三级 C脸 D基本 A首 B可能 C有能力 DA使 C限制 D AB一角 C同样 D少 A草 B漂 C简 D悲 A探 B过 C超 D实 A飞 B正确 CD高 A踌 B匆 C说 D国度 A阻 B无 C发 D专 A对 B逻 C圆 D供人住 A博物 B展览 CD音performanceA表 B完 C实 D成 A屋 B防 C同 D证 A处 BC退 D进 A看 B播 C缝 D母 A钢 B硬 C偷 D偷 AB工 C器 D傻 A无论哪 B理 C先前 D然 A蛋 B较年 C D那 AB提 C装 D利 AB宴 C银行 D河 A屠 B单身 C管 D灌 A结 B竹 C冷 D电 A生 B创 CD创造 A门 B原 C阿司匹 D纪 A显合 C紧 D能 A闪 B新 C奔 D刷 A女 B上 C好 D货 A地平 B垂直 C交叉 D对角知源考/友情知源考/友情提 A果 B尾 C罐 D监 A B C忠实 D土 A语 B月 C运 D沼ABCDABDABCDCABCDCDABCDABCDABCDABCDABCDABCDABCDABCDABCDABCDABCDBDBCDABCABCDABCDABDABCDABCD100.ABCD101.ABCD102.C的103.BCD104.ABC105.ABC106. A解 B移D107. A改 B高架铁CD108.ABCD109.ABCDABCDA的CDABCDABCDA南北 CDA一片 CDAB邮CDA非 CDA嘈杂的BCDA手 B签CD120.A脊 CD121. C浑身难过 D全能122.A香 BCD123.A钙 B平CD124.A怜 B压CD125.A诈 B明CD126.A蚯 B土CD127.A消 B压CD128.A大 B大CD129.A跛 B铁CD130.A正 B辩CD131.A菜 CD132. B神CD133.A牧 B教CD134.A要 B信CD135.A退 B恢CD136.A航 B装CD137.A BCD138.A完 CD139.A船 B容CD140.A书 B扭CD141. CD142.A艺术 C143.A涂 B镇CD144. B巧CD145.A B阻CD146.A施 B利CD147.A B金色CD148.A大 B荞CD149.C重要 D连续150.ABC薄 D子151.AC正确 D大学152.ABC确 D153.BC相反 D常规154.BC积极 D创造性155.ABC正 D156.BC分离 D坚决157.ABC破 D图158.AC缓慢 D相反159.ABC基础 D加强了160.ABC质 D介161.ABC运 D饥162.ABC坚实 D点163.BC筑 D修164.ABC生 D歹165.BC善 D神似166.ABC沼 D出租马167.ABCD手168.AC良好 D家务管169.ABC推 D冲170.ABC幼 D差171.ABC减 D加标172.ABC判 D173.ABC D依174.ABC放松 D口头175.ABC用手 D庄176.ABC仪 D云177.ABC拖 D士178.A的BC家 D179.ABC理论上 D可得到180.ABC严峻考 D果181.ABC小册 D嵌182.ABC悬而未决 D修183.ABC D小184.ABC地 D水185.AC推 D漂亮186.ABC梅 D英187.ABC关联 D转动188.ABCD189.ABCD190.A191.A192.ABCD193.ABD194.ABCD195.AD196.AD197.ABCD198.ABCD199.BCDABCD参考答案及计算公式 BABCCACBDA11—20 BBACDDCDDA21—30 ACBDABCDBD AACBBCCDAD41—50 BACDDBACAC51—60 DAADCCBBBD BCADBDACAA71—80 DCADBBACCB81—90 ACBADBDBCDACBADCABCDCBA101—CADBCDDCDB111—ADBACBADBCAAADBBC131—DDDCBAACB141—DCADBABBBCADCDCADB161—ACDDBADCA171—ADBACDACBDBDBCDA191—ADACBCDA高级词汇：推理能了解每年考研新大纲词汇（部分foula.令人不快的；恶臭的；的v.弄脏n.(体育等)犯规acclaimv.向…欢呼，公认n.欢呼，喝彩，称赞affluenta.thrifta.节约，节俭formidableadifficulttodefeatordealwithamiablea.和蔼可亲的，友善的，亲切的baitn.vt.用饵引诱；招惹，捉弄carbohydraten.碳水化合物;糖类；(plural)淀粉质或糖类graphica.生动的，形象的；绘画的，文字的，图表的cosy/cozya.暖和舒服的；舒适的[反] credentialsn.(个人能力及信用的)证明书，证件excerptn.摘录，节录vt.摘，exilen.vt.流放，放逐，把…充军fairyadj.幻想中的，虚构的heavev.(用力)举，提，拉；扔；拖；n.举起houndn.猎狗；的人vt.用猎狗追，追逐hovervi.盘旋；徘徊huddlevi.挤作一团；蜷缩vt.n.挤在一起的人humv.哼曲子；发嗡嗡声；忙碌n.嗡嗡声，嘈杂声humiliatev.使羞辱，使丢脸[同]disgraceanonymous的，无名的，away否avoidjuvenilen.a.青少年的，适合青少年的；幼稚的kinn.，亲属a.亲属关系的lapsen.；(时间的)流逝vi.逐渐下降；终止laptopn.小型计算机系统学习基本构词法（部分表示否定或反义的常用词缀定前缀前antarctic南极(的)Japanesewar抗日或antimissile反的antisocial的反antimagnetic义应counteractioncontrast的counteractcounterattack常用counterpartcontra．missile反posepression减压；degrade使降级；demobilize； 词缀negative离开，分，disadvantage不利，不利条件不 disarm解除disconnectdistrustdisassemble拆开：divest；不illiterate文盲；illegitimate反前not，in，into否定，impracticable行不通的；invisible不可见的；irrational不合理的；inaccurate确的； 义bad，badly恶，不malcontent不满的；malnutrition营养不良；maladminister对……管理不善否定缀bad，badlynotnon-ferrous非铁的；nonviolent非的separation分离；curenot waterproof防水的；boomproof的；soundproof隔音的；burglar-proof防盗的考研阅读词汇（部分例：Unit 科普 barcode条形码beeper传呼机bufferstorage缓冲器callinstruction呼叫指令cellular cybercrimes网上desktop台式计算机 evision数字电视electronichearingaid电子助encryption加密fiberoptictechnology光纤技术firewallfloppydiskhackeridentifier标识符 intranetIT-industry信息产业microprocessormodem调制解调器multimedia多multimedialearningsystem多学习系考研近义近形词汇（部分climate：气候，风气，思潮 特指经济状况，表示环境，状况时常用复数atmosphere：气氛，vessel:血管，管道，一般指细小管道；route：road:广阔平坦的大道，多指公路street:尤指城市中的道路；highway:通常指市区外可以通行各种机动车辆的交通干线;motorway（freeway，expressway）:高速公路；lane:pavement（sidewalk）:街道两旁的人行道trail:指人或兽在森林、荒野或山中踩出的小径或崎岖小第二部分考研英语点2009年入学考试英语试Section UseofReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Researchonanimalinligencealwaysmakesmewonderjusthowsmarthumansare.1thefruit-flyexperimentsdescribedinCarlZimmer’spieceintheScienceTimesonTuesday.Fruitflieswhoweretaughttobesmarterthantheaveragefruitfly2toliveshorterlives.Thissuggeststhat3bulbsburnlonger,thatthereisan4innotbeingtooterrificallyInligence,it5out,isahigh-pricedoption.Ittakesmoreupkeep,burnsmorefuelandisslow6thestartinglinebecauseitdependsonlearning—a7process—insteadofinstinct.Plentyofotherspeciesareabletolearn,andoneofthethingsthey’veapparentlylearnediswhento8Isthereanadaptivevalueto9inligence?That’sthequestionbehindthisnewresearch.Insteadofcastingawistfulglance10atallthespecieswe’veleftinthedustI.Q.-wise,itimplicitlyaskswhatthereal11ofourowninligencemightbe.Thisis12themindofeveryanimalI’veevermet.Researchonanimalinligencealsomakesmewonderwhatexperimentsanimalswould13onhumansiftheyhadthechance.Everycatwithanowner,14,isrunningasmall-scalestudyinoperantconditioning.webelievethat15animalsranthelabs,theywouldtestusto16thelimitsofourpatience,ourfaithfulness,ourmemoryforlocation.Theywouldtrytodecidewhatinligenceinhumansisreally17,notmerelyhowmuchofitthereis.18,theywouldhopetostudya19question:Arehumansactuallyawareoftheworldtheylivein?20theresultsareinconclusive.：韩圆圆1 地址shop3[A] [D][A] [D][A] [D][A] [D][A]insists [B]sums [C]turns [D]puts[A] [C] [D][A] [C] [D][A] [C] [D][A] [D][A] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [D][A] [D][A]by [B]in [C]as [D]for[A] [D][A] [D][A] [D] [C] [D]19.[A][D]20.[A]By[B]In [C]So ReadingPartReadthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Habitsareafunnything.Wereachforthemmindlessly,settingourbrainsonauto-pilotandrelaxingintotheunconsciouscomfortoffamiliarroutine.“Notchoice,buthabitrulestheunreflectingherd,”WilliamWordsworthsaidinthe19thcentury.Intheever-changing21stcentury,eventheword“habit”carriesanegativeconnotation.Soitseemsparadoxicaltotalkabouthabitsinthesamecontextascreativityandinnovation.Butbrainresearchershavediscoveredthatwhenweconsciouslydevelopnewhabits,wecreateparallelsynapticpaths,andevenentirelynewbraincells,thatcanjumpourtrainsofthoughtontonew,innovativetracks.Ratherthandismissingourselvesasunchangeablecreatureofhabit,wecaninsteaddirectourownchangebyconsciouslydevelonewhabits.infact,themorenewthingswetry——themorewestepoutsideourcomfortzone——themoreinherentlycreaturewe e,bothintheworkplaceandinourallives.Butdon’tbothertryingtokilloffoldhabits;oncethoserutsofprocedurearewornintothebrain,they’retheretostay.Instead,thenewhabitswedeliberayingrainintoourselvescreateparallelpathwaysthatcanbypassthoseoldroads.“Thethingneededforinnovationisafascinationwithwonder,”saysDawnaMarkova,authorof“TheOpenMind”andanexecutivechangeconsultantforProfessionalThinkingPartners.“Butwearetaughtinsteadto‘decide,’justasourcallshimself‘theDecider.’”Sheadds,however,that“todecideistokilloffallpossibilitiesbutone.Agoodinnovationalthinkerisalwaysexploringthemanyotherpossibilities.”Allofusworkthroughproblemsinwaysofwhichwe’reunaware,shesays.Researchersinthelate1960coveredthathumansarebornwiththecapacitytoapproachchallengesinfourprimaryways:ytically,procedurally,relationally(orcollaboratively)andinnovatively.Atpuberty,however,thebrainshutsdownhalfofthatcapacity,preservingonlythosemodesofthoughtthathaveseemedmostvaluableduringthedecadeorsooflife.Thecurrentemphasisonstandardizedtestinghighlightsysisandprocedure,meaningthatfewofusinherentlyuseourinnovativeandcollaborativemodesofthought.“ThisbreaksthemajorruleintheAmericanbeliefsystem—thatanyonecandoanything,”explainsM.J.Ryan,authorofthe2006book“ThisYearIWill...”andMs.Markova’sbusinesspartner.“That’saliethatwehaveperpetuated,anditfosterscommonness.Knowingwhatyou’regoodatandngevenmoreofitcreatesexcellence.”Thisiswheredevelonewhabitscomesin.InWordsworth’sview,“habits”ischaracterizedby [D] [D] [D]DawnaMarkovawouldmostprobablyagree ideasarebornofarelaxingpreventsnewhabitsfrombeingnolongeremphasizes 地址Itisawisefatherthatknowshisownchild,buttodayamancanboosthispaternal(fatherly)wisdom–oratleastconfirmthathe’sthekid’sdad.Allheneedstossour$30forpaternitytestingkit(PTK)athislocaldrugstore–andanother$120togettheresults.Morethan60,000peoplehavepurchasedthePTKssincethey eavailablewithoutprescriptionslastyears,accordingtoDougFog,chiefoperatingofficerofIdentigene,whiakestheover-the-counterkits.MorethantwodozencompaniessellDNAtestsDirectlytothepublic,ranginginpricefromafewhundreddollarstomorethan$2500.Amongthemostpopular:paternityandkinshiptesting,whichadoptedchildrencanusetofindtheirbiologicalrelativesandfamiliescanusetotrackdownkidsputupforadoption.DNAtestingisalsothelatestrageamongpassionategenealogists-andsupportsbusinessesthatoffertosearchforafamily’sgeographicroots.Mosttestsrequirecollectingcellsbywebbingsalivainthemouthandsendingittothecompanyfortesting.AlltestsrequireapotentialcandidatewithwhomtocompareDNA.Butsomeobserversareskeptical,“Thereisakindoffalseprecisionbeinghawkedbypeopleclaimingtheyarengancestrytesting,”saysTreyDuster,aNewYorkUniversitysociologist.Henotesthateachindividualhasmanyancestors-numberinginthehundredsjustafewcenturiesback.Yetmostancestrytestingonlyconsidersasinglelineage,eithertheYchromosomeinheritedthroughmeninafather’slineormitochondrialDNA,whichseddownonlyfrommothers.ThisDNAcanrevealgeneticinformationaboutonlyoneortwoancestors,eventhough,forexample,justthreegenerationsbackpeoplealsohavesixothergreat-grandparentsor,fourgenerationsback,14otherCriticsalsoarguethatcommercialgenetictestingisonlyasgoodasthereferencecollectionstowhichasampleiscompared.Databasesusedbysomecompaniesdon’trelyondatacollectedsystematicallybutratherlumptogetherinformationfromdifferentresearchprojects.ThismeansthataDNAdatabasemaydifferdependingonthecompanythatprocessestheresults.Inaddition,thecomputerprogramsacompanyusestoestimaterelationshipsmaybepatentedandnotsubjecttopeerrevieworoutsideevaluation.Inparagraphs1and2,thetextshowsPTK’s [A]easyavailabilityPTKisusedto [A]locateone’sbirthplace[B]promotegeneticresearchSkepticalobserversbelievethatancestrytestingfailsto [A]tracedistantancestorsfullyusegeneticInthelastparagraph,aproblemcommercialgenetictestingfacesis [A]disorganizeddollection[B]overlapdatabasebuilding[C]excessivesamplecomparison[D]lackofpatentAnappropriatetitleforthetextismostlikelytobe [A]ForsandAgainstsofDNAtesting[B]DNAtestingandIt’sproblems[C]DNAtestingoutsidethelab[D]LiesbehindDNATherelationshipbetweenformaleducationandeconomicgrowthinpoorcountriesiswidelymisunderstoodbyeconomistsandpoliticiansalikeprogressinbothareaisundoubtedlynecessaryforthesocial,politicalandinlectualdevelopmentoftheseandallothersocieties;however,theconventionalviewthateducationshouldbeoneoftheveryhighestprioritiesforpromotingrapideconomicdevelopmentinpoorcountriesiswrong.Wearefortunatethatisit,becauseneweducationalsystemsthereandputtingenoughpeoplethroughthemtoimproveeconomicperformancewouldrequiretwoorthreegenerations.Thefindingsofaresearchinstitutionhaveconsistentlyshownthatworkersinallcountriescanbetrainedonthejobtoachieveradicalhigherproductivityand,asaresult,radicallyhigherstandardsofliving.Ironically,theevidenceforthisideaappearedintheUnitedStates.Notlongago,withthecountryenteringarecessingandJapanatitspre-bubblepeak,theU.S.workforcewasderidedaspoorlyeducatedandoneofprimarycauseofthepoorU.S.economicperformance.Japanwas,andremains,thegloballeaderinautomotive-assemblyproductivity.YettheresearchrevealedthattheU.S.factoriesofHonda,Nissan,andToyotaachievedabout95percentoftheproductivityoftheirJapanesecounterpartsaresultofthetrainingthatU.S.workersreceivedonthejob.Morerecently,whileexaminghousingconstruction,theresearchersdiscoveredthatilliterate,non-English-speakingMexicanworkersinHouston,Texas,consistentlymetbest-practicelaborproductivitystandardsdespitethecomplexityofthebuildingindustry’swork.Whatistherealrelationshipbetweeneducationandeconomicdevelopment?Wehavetothatcontinuingeconomicgrowthpromotesthedevelopmentofeducationevenwhenernmentsdon’tforceit.Afterall,that’showeducationgotstarted.Whenourancestorswerehuntersandgatherers10,000yearsago,theydidn’thavetimetowondermuchaboutanythingbesidesfindingfood.Onlywhenhumanitybegantogetitsfoodinamoreproductivewaywastheretimeforotherthings.Aseducationimproved,humanity’sproductivitypotential,theycouldinturnaffordmoreeducation.Thisincreasinglyhighlevelofeducationisprobablyanecessary,butnotasufficient,conditionforthecomplexpoliticalsystemsrequiredbyadvancedeconomicperformance.Thuspoorcountriesmightnotbeabletoescapetheirpovertytrapswithoutpoliticalchangesthatmaybepossibleonlywithbroaderformaleducation.Alackofformaleducation,however,doesn’tconstraintheabilityofthedeveloworld’sworkforcetosubstantiallyimproveproductivityfortheforestedfuture.Onthecontrary,constraintsonimprovingproductivityexplainwhyeducationisn’tdevelomorequicklytherethanitis. hasfallenvictimofhasbeenItisstatedinparagraph1thatconstructionofaneweducation challengeseconomistsandpoliticians[B]takeseffortsofgenerations [C]theU.Sworkforcehasabettereducation[D]]theU.SworkforceismoreTheauthorquotestheexampleofourancestorstoshowthateducation priortobetterwaysoffindingwhenpeopleonlongerwentasaresultofpressureon doesnotdependoneconomicThemostthoroughlystudiedinthehistoryofthenewworldaretheministersandpoliticalleadersofseventeenth-centuryNewEngland.AccordingtothestandardhistoryofAmericanphilosophy,nowhereelseincolonialAmericawas“Somuchimportantattachedtoinlectualpursuits”Accordingtomanybooksandarticles,NewEngland’sleadersestablishedthebasicthemesandpreoccupationsofanunfolding,dominantPuritantraditioninAmericaninlectuallife.：韩圆圆1 地址shop3TotakethisapproachtotheNewEnglandersnormallymeantostartwiththePuritans’theologicalinnovationsandtheirdistinctiveideasaboutthechurch-importantsubjectsthatwemaynotneglect.Butinkeewithourexaminationofsoutherninlectuallife,wemayconsidertheoriginalPuritansascarriersofEuropeancultureadjustingtoNewworldcircumstances.TheNewEnglandcolonieswerethescenesofimportantepisodesinthepursuitofwidelyunderstoodidealsofcivilityandvirtuosity.TheearlysettlersofMassachusettsBayincludedmenofimpressiveeducationandinfluenceinEngland.BesidestheninetyorsolearnedministerswhocametoMassachusettschurchinthedecadeafter1629,TherewerepoliticalleaderslikeJohnWinthrop,aneducatedgentleman,lawyer,andofficialoftheCrownbeforehejourneyedtoBoston.Theremenwroteandpublishedextensively,reachingbothNewWorldandOldWorldaudiences,andgivingNewEnglandanatmosphereofinlectualearnestness.Weshouldnotforget,however,thatmostNewEnglanderswerelesswelleducated.Whilefewcraftsmenorfarmers,letalonedependentsandservants,leftliterarycompositionstobeyzed,theirthinkingoftenhadatraditionalsuperstitionsquality.AtailornamedJohnDane,whoemigratedinthelate1630s,leftanaccountofhisreasonsforleavingEnglandthatisfilledwithsigns.sexualconfusion,economicfrustrations,andreligioushope-allnametogetherinadecisivemomentwhenheopenedtheBible,toldhisfatherthelinehesawwouldsettlehisfate,andreadthemagicalwords:“comeoutfromamongthem,touchnouncleanthing,andIwillbeyourGodandyoushallbemypeople.”OnewonderswhatDanethoughtofthecarefulsermonsexplainingtheBiblethatheheardinpuritanchurched.Meanwhile,manysettleshadslighterreligiouscommitmentsthanDane’s,asoneclergymanlearnedinconfrontingfolkalongthecoastwhomockedthattheyhadnotcometotheNewworldforreligion.“Ourmainendwastocatchfish.” Itissuggestedinparagraph2thatNew createdanew influencedbypuzzledbychurch PartBthemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)：韩圆圆1 地址shop3CoincidingwiththegroundbreakingtheoryofbiologicalevolutionproposedbyBritishnaturalistCharlesDarwininthe1860s,BritishsocialphilosopherHerbertSpencerputforwardhisowntheoryofbiologicalandculturalevolution.Spencerarguedthatallworldlyphenomena,includinghumansocieties,changedovertime,advancingtowardperfection.41. AmericansocialscientistLewisHenryMorganintroducedanothertheoryofculturalevolutioninthelate1800s.Morgan,alongwithTylor,wasoneofthefoundersofmodernanthropology.Inhiswork,heattemptedtoshowhowallaspectsofculturechangedtogetherintheevolutionof Intheearly1900sinNorthAmerica,German-bornAmericananthropologistFranzBoasdevelopedanewtheoryofcultureknownashistoricalparticularism.Historicalparticularism,which Boasfeltthatthecultureofanysocietymustbeunderstoodastheresultofauniquehistoryandnotasoneofmanyculturesbelongingtoabroaderevolutionarystageortypeof HistoricalparticularismbecameadominantapproachtothestudyofcultureinAmericananthropology,largelythroughtheinfluenceofmanystudentsofBoas.Butanumberofanthropologistsintheearly1900salsorejectedtheparticularisttheoryofcultureinfavorofdiffusionism.Someattributedvirtuallyeveryimportantculturalachievementtotheinventionsofafew,especiallygiftedpeoplesthat,accordingtodiffusionists,thenspreadtoother Alsointheearly1900s,FrenchsociologistÉDurkheimdevelopedatheoryofculturethatwouldgreatlyinfluenceanthropology.Durkheimproposedthatreligiousbeliefsfunctionedtoreinforcesocialsolidarity.Aninterestintherelationshipbetweenthefunctionofsocietyandculture—knownasfunctionalism—becameamajorthemeinEuropean,andespeciallyBritish,Otheranthropologistsbelievedthatculturalinnovations,suchasinventions,hadasingleoriginandpassedfromsocietytosociety.Thistheorywasknownasdiffusionism.Inordertostudyparticularculturesascompleyaspossible,Boasbecameskilledinlinguistics,thestudyoflanguages,andinphysicalanthropology,thestudyofhumanbiologyandanatomy.Hearguedthathumanevolutionwascharacterizedbyastrugglehecalledthe“survivalofthefittest,”inwhichweakerracesandsocietiesmusteventuallybereplacedbystronger,moreadvancedracesandsocieties.Theyalsofocusedonimportantritualsthatappearedtopreserveapeople’ssocialstructure,suchasinitiationceremoniesthatformallysignifychildren’sentranceintoadulthood.Thus,inhisview,diverseaspectsofculture,suchasthestructureoffamilies,formsofmarriage,categoriesofkinship,ownershipofproperty,formsofernment,technology,andsystemsoffoodproduction,allchangedassocietiesevolved.Supportersofthetheoryviewedasacollectionofintegratedpartsthatworktogethertokeepasocietyfunctioning.Forexample,BritishanthropologistsGraftonElliotSmithandW.J.Perryincorrectlysuggested,onthebasisofinadequateinformation,thatfarming,potterymaking,andmetallurgyalloriginatedinancientEgyptanddiffusedthroughouttheworld.Infact,alloftheseculturaldevelopmentsoccurredseparayatdifferenttimesinmanypartsoftheworld.PartSectionⅢRestrictionsontheuseofplasticbagshavenotbeensosuccessfulinsomeregions.“Whitepollution”isstillgoingon.Writealettertotheeditor(s)ofyourlocalnewspapertoYoushouldwriteabout100words.Donotsignyourownnameat oftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.PartYoushouldwriteneatlyonANSHWERSHEET2.(202008年入学考试英语试Section UseofReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreinligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1tosayitanyway.Heisthat2bird,ascientistwhoworksindependently3anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfections,whicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwassuggested.5he,however,mighttrembleatthe6ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientists,heispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7thatonegroupofhumanityismoreinligentthantheothers,butexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection.ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest,912-15pointsabovethe10valueof100,andhavecontributed11totheinlectualandculturallifeoftheWest,asthe12oftheirelites,includingseveralworld-renownedscientists,13.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseases,suchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts,14,havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15tosocialeffects,suchasastrongtraditionof16education.Thelatterwasseenasa(an)17ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheinligenceanddiseasesareintimay18.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehasresultedin stateof

themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthat1.[A][B][C][D]2.[A][B][C][D]3.[A][B][C][D]4.[A]subsequently[B] [C] [D]la5.[A][B][C][D]6.[A][B][C][D]7.[A][B][C]s[D]8.[A][B][C][D]9.[A][B][C][D]10.[A][B][C][D]11.[A][B]y[D]12.[A][B][C][D]13.[A][B][C][D]14.[A][B][C][D]15.[A]given[B]got[C]carried[D]put16.[A][B][C][D]17.[A][B][C][D]18.[A][B][C][D][A][A][B] [C][C][D][D] ReadingPartReadthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1：韩圆圆 地址Whilestillcatchinguptomeninsomespheresofmodernlife,womenappeartobewayaheadinatleastoneundesirablecategory.“Womenareparticularlysusceptibletodevelodepressionandanxietydisordersinresponsetostresscomparedtomen,”accordingtoDr.Yehuda,chiefpsychiatristatNewYork’sVeteran’sAdministrationHospital.Studiesofbothanimalsandhumanshaveshownthatsexhormonessomehowaffectthestressresponse,causingfemalesunderstresstoproducemoreofthetriggerchemicalsthandomalesunderthesameconditions.Inseveralofthestudies,whenstressed-outfemaleratshadtheirovaries(thefemalereproductiveorgans)removed,theirchemicalresponsesbecameequaltothoseofthemales.Addingtoawoman’sincreaseddoseofstresschemicals,areherincreased“opportunities”forstress.“It’snotnecessarilythatwomendon’tcopeaswell.It’sjustthattheyhavesomuchmoretocopewith,”saysDr.Yehuda.“Theircapacityfortoleratingstressmayevenbegreaterthanmen’s,”sheobserves,“it’sjustthatthey’redealingwithsomanymorethingsthatthey wornoutfromitmorevisiblyandsooner.”Dr.Yehudanotesanotherdifferencebetweenthesexes.“Ithinkthatthekindsofthingsthatwomenareexposedtotendtobeinmoreofachronicorrepeatednature.Mengotowarandareexposedtocombatstress.Menareexposedtomoreactsofrandomphysical.Thekindsofinter althatwomenareexposedtotendtobeindomesticsituations,by,unfortunay,parentsorotherfamilymembers,andtheytendnottobeone-shotdeals.Thewear-and-tearthatcomesfromtheselongerrelationshipscanbequiteAdelineAlvarezmarriedat18andgavebirthtoason,butwasdeterminedtofinishcollege.“Istruggledalottogetthecollegedegree.Iwaslivinginsomuchfrustrationthatthatwasmyescape,togotoschool,andgetaheadanddobetter.”Later,hermarriageendedandshebecameasinglemother.“It’sthehardestthingtotakecareofateenager,haveajob,paytherent,paythecarpayment,andpaythedebt.Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.”NoteveryoneexperiencesthekindsofseverechronicstressesAlvarezdescribes.Butmostwomentodayarecowithalotofobligations,withfewbreaks,andfeelingthestrain.Alvarez’sexperiencedemonstratestheimportanceoffindingwaystodiffusestressbeforeitthreatensyourhealthandyourabilitytofunction.WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetwoWomenarebiologicallymorevulnerabletoWomenarestillsufferingmuchstresscausedbyWomenaremoreexperiencedthanmenincowithMenandwomenshowdifferentinclinationswhenfacedwithDr.Yehuda’sresearchsuggeststhat needextradosesofchemicalstohandlehaveli