考研考博-英语-合肥职业技术学院考试押题三合一+答案详解4

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-合肥职业技术学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Wenowcometothevitaltopicofmoney.First,wemustrememberthatscience,onanysignificantscale,existsonlyineconomieswherethereissurplusofgoodsandservices.Aprosperouseconomyformsanecessarybaseforscientificwork.Tragically,theeconomiesofthe"underdeveloped"countries,wheretheneedisoverwhelming,havenotsupported--norhavetheybeencapableofsupporting—anysubstantialscientificandtechnicaltrainingorresearch.ReadthespeechofP.M.S.Blackette,PresidentoftheRoyalSociety,inwhichtheexistinggreatdisparitybetweenthe"have"and"have-not"economiesisconsidered.Theprimarythemeofhisaddressisthatthegapisnotclosing;onthecontrary,itsteadilygrowswider.

TheUnitedStates,asthemostwealthyindustrialnation,spendsagreateramountonresearchanddevelopmentthananyothernations.Itisbeyondthescopeofthisbooktoconsiderindetailwhethertheamountspentisadequate,eitherinrelationtoourowneconomyorinrelationtoourpositionintheworld.Atbestthequestionisanopenone.

Inthelastfewyears,financialsupportforsciencehaschangedsignificantly.Itisfrustratingtoreportthat,inspiteofnumerousstatementsabouttheextentandnatureofthesechanges,ithasbeenimpossibletofindsufficientagreementtobesurejustwhathashappened.Twopointsdoappearclear.First,therehasbeenanoverallcutinresearchfunds,furtherreinforcedbysubstantialinflationofprices.Second,therehasbeenincreasedemphasison"relevant"researchthatisresearchwithimmediatepracticalapplications.

Onereportthatreflectsmostcloselyourownestimateofthesituationwasmadebyafive-membercommitteefromtheNationalAcademyofSciences.ThisgroupinvestigatedfundingofchemistryprojectsbytheNationalInstitutesofHealth.Thecommitteeconcludedthatfundinghadbeendeclinedbyanaverageof20%andthatthesectionmostcloselyrelatedtobasicresearchhadfundscutinhalf.Thecommitteefoundthatvariousinstitutes,in-houseresearch,administrativebudgets,andcontinuingextramural（校外的）grantshadbeenprotectedwiththeresultthatnewandrenewalgrantshadbecomeadisasterarea.Otherreportsstatingthatfederalinstitutes’fundshavehadonlylimitedcutshaveapparentlyignoredthepointmadebytheNationalAcademyCommittee.

1.Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutthe"underdeveloped"countries?

2.Whichofthefollowingwordsmeansnearlythesameas“disparity”usedinline6ofparagraphone?

3.“Atbestthequestionisanopenone”inthesecondparagraphmeansthat（

）.

4.Whichareaofresearchhassufferedmostfromthecutsinthefederalinstitutes’funds?

5.Whichofthefollowingcouldbebestusedforthetitleofthepassage?

问题1选项

A.Theyneedscientificandtechnicaltrainingorresearchbadly.

B.Theyaretoopoortospareenoughforthedevelopmentofscience.

C.Theyhaveotherprioritiesinsteadofspendingadecentamountofmoneyonscience.

D.Allofabove

问题2选项

A.Dispute

B.Diversion

C.Inequality

D.Argument

问题3选项

A.thequestionhastobelefttothepublictodecide

B.thequestionistooself-evidenttobediscussedanyfurther

C.differentpeoplemayhavedifferentopinionaboutthisquestion

D.moreinformationhastobecollectedbeforethequestioncanbefinallyanswered

问题4选项

A.Appliedresearch

B.Basicresearch

C.Chemistryprojects

D.Newresearchprojects

问题5选项

A.Disputeaboutresearchfunding

B.Trendsofresearchfunding

C.Researchanddevelopment

D.Basicandappliedresearches

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】1.细节事实题。A:他们对科学技术培训和研发有极强的需求,B:他们太穷，以至于没有足够的科学发展资金,C:他们有其他需要优先考虑的事情，而不是花大量资金在科研上。根据题干关键词the“underdeveloped”countries定位至第一段:Tragically,theeconomiesofthe"underdeveloped”countries,wheretheneedisoverwhelming,havenotsupported--norhavetheybeencapableofsupportinganysubstantialscientificandtechnicaltrainingorresearch(可悲的是，欠发达国家有很强的科研需求，但其经济却无法支持，或者没有能力支持任何一项实质的科学技术培训或研发),由此判断此题选D“以上所有选项”。

2.词义题。“disparity”所在句为:ReadthespeechofP.M.S.Blackette,PresidentoftheRoyalSociety,inwhichtheexistinggreatdisparitybetweenthe"have"and"have-not"economiesisconsidered(阅读皇家学会主席P.M.S.Blackette的演讲，其中就考虑了“有”和“没有”经济体之间存在的巨大…),由此推测,“disparity”表示“不同”或者“差异”。四个选项中,C项inequality(不同)与之意思最为接近。

3.语义题。“Atbestthequestionisanopenone”表示“充其量是一个开放的问题”,因此C项“对此问题，不同的人有不同的观点”比较符合这句话意思。

4.细节事实题。第四段指出:Thecommitteeconcludedthatfundinghadbeendeclinedbyanaverageof20%andthatthesectionmostcloselyrelatedtobasicresearchhadfundscutinhalf(委员会得出的结论是，资金平均己经削减了20%,与此最密切相关的基础研究的基金减少一半)。故选B“基础研究”。

5.主旨大意题。本文主要讲述了财政对科研的支持的不同报道和不同观点。经济实力强的国家能为科研提供更多支持，经济欠发达国家更需要发展科研，但是却没有足够的资金支持，因此人们对于财政支持科研发展有不同的观点看法。因此A项“关于研究经费的讨论”比较适合做文章标题。

2.单选题

ThemonthwhichstartedwiththefallofRomewitnessedalsothefallofothercitiesandtheGermanFortresswassuccessfullybesieged.

问题1选项

A.suppressed

B.surveyed

C.surrounded

D.surrendered

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。besiege表示“围困，包围”；A项suppress“抑制，镇压”，B项survey“调查，测量”，C项surround“围绕，包围”，D项surrender“投降，放弃”。句意：从罗马沦陷开始的那个月，也见证了其他城市的沦陷，德国要塞被成功包围。根据句意该题选C。

3.单选题

Anargumentwas（

）becausetheydislikeeachothersomuch.

问题1选项

A.ridiculous

B.inevitable

C.excessive

D.conservative

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。ridiculous“荒唐的，荒谬的”；inevitable“不可避免的”；excessive“过量的”；conservative“保守的”。句意：由于他们彼此都很讨厌对方,所以争论就难以避免。根据上下文关系可知B项符合句意，答案B

4.单选题

Itisthroughlearningthattheindividual（

）manyhabitualwaysofreactingtosituations.

问题1选项

A.acquires

B.achieves

C.gains

D.retains

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。acquire意为“获得，取得”，指经过努力逐步获得才能、知识、习惯等；achieve意为“取得”，指成就、目标、幸福的取得；gain意为“获得”，指通过较大努力获得某种利益或好处；retain意为“保持，保留”。

句意：正是通过学习，个人才能获得处理各种情况的习惯做法。

5.单选题

Wehavebeentoldthatundernocircumstances（

）thetelephoneintheofficeforpersonalaffairs.

问题1选项

A.mayweuse

B.wemayuse

C.wecoulduse

D.didweuse

【答案】A

【解析】考查倒装句。undernocircumstances后面要用部分倒装，即将助动词提前至主语前面，选项A符合题意。

6.单选题

Inaperfectlyfreeandopenmarketeconomy,thetypeofemployer—governmentorprivate—shouldhavelittleornoimpactontheearningsdifferentialsbetweenwomenandmen.However,ifthereisdiscriminationagainstonesex,itisunlikelythatthedegreeofdiscriminationbygovernmentandprivateemployerswillbethesame.Differencesinthedegreeofdiscriminationwouldresultinearningsdifferentialsassociatedwiththetypeofemployer.Giventhenatureofgovernmentandprivateemployers,itseemsmostlikelythatdiscriminationbyprivateemployerswouldbegreater.Thus,onewouldexpectthat,ifwomenarebeingdiscriminatedagainst,governmentemploymentwouldhaveapositiveeffectonwomen’searningsascomparedwiththeirearningsfromprivateemployment.TheresultsofastudybyFuchssupportthisassumption.Fuchs’sresultssuggestthattheearningsofwomeninanindustrycomposedentirelyofgovernmentemployerswouldbe14.6percentgreaterthantheearningsofwomeninanindustrycomposedexclusivelyofprivateemployers,otherthingsbeingequal.

Inaddition,bothFuchsandSanbornhavesuggestedthattheeffectofdiscriminationbyconsumersontheearningsofself-employedwomenmaybegreaterthantheeffectofeithergovernmentorprivateemployerdiscriminationontheearningsofwomenemployees.Totestthishypothesis,BrownselectedalargesampleofWhitemaleandfemaleworkersfromthe1970Censusanddividedthemintothreecategories:privateemployees,governmentemployees,andself-employed.(Blackworkerswereexcludedfromthesampletoavoidpickingupearningsdifferentialsthatweretheresultofracialdisparities.)Brown’sresearchdesigncontrolledforeducation,labor-forceparticipation,mobility,motivation,andageinordertoeliminatethesefactorsasexplanationsofthestudy’sresults.Brown’sresultssuggestthatmenandwomenarenottreatedthesamebyemployersandconsumers.Formen,self-employmentisthehighestearningcategory,withprivateemploymentnext,andgovernmentlowest.Forwomen,thisorderisreversed.OnecaninferfromBrown’sresultsthatconsumersdiscriminateagainstself-employedwomen.Inaddition,self-employedwomenmayhavemoredifficultythanmeningettinggoodemployeesandmayencounterdiscriminationfromsuppliersandfromfinancialinstitutions.

Brown’sresultsareclearlyconsistentwithFuch’sargumentthatdiscriminationbyconsumershasagreaterimpactontheearningsofwomenthandoesdiscriminationbyeithergovernmentorprivateemployers.Also,thefactthatwomendobetterworkingforgovernmentthanforprivateemployersimpliesthatprivateemployersarediscriminationagainstwomen.Theresultsdonotprovethatgovernmentdoesnotdiscriminateagainstwomen.Theydo,however,demonstratethatifgovernmentisdiscriminatingagainstwomen,itsdiscriminationisnothavingasmucheffectonwomen’searningsasisdiscriminationintheprivatesector.

26.Thepassagementionsallofthefollowingasdifficultiesthatself-employedwomenmayencounterEXCEPT________.

27.Theauthorwouldbemostlikelytoagreewithwhichofthefollowingconclusionsaboutdiscriminationagainstwomenbyprivateemployersandbygovernmentemployers?

28.Astudyofthepracticesoffinancialinstitutionsthatrevealednodiscriminationagainstself-employedwomenwouldtendtocontradictwhichofthefollowing?

29.AccordingtoBrown’sstudy,women’searningscategoriesoccurinwhichofthefollowingorders,fromhighestearningstolowestearnings?

30.Whichofthefollowingtitlesbestdescribesthecontentofthepassageasawhole?

问题1选项

A.discriminationfromsuppliers

B.discriminationfromconsumers

C.problemsinobtaininggoodemployees

D.problemsinobtaininggovernmentassistance

问题2选项

A.Bothprivateemployersandgovernmentemployersdiscriminate,withequaleffectsonwomen’searnings.

B.Bothprivateemployersandgovernmentemployersdiscriminate,butthediscriminationbyprivateemployershasagreatereffectonwomen’searnings.

C.Bothprivateemployersandgovernmentemployersdiscriminate,butthediscriminationbygovernmentemployershasagreatereffectonwomen’searnings.

D.Privateemployersdiscriminate;governmentemployersdonotdiscriminate.

问题3选项

A.SometentativeresultsofFuchs’sstudy.

B.SomeexplicitresultsofBrown’sstudy.

C.Asuggestionmadebytheauthor.

D.Fuchs’shypothesis.

问题4选项

A.Self-employment,privateemployment,governmentemployment.

B.Governmentemployment,self-employment,privateemployment.

C.Privateemployment,self-employment,governmentemployment.

D.Governmentemployment,privateemployment,self-employment.

问题5选项

A.TherelativeEffectofDiscriminationbyGovernmentEmployers,PrivateEmployers,andConsumersonWomen’sEarnings

B.HowDiscriminationAffectsWomen’sChoiceofTypeofEmployment

C.TherelativeEffectofPrivateEmployerDiscriminationonMen’sEarningsasComparedtoWomen’sEarnings

D.TheNecessityforEarningsDifferentialsinaFreeMarketEconomy

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】26.事实细节题。根据第二段倒数一二句OnecaninferfromBrown’sresultsthatconsumersdiscriminateagainstself-employedwomen.Inaddition,self-employedwomenmayhavemoredifficultythanmeningettinggoodemployeesandmayencounterdiscriminationfromsuppliersandfromfinancialinstitutions.（人们可以从布朗的研究结果中推断出，消费者歧视自主创业的女性。此外，个体户女性可能比男子更难获得好雇员，并可能遇到供应商和金融机构的歧视。），可知个体户女性会受到来自消费者和供应商的歧视，也不容易雇到好员工，所以A选项“供应商的歧视”，B选项“消费者的歧视”和C选项“在获得好员工方面存在的问题”错误。D选项“在获得政府援助方面的问题”：文章没有提到政府在援助方面对女性的歧视，因此D选项正确。

27.事实细节题。根据文章倒数一二句Theresultsdonotprovethatgovernmentdoesnotdiscriminateagainstwomen.Theydo,however,demonstratethatifgovernmentisdiscriminatingagainstwomen,itsdiscriminationisnothavingasmucheffectonwomen’searningsasisdiscriminationintheprivatesector.（这些结果并不能证明政府不歧视妇女。但是，它们确实表明，如果政府歧视妇女，这种歧视对妇女收入的影响并不像在私营部门的歧视那样大。）可知B选项“私人雇主和政府雇主都有歧视，但是私人雇主的歧视对女性的收入有更大的影响。”正确。所以A选项“私人雇主和政府雇主都有歧视，对妇女的收入有同样的影响。”，C选项“私人雇主和政府雇主都有歧视，但是政府雇主的歧视对女性的收入有更大的影响。”和D选项“私人雇主歧视；政府雇主不歧视”错误。因此B选项正确。

28.语义推测题。根据第二段最后一句self-employedwomen…mayencounterdiscriminationfromsuppliersandfromfinancialinstitutions（个体户女性……可能遇到供应商和金融机构的歧视），这是作者的观点，所以C选项“作者的意见”正确。A选项“富克斯研究的假设结果”：根据第二段第二句Totestthishypothesis,Brown…anddividedthemintothreecategories:privateemployees,governmentemployees,andself-employed.（为了验证这一假设，布朗……并将他们分为三类：私营企业雇员、政府雇员和个体经营者。），这里没有提到研究结果，也与金融机构无关，故错误。B选项“布朗研究的一些明确结果”：OnecaninferfromBrown’sresultsthatconsumersdiscriminateagainstself-employedwomen.（人们可以从布朗的研究结果中推断出，消费者歧视自主创业的女性。），可知布朗的研究结果不表明金融机构歧视女性，故错误。D选项“福克斯的假设”：根据第二段第一句bothFuchsandSanbornhavesuggestedthattheeffectofdiscriminationbyconsumersontheearningsofself-employedwomenmaybegreaterthantheeffectofeithergovernmentorprivateemployerdiscriminationontheearningsofwomenemployees.（福克斯和桑伯恩都提出，消费者歧视对个体经营妇女收入的影响可能大于政府或私人雇主歧视对女性雇员收入的影响。），可知福克斯的假设和金融机构无关，故错误。因此C选项正确。

29.事实细节题。根据第二段倒数第三句Formen,self-employmentisthehighestearningcategory,withprivateemploymentnext,andgovernmentlowest.（对男性来说，自营职业收入最高，其次是私人职业，政府工作收入最低。），可知D选项“政府就业、私人就业、个体就业”正确。A选项“自主创业，私人就业，政府就业”，B选项“政府就业、个体就业、私人就业”和C选项“私人就业、个体就业、政府就业”错误。因此D选项正确。

30.主旨大意题。根据第一段第三句Differencesinthedegreeofdiscriminationwouldresultinearningsdifferentialsassociatedwiththetypeofemployer.（歧视程度的差异会导致与雇主类型有关的收入差异。），后文对此展开具体的阐述，所以A选项“政府雇主、私人雇主和消费者的歧视对妇女收入的相对影响”正确。B选项“歧视如何影响妇女选择就业类型”：文中没有提到歧视和选择就业的直接联系，故错误。C选项“与女性收入相比，私人雇主歧视对男性收入的相对影响”：文章没有提到对男性的歧视。D选项“自由市场经济中收入差异的必要性”：文章没有说到收入差距的必要性，故错误。因此A选项正确。

7.不定项选择题

Islifetodaymoredangerousthanitusedtobe?Itcertainlyseemsthatway.LastweektheentireMetrosysteminWashingtonhadtoclosedownbecausesomeonemightbeblownontothetracksduringahurricane.ThisweekchildreninWashingtonwerenotallowedtogotoschoolforawholedaybecausestreetswereblockedbyfallentreesandpowerlines,andtrafficlightsatsomeintersectionsweren’tworking.Apreviousgenerationmighthavewalkedaroundthefallentreesandlookedbothwaysbeforecrossingthestreet,butthechildrenofthisgenerationclearlyliveinamuchmoredangerousworld,andweneedtoprotectthem.

Aftersomeseriousaircrashes,thousandsofpeopleinthiscountrysworeoffairplanesandbegandrivingcars.Infact,thenumberofdeathsonU.S.highwaysinatypicalyearismorethandoublethenumberofpeoplewhohavediedinallcommercialairplaneaccidentsinthepast40years.Bytakingtheprecautionofnotflying,manypeopledied.

Therearesomeclearpsychologicalexplanationsforsomeofthis.Itisafact,forexample,thatpeoplefearman-madedisasters(terrorism)farmorethantheyfearnaturaldisasters(hurricanes,snowstorms),evenwhenthelatteraremoredangerous.Equallyillogical,peoplearealsomoreafraidofthingstheydonotcontrol,whichiswhydrivingacardoesfeelsaferthanflyinginanairplane.Finally—althoughIhavenoproof—peoplearedisproportionatelyfrightenedbythingstheyreadaboutinthenewspaper.Bycontrast,theyaredisproportionatelywillingtodiscounttheevidenceoftheirownexperience.Ifyoulookaroundyourneighborhood,you’llnoticethatthewaterisclean—whichitwouldn’tnecessarilyhavebeen100yearsago—andthatthefoodisn’trottenorstale.Mostchildrenaren’tdyingyoung.Mostadultsaren’tdyinginmiddleage.

LifeisfarsaferandlastsmuchlongerfortheaverageAmericanthaniteverhasforjustaboutanybodyatanyothertimeinhumanhistory.Butnowthatwe’veeliminatedmostofthethingsthatthehumanraceoncefeared,we’vejustinventednewonestoreplacethem.

1.ChildreninWashingtonarenotallowedtogotoschoolforthefollowingreasonsEXCEPT________.

2.Itcanbelearnedfromthepassagethatthepreviousgeneration________.

3.Itisindicatedinthepassagethatinthepast________.

4.Theauthorbelievesthat________.

5.Thetoneoftheauthorinwritingthepassageis________.

问题1选项

A.fallentrees

B.fallenpowerlines

C.acominghurricane

D.brokentrafficlights

问题2选项

A.knewbetterhowtoavoiddanger

B.livedinalessdangerousworld

C.wasbetteratprotectingthemselves

D.waslessfussyaboutdangers

问题3选项

A.lifewasmoreenjoyable

B.waterwaslesscleanandfresh

C.foodswereofbettertasteandquality

D.streetsweresaferforchildrentocross

问题4选项

A.peopleareoverreactingtodangersnowadays

B.peoplehavegoodreasonstofearthedangerstoday

C.flyingismoredangerousaftersomeseriousaircrashes

D.childrenshouldbebetterprotectedagainstdangers

问题5选项

A.complaining

B.depressing

C.factual

D.ironic

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:D

【解析】第1题:事实细节题。根据题干关键词“ChildreninWashington”定位到原文第一段第三句ThisweekchildreninWashingtonwerenotallowedtogotoschoolforawholedaybecausestreetswereblockedbyfallentreesandpowerlines,andtrafficlightsatsomeintersectionsweren’tworking.（这周居住在华盛顿地区的孩子一整天都不准去学校，因为道路被吹倒的的树还有电线杆封住了，而且一些十字路口的交通信号灯坏了），从这里可以看出孩子不准去学校的原因是因为吹倒的树和电线杆以及坏掉的灯，这里选择的是不属于停学的原因，所以A选项“倒在路边的大树”，B“倒在路边的电线杆”，D“坏掉的交通信号灯”排除；而且第一段第二句话LastweektheentireMetrosysteminWashingtonhadtoclosedownbecausesomeonemightbeblownontothetracksduringahurricane.（上周华盛顿整个地铁系统都不得不被关闭，因为某些人在台风来袭时可能会被吹到轨道里），从这里可以看出台风在上周就来了，不可能到了这周还是一个将要来（coming）的状态，所以答案是C选项“即将到来的龙卷风”。

第2题:推理判断题。由题干关键词“previousgeneration”定位到文章第一段最后一句话Apreviousgenerationmighthavewalkedaroundthefallentreesandlookedbothwaysbeforecrossingthestreet,butthechildrenofthisgenerationclearlyliveinamuchmoredangerousworld,andweneedtoprotectthem.（前面一代人可能会走过大树倒地的街道，然后在穿过马路的时候看看两边会不会有车，但是这一代年轻人显然生活在一个更危险的世界，我们需要提供保护）以及最后一段第一句话LifeisfarsaferandlastsmuchlongerfortheaverageAmericanthaniteverhasforjustaboutanybodyatanyothertimeinhumanhistory.（我们生活在更加安全的世界并且对于普通美国人来说，我们会比人类历史上任何时代里的任何人都要活的更久。），这两句话相对应我们就可以知道并不是B选项“以前人们生活的时代更加惬意”，也不是C选项“他们更懂得保护自己或更懂得避险”，而是以前的人们不那么在意风险的存在。所以答案是D选项“街道更加安全，行人可以更加放心地通过”。A选项“我们的前一代人更知道怎么避险”文章没有提及。

第3题:主旨大意题。由题干关键词“inthepast”定位到文章第三段最后两句话“Ifyoulookaroundyourneighborhood,you’llnoticethatthewaterisclean—whichitwouldn’tnecessarilyhavebeen100yearsago—andthatthefoodisn’trottenorstale.Mostchildrenaren’tdyingyoung.Mostadultsaren’tdyinginmiddleage.（环顾四周，你会注意到水是清澈的——这在一百年前是不可能的，食物是新鲜的。大部分孩子不会夭折。很多成年人也不会在壮年的时候去世）”在过去——食物可能不新鲜，水也不会比现在清澈，所以B选项“水不那么清澈新鲜”正确，C“食物更加可口”错误；A选项“生活更加惬意”文中并没有提及所以排除；根据最后一段第一句话LifeisfarsaferandlastsmuchlongerfortheaverageAmericanthaniteverhasforjustaboutanybodyatanyothertimeinhumanhistory.（我们生活在更加安全的世界并且对于普通美国人来说，我们会比人类历史上任何时代里的任何人都要活的更久。），D选项“过去的街道会比现在的要安全”这种说法文章中没有提及。

第4题:推理判断题。由题干，我们定位到文章第二段第二，三，四句话Itisafact,forexample,thatpeoplefearman-madedisasters(terrorism)farmorethantheyfearnaturaldisasters(hurricanes,snowstorms),evenwhenthelatteraremoredangerous.Equallyillogical,peoplearealsomoreafraidofthingstheydonotcontrol,whichiswhydrivingacardoesfeelsaferthanflyinginanairplane.Finally—althoughIhavenoproof—peoplearedisproportionatelyfrightenedbythingstheyreadaboutinthenewspaper.（这是事实，例如，人们对人为灾害（恐怖主义）的恐惧远远超过对自然灾害（飓风、暴风雪）的恐惧，即使后者更为危险。同样不合逻辑的是，人们也更害怕他们无法控制的东西，这就是为什么开车确实感觉比坐飞机更安全。最后——尽管我没有证据——人们会被报纸上读到的东西吓坏。）从文章中的illogical（不符合逻辑的），disproportionately（不成比例的）两个词可知，作者认为人们对危险的反应有点过激，其实没有充足的理由来害怕这些，所以A选项“现在人们对危险的反应过激”正确，B选项“人们有充足的理由害怕这些”错误；C选项“在飞机失事后乘飞机出行变得更加危险”，飞机失事的风险并不会因为出现了事故而增加或者降低，出现事故后增加的只是人们的忧虑；根据最后一段第一句话LifeisfarsaferandlastsmuchlongerfortheaverageAmericanthaniteverhasforjustaboutanybodyatanyothertimeinhumanhistory.（我们生活在更加安全的世界并且对于普通美国人来说，我们会比人类历史上任何时代里的任何人都要活的更久。），作者是认为世界更加安全的，所以孩子不需要额外增加保护的，D选项“孩子们应该更好的保护起来从而对抗风险”错误。

第5题:观点态度题。A选项“抱怨”；B选项“压抑”；C选项“真实”；D选项“讽刺”。根据题意我们定位到文章第一段最后第一句话butthechildrenofthisgenerationclearlyliveinamuchmoredangerousworld,andweneedtoprotectthem.（但这一代的孩子显然生活在一个更加危险的世界里，我们需要保护他们）和最后一段第一句话LifeisfarsaferandlastsmuchlongerfortheaverageAmericanthaniteverhasforjustaboutanybodyatanyothertimeinhumanhistory.（我们生活在更加安全的世界并且对于普通美国人来说，我们会比人类历史上任何时代里的任何人都要活的更久。）这里对比，如果按照正常的逻辑考虑，作者的话是前后矛盾的，所以作者的语气是讽刺的，答案选D。

8.单选题

Environmentalissuesraiseahostofdifficultethicalquestions,includingtheancientoneofthenatureofintrinsicvalue.Whereasmanyphilosophersinthepasthaveagreedthathumanexperienceshaveintrinsicvalueandtheutilitariansatleasthavealwaysacceptedthatthepleasuresandpainsofnonhumananimalsareofsomeintrinsicsignificance,thisdoesnotshowwhyitissobadifdodosbecomeextinctorarainforestiscutdown.Arethesethingstoberegrettedonlybecauseofthelosstohumansorothersentientcreatures?Oristheremoretoitthanthat?Somephilosophersarenowpreparedtodefendtheviewthattrees,rivers,species(consideredapartfromtheindividualanimalsofwhichtheyconsist),andperhapsecologicalsystemsasawholehaveavalueindependentoftheinstrumentalvaluetheymayhaveforhumansorothersentientcreatures.

Ourconcernfortheenvironmentalsoraisesthequestionofourobligationstofuturegenerations.Howmuchdoweowetothefuture?Fromasocialcontractviewofethicsorfortheethicalegoist,theanswerwouldseemtobe:nothing.Forwecanbenefitthem,buttheyareunabletoreciprocate.Mostotherethicaltheories,however,dogiveweighttotheinterestsofcominggenerations.Utilitarians,forone,wouldnotthinkthatthefactthatmembersoffuturegenerationsdonotexistyetisanyreasonforgivinglessconsiderationtotheirintereststhanwegivetoourown,providedonlythatwearecertainthattheywillexistandwillhaveintereststhatwillbeaffectedbywhatwedo.Inthecaseof,say,thestorageofradioactivewastes,itseemsclearthatwhatwedowillindeedaffecttheinterestsofgenerationstocome.

Thequestionbecomesmuchmorecomplex,however,whenweconsiderthatwecanaffectthesizeoffuturegenerationsbythepopulationpolicieswechooseandtheextenttowhichweencouragelargeorsmallfamilies.Mostenvironmentalistsbelievethattheworldisalreadydangerouslyovercrowded.Thismaywellbeso,butthenotionofoverpopulationconcealsaphilosophicalissuethatisingeniouslyexploredbyDerekParfitinReasonsandPersons(1984).Whatisoptimumpopulation?Isitthatpopulationsizeatwhichtheaveragelevelofwelfarewillbeashighaspossible?Orisitthesizeatwhichthetotalamountofwelfare—theaveragemultipliedbythenumberofpeople—isasgreataspossible?Bothanswersleadtocounterintuitiveoutcomes,andthequestionremainsoneofthemostbafflingmysteriesinappliedethics.

1.Thefirstparagraphismainlyabout（）.

2.Weowenothingtothefuturegenerations（）.

3.Populationpolicywetakeshouldbeconsidered（）.

4.Accordingtothispassage,optimumpopulation（）.

5.Thepropertitleforthispassageshouldbe（）.

问题1选项

A.theintrinsicvalueofhumanexperiences

B.theintrinsicvalueoftheexperiencesofnonhumananimals

C.theintrinsicvalueofecologicalsystemasawhole

D.anancientethicalquestionaboutthenatureofintrinsicvalue

问题2选项

A.intheauthor’sopinion

B.fromasocialcontractviewofethics

C.forautilitarian

D.formostenvironmentalists

问题3选项

A.positive

B.negative

C.complex

D.reasonable

问题4选项

A.referstothepopulationsizeatwhichtheaveragelevelofwelfarewillbeashighaspossible

B.referstothepopulationsizeatwhichthetotalamountofwelfarewillbeasgreataspossible

C.isadifficultphilosophicalissuewhichremainstoberesolvedinthefuture

D.isadifficultphilosophicalissuewhichDerekParfithassuccessfullysettledinReasonsandPersons

问题5选项

A.AMysteryinAppliedEthics

B.OurObligationstoFutureGenerations

C.EnvironmentalEthics

D.Environmentalissues

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:C

第5题:C

【解析】1.主旨大意题。题干：第一段主要是关于_______。A选项“人类经历的内在价值”，B选项“非人类动物经历的内在价值”，C选项“生态系统作为一个整体的内在价值”，D选项“一个关于内在价值本质的古老伦理问题”,前三个选项在第一段中都有提到，但并不是主要问题的所在，而第四个选项，在第二句话中就点了出来，前三个选项是第四个选项的展开说明，故D是正确答案。

2.推理判断题。题干：我们不欠后代任何东西________。根据关键词“oweto”“futuregenerations”可以定位到文章第二段第三句话Fromasocialcontractviewofethicsorfortheethicalegoist,theanswerwouldseemtobe:nothing.（从伦理学的社会契约观点或道德自我主义者的角度来看，答案似乎是：什么都不亏欠。），可知，B选项“伦理学的社会契约观点”，是正确的。文章并没有提及作者个人观点，所以A选项“在作者的观点看来”排除。从文章第二段第五句话Mostotherethicaltheories,however,dogiveweighttotheinterestsofcominggenerations.Utilitarians,forone,wouldnotthinkthatthefactthatmembersoffuturegenerationsdonotexistyetisanyreasonforgivinglessconsiderationtotheirintereststhanwegivetoourown.（然而，其他大多数伦理理论确实考虑到了后代的利益。举例来说，功利主义者不会认为，后代成员还不存在这一事实，是我们对后代利益的考虑少于我们对自己利益考虑的任何理由。），所以C选项“功利主义者”排除。环境保护主义者也认为，我们应该为后代考虑，所以D选线项“环境保护主义者”排除。综上所述，本题的正确答案是B选项。

3.事实细节题。题干：我们采取的人口政策被认为是_______。根据关键词“populationpolicy”可以定位到文章第三段，第一句话明确指出Thequestionbecomesmuchmorecomplex,however（然而，问题会变得越来越复杂），所以本题的正确答案是C选项。

4.细节推理题。题干：根据文章，最适宜的人口数量_________。文章第三段后半部分提出了最合适的人口数量的问题。用两个问句提出对这一问题的两种可能的答案，即Isitthatpopulationsizeatwhichtheaveragelevelofwelfarewillbeashighaspossible?Orisitthesizeatwhichthetotalamountofwelfare—theaveragemultipliedbythenumberofpeople—isasgreataspossible?(是在人口规模上，平均福利水平会尽可能高吗？或者是总福利的规模——平均乘以人口的数量——尽可能大？)，并在结尾的最后一句话中指出，andthequestionremainsoneofthemostbafflingmysteriesinappliedethics.（这一问题仍是应用伦理学中最令人不解的谜之一。），其意就是仍有待于将来解决，所以C选项“这是一个只能留到将来解决哲学问题”是正确答案。A选项“最适宜的人口数量指平均福利水平尽可能高的人口规模”，B选项“最适宜的人口数量指福利总额最大的人口规模”，A，B选项都是文章提出的问题，未被证实，所以不正确，D选项“最适宜的人口数量是一个困难的哲学问题，德里克•帕菲特在《理性与人》中成功地解决了这个问题”德里克•帕菲特只是在书中提到Whatisoptimumpopulation?但是并没有解决，所以D选项不正确，综上所述，本题的正确答案是C选项。

5.主旨大意题。题干：最适合文章的标题应该是________。本文主要讨论的并不是环境问题，而是由环境问题而引出的道德问题，A选项“应用道德中的谜”是最后一段提到的，B选项是“我们对下一代的责任”是第二段提到的，二者都不足以代表整篇文章的思想内容。所以本题的正确答案应该是C选项“环境伦理”。

9.单选题

Whenaspaceshuttlehasaccomplishedits（

）,itcanbereadyforanothertripinabouttwoweeks.

问题1选项

A.venture

B.mission

C.commission

D.responsibility

【答案】B

【解析】名词词义辨析。venture“冒险旅行”，mission“使命，任务”；commission“委员会，佣金”；responsibility“责任”。句意：当航天飞机完成了它的任务，它可以在大约两周后准备另一次飞行。因此选项B符合题意。

10.单选题

Avirtualanchorite,he（

）tohisself-sufficiency.

问题1选项

A.adheres

B.confirms

C.conforms

D.admonishes

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。adhere“坚持；依附”，为不及物动词，一般与to构成adhereto“坚持；粘附”；confirm“确认；证实”，为及物动词；conform“使遵守；使一致”。句意：作为隐士的他坚持自给自足。选项A符合题意。

11.翻译题

Certainlypeopledonotseemlessinterestedinsuccessandwhatitcandoforusnowthanformerly.Summerhomes，Europeanvacations,travel,BMW's—suchitemsdonotsee