考研考博-英语-哈尔滨医科大学考试押题三合一+答案详解3

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-哈尔滨医科大学考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.填空题

I（1）tospeakRussianfluently,butthat’snottruenow.Infact,Icanno（2）carry

onevenasimpleconversationinthelanguage.I（3）beabletogetbackmyformerfluencyifIstayedinRussiafora（4）months.

句意:过去我能很流利地讲俄语，但是现在不能了。实际上，我现在甚至连简单的俄语对话都进行不了。如果能在俄国待几个月，我想自己应该可以再次流利地说俄语。

【答案】1.used

2.longer

3.should

4.few

【解析】1.固定搭配。Usedto过去常常。

2.固定搭配。Nolonger再也不能。

3.语法题。考查虚拟语气。这里用情态动词should。

4.固定搭配。Afewmonths几个月。

2.单选题

III.ConstitutionalLawandAdministrativeLaw

TwocenturiesafterMarburyv.Madison,thereremainsadeepconfusionaboutquitewhatacourtisreviewingwhenitengagesinjudicialreview.Conventionalwisdomhasitthatjudicialreviewisthereviewofcertainlegalobjects:statutes,regulations.Butstrictlyspeaking,thisisnotquiteright.TheConstitutionprohibitsnotobjectsbutactions.Judicialreviewisthereviewofsuchactions.Andactionsrequireactors:verbsrequiresubjects.Sobeforejudicialreviewfocusesonverbs,letaloneobjects,itshouldbeginatthebeginning,withsubjects.Everyconstitutionalinquiryshouldbeginwithabasicquestionthathasbeenalmostuniversallyoverlooked.Thefundamentalquestion,fromwhichallelsefollows,isthewhoquestion:whohasviolatedtheConstitution?

Asjudicialreviewispracticedtoday,courtsskipoverthisbedrockquestiontogettothemorefamiliarquestion:howwastheConstitutionviolated?Butitmakesnosensetoaskhow,untilthereisananswertowho.Indeed,incountlessmuddledlinesofdoctrine,puzzlementaboutthepredicatesofconstitutionalviolationfollowsdirectlyfrommorefundamentalconfusionaboutthesubjects.

Thisfundamentalconfusion,likemostconfusioninlaw,stemsfrominsufficientattentiontotext.Individualwordsareimportant,ofcourse,butequallyimportantistextualstructure.Thewordsformclausesandtakeongrammaticalfunctionswithinthoseclauses.Withintheirclauses,thesewordsbecomesubjects,verbs,objects.Thegrammaticalrelationshipamongthesewordsmaybejustasrevealingasthewordsthemselves.Grammaticalimprecisioncancause—andhascaused—deepanalyticalanddoctrinalconfusion.Butcarefulattentiontoconstitutionalgrammarcanreveal—andwillreveal—nothinglessthantheconstitutionalstructureofjudicialreview.

Confusionaboutthewho(and,relatedly,thewhen)ofconstitutionalviolationhasbeentherootcauseofmanyofthedeepestpuzzlesoffederaljurisdiction—puzzlesofripeness,ofstanding,ofseverability,of“facial”and“as-applied”challenges.Simplybyfocusingattentiononthiscrucialconstitutionalfeature,thesubjectsoftheConstitution,thesepuzzlesmaybesolvedonceandforall.

Andastheyaresolved,itbecomesclearthatthisapproachconstitutesanewmodelofjudicialreview.AccordingtoHarvardLawProfessorRichardFallon,federalcourtsscholarshavebeendoingmuchthesamethingsincetheoriginalpublicationofTheFederalCourtsandtheFederalSystemin1953—“askingmuchthesamequestionsformulatedbyHenryHartandHerbertWechsler…andtryingtoanswerthemwithroughlythesametechniques.”

59.Whydoestheauthorthinkthereremainsadeepconfusionaboutwhatacourtisreviewingwhenitengagesinjudicialreview?

60.Theunderlinedphrase“asrevealingas”inthe3ndparagraphmeans___.

61.Theauthorthinksthattheconfusionaboutthewhoofconstitutionalviolationhasbeentherootcauseofthefollowingpuzzlesexcept___.

62.Readingtheparagraphs,onecantellthattheauthor___.

问题1选项

A.Judicialreviewisthereviewofcertainlegalobjects.

B.Judicialreviewisthereviewofactions.

C.Verbsrequiresubjects.

D.Thejudicialreviewfocusesobjects,whereitshouldbeginwithsubjects.

问题2选项

A.equallyimportant

B.informingsamebackground

C.asinformativeas

D.grammaticalrelationshipamongthewords

问题3选项

A.thewordsofastatute

B.whetherthefactsofacasehavedevelopedsufficientlytopermitausefuldecisiontobemade

C.aparty’srighttomakealegalclaim

D.whethertoinvalidatethewholecontractoronlytheoffendingwords

问题4选项

A.thinksthatMarburyv.MadisonwasthefirstcaseofjudicialreviewintheUS

B.disagreeswiththecourts’previouspracticeofjudicialreview

C.thinksthatequallytextualstructureisequallyimportantaswordsinjudicialreview

D.thinksthatthepuzzlesoffederaljurisdictionmaybesolvedonceandforall

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:C

【解析】59.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干定位到原文第一段Conventionalwisdomhasitthatjudicialreviewisthereviewofcertainlegalobjects:statutes,regulations.Butstrictlyspeaking,thisisnotquiteright.（传统观点认为，司法审查是对某些法律对象的审查：法规，规章。但严格来说，这并不完全正确。）可知A选项“司法审查是对某些法律客体的审查”并不是作者认为法院在进行司法审查时，对审查的内容仍然存在深深的困惑的原因；第一段Judicialreviewisthereviewofsuchactions.Andactionsrequireactors:verbsrequiresubjects.Sobeforejudicialreviewfocusesonverbs,letaloneobjects,itshouldbeginatthebeginning,withsubjects.（司法审查就是对这种行为的审查。行动需要参与者：行动需要主语。所以在司法审查把重点放在行动上，更不用说客体，应该从主体开始）可知D选项“司法审查以客体为中心，应以主体为起点”和原文不符，作者认为是以“行为”为中心，排除，以及C选项“动作需要主语”并不是在进行司法审查时，对审查的内容仍然存在深深的困惑的原因，排除；同时可知B选项“司法审查是对行为的审查”符合题意，作者认为目前存在的困惑是司法审查应该先审查行为，而不是审查某些法律课题，但是传统司法审查所做的内容与之相悖，所以产生了困惑。因此B选项符合题意。

60.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】词义推测题。根据题干定位到划线句子处Thegrammaticalrelationshipamongthesewordsmaybejustasrevealingasthewordsthemselves.（这些词之间的语法关系可能就像这些词本身一样具有启示意义。）可知本句中asrevealingas表示“启示意义”，选C选项“提供有用信息”；A选项“同样重要”，B选项“告知相同的背景”以及D选项“语法关系”不符合原文的语境，排除。因此C选项正确。

61.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干问：笔者认为，除了___之外，对违宪主体的困惑是造成以下困惑的根本原因。结合原文第二段最后一句Indeed,incountlessmuddledlinesofdoctrine,puzzlementaboutthepredicatesofconstitutionalviolationfollowsdirectlyfrommorefundamentalconfusionaboutthesubjects.（事实上，在无数杂乱无章的学说中，对违宪谓词的困惑直接源于对主体更基本的困惑）第三段第一句Thisfundamentalconfusion,likemostconfusioninlaw,stemsfrominsufficientattentiontotext.Individualwordsareimportant,ofcourse,butequallyimportantistextualstructure.（这种基本的混乱，就像法律中的大多数混乱一样，源于对文本的关注不够）可知是对于文本关注不够，导致了对主体更基本的困惑。因此对于文字的困惑并不是对违宪主体的困惑所造成的，而是文字的困惑造成了对违宪主体的困惑，则A选项“法令的文字”并不是对违宪主体的困惑所造成的；B选项“一个案件的事实是否已经发展到足以做出有用的决定”，C选项“当事人提出法律要求的权利”以及D选项“是使整个合同无效还是仅仅使冒犯的文字无效”在原文中并未涉及，排除。因此A选项符合题意。

62.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干定位到原文第三段Individualwordsareimportant,ofcourse,butequallyimportantistextualstructure.（当然，单个单词很重要，但同样重要的是文本结构）可知作者认为同等的文本结构与词语同等重要，选C选项“认为在司法审查中，同等的文本结构与词语同等重要”；第一段第一句TwocenturiesafterMarburyv.Madison,thereremainsadeepconfusionaboutquitewhatacourtisreviewingwhenitengagesinjudicialreview.（Marburyv.Madison案已经过去两个世纪了，人们对法院在进行司法审查时究竟在审查什么仍有很深的困惑。）无法推断出A选项“认为马布里诉麦迪逊案是美国第一个司法审查的案件”，排除；第一段Conventionalwisdomhasitthatjudicialreviewisthereviewofcertainlegalobjects:statutes,regulations.Butstrictlyspeaking,thisisnotquiteright.（传统观点认为，司法审查是对某些法律对象的审查：法规，规章。但严格来说，这并不完全正确。）可知作者是认为传统观点并不正确，而不是不同意法院以前司法审查的做法，B选项“不同意法院以前司法审查的做法”排除；倒数第二段最后一句Simplybyfocusingattentiononthiscrucialconstitutionalfeature,thesubjectsoftheConstitution,thesepuzzlesmaybesolvedonceandforall.（只要关注这一重要的宪法特征，即宪法的主体，这些困惑就可以一劳永逸地得到解决）可知作者认为只要关注宪法的主体，联邦联邦管辖权的困惑就可以一劳永逸地得到解决，不能简单地说D选项“认为联邦管辖权的难题可以一劳永逸地解决”，太过片面，排除。因此C选项符合题意。

3.单选题

Inthelightofthecurrentsituation,Ihavetoreviewmyplans.

问题1选项

A.Throwinglighton

B.Inlinewith

C.Inaccordancewith

D.Intermsof

【答案】C

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项Throwinglighton“阐明”；B选项Inlinewith“符合”；C选项Inaccordancewith“依照”；D选项Intermsof“在……方面”。句意：鉴于目前的形势，我得重新考虑我的计划。划线部分Inthelightof是根据、按照的意思。因此C选项正确。

4.单选题

Heistheonlypersonwhocan（）inthiscase,becausetheotherwitnesseswerekilledmysteriously.

问题1选项

A.testify

B.charge

C.accuse

D.rectify

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。testify“作证;证明”;charge“充电；控告”；accuse“控告;指控”；rectify“改正”。句意：我是唯一能在该案件中作证的人，因为其他证人都被神秘杀害了。由后半句内容以及witnesses“证人”知A项“作证”正确。

5.单选题

Sandisfoundinabundanceontheseashoreandisoftenblowninlandtoformsandhillsanddunes.

问题1选项

A.atrandom

B.athightide

C.indrymounds

D.ingreatquantities

【答案】D

【解析】考查词组辨析。inabundance表示“大量的”。A项atrandom“胡乱地，随便地”，B项athightide“处于高潮中”，C项indrymounds“在干土堆中”，D项ingreatquantities“大量”。句意：海滩上有大量的沙子，经常被吹到内陆形成沙丘和沙山。根据题意该题选D。

6.单选题

TheEskimoisperhapsoneofthemosttrustingandconsiderateofallIndiansbutseemstobe________thewelfareofhisanimals.

问题1选项

A.criticalabout

B.indignantat

C.indifferentto

D.subjectto

【答案】C

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项“爱挑剔的”；B选项“对……感到愤怒”；C选项“冷漠，不关心的”；D选项“受……支配”。句意：爱斯基摩人或许是所有印第安人里最值得信任和体贴的，但是他们看起来对动物的福利（）。从句意以及关键词But，后面半句要说爱斯基摩人的坏话，并且跟动物福利有关的。结合选项C选项最合适。

7.单选题

Thethievesfledwiththelocalpolicecloseontheir（）.

问题1选项

A.backs

B.necks

C.toes

D.heels

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定搭配。onone’sheels是固定短语，意思是“紧随其后”。选项D符合题意。句意：小偷到处逃窜，当地警察穷追不舍。

8.写作题

Directions:Inthispart,youareexpectedtowriteacompositionentitled“HasTechnologyMadetheWorldaBetterPlacetoLive?“innolessthan300wordsPleasewriteyourcompositionreadableandneatlyontheAnswerSheet.

【答案】略

9.单选题

Thepoliticalfutureofthepresidentisnowhangingbya（

）.

问题1选项

A.thread

B.cord

C.string

D.rope

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定搭配。hangbyathread“千钧一发”。句意：总统的政治未来现在正处在千钧一发的时刻。选项A符合题意。

10.单选题

IknowJamquitewellandneverdoubt（）hecandoagoodjobofit.

问题1选项

A.whether

B.when

C.that

D.what

【答案】C

【解析】考查固定用法。doubt后面一般接that从句，意为“怀疑某事”。句意：我很了解Jam，他一定能把这件事做得很好。这里是说我从不怀疑，也就是相信他能做好这件事，所以选项C正确。

11.单选题

Melissaisacomputer（）thatdestroyedfilesincomputersandfrustratedthousandsofusersaroundtheworld.

问题1选项

A.genius

B.virus

C.disease

D.bacteria

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项“天才，天赋”；B选项“病毒”；C选项“疾病”；D选项“细菌”，句意：Melissa是一种电脑（），它摧毁了电脑中的文件，让全世界成千上万的用户感到沮丧。本句想表示的是“电脑病毒（computervirus）”，这也是固定搭配，因此B选项符合题意。

12.单选题

Geysershaveoftenbeencomparedtovolcanoes______theybothemithotliquidsformbelowtheEarth’ssurface.

问题1选项

A.dueto

B.became

C.inspiteof

D.regardlessof

【答案】A

【解析】考查句子逻辑。从句子的意思可以知道，前后成分是结果与原因的关系，所以我们需要选择一个表示原因的连接词，A项dueto“由于”，后面接表示原因的名词性成分；B项become“变成”，不符合逻辑；C项inspiteof“尽管”表示让步；D项regardlessof“不管”表示条件；这里题干其实省略了一个that。句意：间歇泉经常被比作火山，因为它们都释放出地表下的热液体。因此，该题正确答案为A。

13.单选题

Hespokeso（

）thatevenhisopponentswerewonoverbyhisarguments.

问题1选项

A.bluntly

B.convincingly

C.emphatically

D.determinedly

【答案】B

【解析】句意:他讲话非常有说服力以至于连他的对手都被他的论点说服了。

副词辨析。Bluntly直率地;convincingly有说服力地;emphatically强调地;determinedly坚定地。根据后面句意“以至于连他的对手都被他的论点说服了”判断B符合句意。

14.单选题

WhenonelooksbackuponthefifteenhundredyearsthatarethelifespanoftheEnglishlanguage,heshouldbeabletonoticeanumberofsignificanttruths.Thehistoryofourlanguagehasalwaysbeenahistoryofconstantchange—attimesaslow,almostimperceptiblechange,atothertimesaviolentcollisionbetweentwolanguages.Ourlanguagehasalwaysbeenalivinggrowingorganism,ithasneverbeenstatic.Anothersignificanttruththatemergesfromsuchastudyisthatlanguageatalltimeshasbeenthepossessionnotofoneclassorgroupbutofmany.Atoneextremeithasbeenthepropertyofthecommon,ignorantfolk,whohaveuseditinthedailybusinessoftheirliving,muchastheyhaveusedtheiranimalsorthekitchenpotsandpans.Attheotherextremeithasbeenthetreasureofthosewhohaverespecteditasaninstrumentandasignofcivilization,andwhohavestruggledbywritingitdowntogiveitsomepermanence,order,dignity,andifpossible,alittlebeauty.

Asweconsiderourchanginglanguage,weshouldnoteheretwodevelopmentsthatareofspecialandimmediateimportancetous.OneisthatsincethetimeoftheAnglo-Saxonstherehasbeenanalmostcompletereversalofthedifferentdevicesforshowingtherelationshipofwordsinasentence.Anglo-Saxon(oldEnglish)wasalanguageofmanyinflections.ModernEnglishhasfewinfections.Wemustnowdependlargelyonwordorderandfunctionwordstoconveythemeaningsthattheolderlanguagedidbymeansofchangesintheformsofwords.Functionwords,youshouldunderstand,arewordssuchasprepositions,conjunctions,andafewothersthatareusedprimarilytoshowrelationshipsamongotherwords,afewinflections,however,havesurvived.Andwhensomewordinflectionscomeintoconflictwithwordorder,theremaybetroublefortheusersofthelanguage,asweshallseelaterwhenweturnourattentiontosuchmattersasWHoorWHOmandMeorI.Thesecondfactwemustconsideristhataslanguageitselfchanges,ourattitudestowardlanguageformschangealso.Theeighteenthcentury,forexample,producedfromvarioussourcesatendencytofixthelanguageintopatternsnotalwayssetinandgrew,untilatthepresenttimethereisastrongtendencytorestudyandre-evaluatelanguagepracticesintermsofthewaysinwhichpeoplespeakandwrite.

1.Incontrasttotheearlierlinguists,modernlinguiststendto_____.

2.Choosetheappropriatemeaningfortheword“inflection”usedinparagraph2.

3.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTmentionedinthepassage?

4.Theauthoroftheseparagraphsisprobablya(an)_____.

5.Whichofthefollowingcanbebestusedasthetitleofthepassage?

问题1选项

A.attempttocontinuethestandardizationofthelanguage

B.evaluatelanguagepracticesintermsofcurrentspeechratherthanstandardsorproperpatterns

C.bemoreconcernedabouttheimprovementofthelanguagethanitsanalysisorhistory

D.bemoreawareoftherulesofthelanguageusage

问题2选项

A.changesintheformsofwords.

B.changesinsentencestructures.

C.changesinspellingrules.

D.wordsthathavesimilarmeanings.

问题3选项

A.Itisgenerallybelievedthattheyear1500canbesetasthebeginningofthemodernEnglishlanguage.

B.SomeotherlanguageshadgreatinfluenceontheEnglishlanguageatsomestagesofitsdevelopment.

C.TheEnglishlanguagehasbeenandstillinastateofrelativelyconstantchange.

D.ManyclassesorgroupshavecontributedtothedevelopmentoftheEnglishlanguage.

问题4选项

A.historian

B.philosopher

C.anthropologist

D.linguist

问题5选项

A.ThehistoryoftheEnglishlanguage.

B.OurchangingattitudetowardstheEnglishlanguage.

C.Ourchanginglanguage.

D.SomecharacteristicsofmodernEnglish.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:C

【解析】1.根据第二段的最后一句“...,untilatthepresenttimethereisastrongtendencytorestudyandre-evaluatelanguagepracticesintermsofthewaysinwhichpeoplespeakandwrite.”直到现在，人们才有一种强烈的趋势，那就是重新研究和评价语言实践中人们说话和写作的方式。由此可知，现代语言学家根据人们说话和写作的方式而不是标准或者模式来评估语言实践。选项B符合原文。

2.根据第二段的倒数第三句“Andwhensomewordinflections...suchmattersasWHoorWHOmandMeorI.”可知“inflection”其意为“单词变形”，选项A正确。

3.根据第一段的一二三四句“Wroupbutofmany.”可知选项A，C，D正确。选项B其他语言对英语的重大影响在本文中并未提及。

4.本文主要是讲英语语言的变化与发展,由此推断作者应该为语言学家。

5.本文主要是讲英语语言的变化与发展,并不是讲述英语历史，所以A项错误；选项B和D只是文章的片段，不够全面，所以本题选项C正确。

15.单选题

Withhisstrongaccent,it’shardto___whathe’stryingtosay.

问题1选项

A.handout

B.sortout

C.sendout

D.figureout

【答案】D

【解析】【选项释义】

A.handout分发B.sortout挑选出；分类

C.sendout发送；派遣D.figureout想出；弄明白

【考查点】词组辨析。

【解题思路】固定句型itis+形容词+forsbtodosth，对某人来说做……是……的。With短语做原因状语。句意为因为他的口音，我们很难听清他在尝试说什么。综上所述，D选项figureout“想出、弄明白”可引申为此句所需的逻辑“弄清”以满足上述条件。

【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项均无法与空格前后构成相应逻辑关系。

【句意】他的口音很重，很难听懂他想说什么。

16.单选题

Thetrainfromthecapitalwasderailedlastnightinthemountainarea,butfortunatelytherewereno（）,policesaid.

问题1选项

A.catastrophes

B.cataracts

C.casualties

D.caprices

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词辨析。catastrophe“大灾难”；cataract“大瀑布，洪水”；casualty“伤亡人员”；caprice“任性，反复无常；随想曲”。句意：昨晚，从首都出发的火车在山区脱离轨道，庆幸的是没有人员伤亡。选项C符合题意。

17.翻译题

Theworldisonthecuspofastaggeringriseinthenumberofoldpeople,andtheywilllivelongerthaneverbefore.Overthenext20yearstheglobalpopulationofthoseaged65ormorewillalmostdouble,from600millionto1.1billion.Theexperienceofthe20thcentury,whengreaterlongevitytranslatedintomoreyearsinretirementratherthanmoreyearsatwork,haspersuadedmanyobserversthatthisshiftwillleadtoslowereconomicgrowthand“secularstagnation”,whiletheswellingranksofpensionerswillbustgovernmentbudgets.

Butthenotionofasharpdivisionbetweentheworkingyoungandtheidleoldmissesanewtrend,thegrowinggapbetweentheskilledandtheunskilled.Employmentratesarefallingamongyoungerunskilledpeople,whereasolderskilledfolkareworkinglonger.ThedivideismostextremeinAmerica,wherewell-educatedbaby-boomersareputtingoffretirementwhilemanylessskilledyoungerpeoplehavedroppedoutoftheworkforce.

【答案】【参考译文】世界的老龄人口正在以惊人的速度增长，并且他们越活越长。在未来的20年里，全球65岁以上的老年人数量将会翻番，从6000万到11亿。根据20世纪的经验来看，当长寿意味着更长的退休时间和更短的工作时间时，很多人都会感觉到明显的经济增速减缓和长期经济停滞，同时越来越多的养老金申领人口会导致政府的预算破产。

当我们只关注于工作年轻人与闲散老年人的严重分化现象时，往往忽略了一个新的趋势，即不同人劳动技能之间日益加剧的差异。缺乏技能的年轻人的就业率在下降，而经验丰富的高技术人才却工作得越来越久。在美国，这样的分歧最为严重，婴儿潮时期出生的、受过良好教育的人们延迟退休，从而将技能不足的年轻人排挤出劳动力市场。

18.翻译题

FollowingtheexplosionofcreativityinFlorenceduringthe14thcenturyknownastheRenaissance,themodernworldsawadeparturefromwhatithadonceknown.ItturnedfromGodandtheauthorityoftheRomanCatholicChurchandinsteadfavouredamorehumanisticapproachtobeing.RenaissanceideashadspreadthroughoutEuropewellintothe17thcentury,withtheartsandsciencesflourishingextraordinarilyamongthosewithamorelogicaldisposition.1.With（thegapbetween）thechurch'steachingsandwaysofthinkingbeingeclipsedbytheRenaissance,thegapbetweenthemedievalandmodernperiodshadbeenbridged,leadingtonewandunexploredintellectualterritories.

DuringtheRenaissance,thegreatmindsofNicolausCopernicus,JohannesKeplerandGalileoGalileidemonstratedthepowerofscientificstudyanddiscovery.2.Beforeeachoftheirrevelations,manythinkersatthetimehadsustainedmoreancientwaysofthinking,includingthegeocentricviewthattheEarthwasatthecentreofouruniverse.Copernicustheorizedin1543thatinactualfact,alloftheplanetsthatweknewofrevolvednotaroundtheEarth,buttheSun,asystemthatwaslaterupheldbyGalileoathisownexpense.Offeringupsuchatheoryduringatimeofhightensionbetweenscientificandreligiousmindswasbrandedasheresy,andanysuchhereticsthatcontinuedtospreadtheseliesweretobepunishedbyimprisonmentorevendeath.GalileowasexcommunicatedbytheChurchandimprisonedforlifeforhisastronomicalobservationsandhissupportoftheheliocentricprinciple.

3.DespiteattemptsbytheChurchtostrong-armthisnewgenerationoflogiciansandrationalists,moreexplanationsforhowtheuniversefunctionedwerebeingmade,andataratethatthepeople-includingtheChurch-couldnolongerignore.Itwaswiththesegreatrevelationsthatanewkindofphilosophyfoundedinreasonwasborn.

TheChurch'slong-standingdogmawaslosingthegreatbattlefortruthtorationalistsandscientists.ThisveryfactembodiedthenewwaysofthinkingthatsweptthroughEuropeduringmostofthe17thcentury.4.Asmanytookonthedutyoftryingtointegratereasoningandscientificphilosophiesintotheworld.TheRenaissancewasoveranditwastimeforanewera-theAgeofReason.

The17thand18thcenturiesweretimesofradicalchangeandcuriosity.Scientificmethod,reductionismandthequestioningofChurchidealswastobeencouraged,aswereideasofliberty,toleranceandprogress.5.SuchactionstoseekknowledgeandtounderstandwhatinformationwealreadyknewwerecapturedbytheLatinphrase'sapereaude'or'daretoknow',afterImmanuelKantuseditinhisessayAnAnswertotheQuestion:WhatisEnlightenment?Itwasthepurposeandresponsibilityofgreatmindstogoforthandseekoutthetruth,whichtheybelievedtobefoundedinknowledge.

【答案】1.【参考译文】由于文艺复兴时期教会的教义和思维方式之间的差距被消除，中世纪和现代时期之间的差距得以弥合，导致了新的和未开发的知识领域。

2.【参考译文】每个启示出现之前，当时的许多思想家都采用更为古老的思维方式，包括地心说的观点，该观点认为地球是我们宇宙的中心。

3.【参考译文】尽管教堂做出许多尝试去压制新一代的逻辑学家和理性主义者，但是更多对于宇宙是如何运作的探索正在以人们难以忽视的速度进行着。

4.【参考译文】正当很多人致力于尝试把推理和科学哲理融入到世界时，文艺复兴结束了，而此时一个新的时代到来了。

5.【参考译文】这些探索知识并且理解已知信息的行为可以用拉丁文“sapereaude”或英文“daretoknow”描述。

19.单选题

ThelargevillageinsouthernHunanwhereshewasbomandgrowupisinahillyareanotfarfromtheborderwithGuangdong.

问题1选项

A.insouthernHunan

B.growup

C.inahillyarea

D.borderwithGuangdong

E.没有问题

【答案】B

【解析】时态错误。grow改为grew。and表示并列，and前用的一般过去时was，后面也应该用一般过去时。

20.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.

Thecruxoftheproblemis:youngpeople,beingatthestartoftheirowncareerandhavingtoexertthemselvestotheutmostallthetime,arealwaysunderthegreateststressandsevereststrain.Themiddle-agedpeople,ontheotherhand,havingaccomplishedwhatevertheyhave,mayrelievethemselvesoftheirload,andstarttoenjoyaquietandleisurelylifeunburdenedwithanyambitionsandawayfromthestormsoflife.Consequently,middle-agedpersonsquicklylapseintoindolence.Mostfamousworksthatappearedinthepastcenturies,includingthepresent,werewrittenbyauthorsaround30.WorkswithanycreativenessseldomcamefromthepenofChineseauthorsover40,exceptautobiographiesandnotesbywayofannotation.Butforwritersabroad,agedoesnotseemtoaffecttheirenergyorimaginationatall.Someliterarycelebritiesdidnotstarttheircareeruntilafter40.Becauseofvariousreasons,thelifespanofusChineseusedtobeveryshort.Hencetheoldsaying“man’slifefromoldhasrarelyreachedseventy.”Thereforethemiddle-ageperiodwasmuchearlier,andmenoflettersveryearlyintheirlivesbecame“old”andconservativepsychologically.

【答案】问题的核心是：年轻人正处于事业初创阶段,必须时刻尽力发挥自己,由此其总是面临莫大的压力,受到的伤痛也极为严重。而中年人已经取得他们所要的一切,可以卸下重负,开始享受安静、惬意的生活,这生活没有任何雄心壮志,也远离生活的狂风暴雨。结果,中年人很快就懒惰起来。自上世纪到目前的许多著名作品,其作者都在30岁左右。40岁以上的中国作家极少能写出创意作品来,当然有注解的自传和说明除外。但对国外作家而言,年龄问题似乎丝毫不会影响其想象力。一些文学大家常常是到40岁之后才开始文学创作。

由于种种原因,过去中国人的寿命往往很短。由此产生了一句古话：“人生七十古来稀”。因此中年这一阶段就大大提前了,而名人则很早就“变老”了,心理上也开始保守起来。

21.单选题

Johncomplainedtothebooksellerthattherewereseveralpages___inthedictionary.

问题1选项

A.missing

B.losing

C.dropping

D.leaking

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项missing“丢失，缺失”；B选项losing“浪费；使沉溺于；使迷路；遗失；错过”；C选项dropping“推动；帮助；宣扬；下降；终止”；D选项leaking“使渗漏，泄露；漏，渗；泄漏出去；透露”。句意：约翰向书商抱怨这本字典___几页。本句表达“字典缺失几页”，现在分词做后置定语，因此A选项正确。

22.单选题

Tryingmilitarywrongdoersmayannoythearmedforces,and（

）afreshconflict.

问题1选项

A.proliferate

B.provoke

C.nurture

D.proclaim

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。proliferate意为“激增，猛增”；provoke意为“激起，挑起”；nurture意为“养育”；proclaim意为“宣告，公布”。

句意：尝试军事犯罪的不法分子可能会打乱军事力量，从而激起新的矛盾。

23.翻译题

ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslateitintoChinese.

TheUnitedKingdomhasanextraordinarilyrichanddiverseartisticheritage,withBritishpoets,playwrights,musicians,sculptors,paintersandfilmmakersenjoyedandadmiredallovertheworld.

TheUnitedKingdom’scontributionstothevisualartsareimmenseandthentherearemanytracestobefoundaroundthecountry,fromstrikingarchitecturetopaintings,ceramicsandsculptureswhichcanbeeasilyfoundinourmanyartgalleriesandmuseums.

Theperformingartsarethrivingaswell.Music,theatre,filmmaking,danceandoperaareallperformedenthusiasticallyintheatres,concerthallsandstudiosalloverthecountryeverynightoftheyear.

Therichnessofourculturallifeislargelydowntoourdiversehistory,formanyhundredsofyearsdifferentracesandcultureshavehadaninfluenceontheUnitedKingdomandhaveconsequentlyplayedaroleincreatingthesocietyweliveintoday.

【答案】英国有着及其丰富多样的艺术遗产，受人喜爱和尊敬英国诗人、剧作家、音乐家、雕塑家、画家和电影制作人遍布世界各地。

英国对视觉艺术的贡献是巨大的，在全国各地有许多踪迹可寻，从引人注目的建筑到绘画、陶瓷和雕塑，在我们的许多美术馆和博物馆都很容易找到。

表演艺术也蓬勃发展。音乐、戏剧、电影制作、舞蹈和歌剧每晚都在全国各地的剧院、音乐厅和摄影棚中激情地演出。

我们文化生活的丰富性在很大程度上取决于我们多元的历史。数百年来，不同的种族和文化对英国产生了影响，并因此在创造我们今天生活的社会中发挥了作用。

24.单选题

Forsomecrimes,andundercertainconditions,apoliceofficermustobtainacourtordercalled（）beforemakinganarrest.

问题1选项

A.warrant

B.registry

C.legislation

D.battery

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项warrant表示“根据，证明，正当理由”；B选项registry表示“注册，登记”；C选项legislation表示“立法”；D选项battery表示“电池；（法）殴打；炮台”。

由句中acourtorder“一种法院命令”以及关键信息beforemakinganarrest“在实施逮捕之前”可知，这是空缺处应该是指逮捕罪犯的证明或者逮捕令。因此，本题正确答案为A项。【句意】对于某些犯罪，在一定条件下，警察在实施逮捕之前必须获得法院的命令，也就是逮捕令。

25.单选题

AlmosteverylaymanIhavemetexhibits______andhowtheyarewritten.

问题1选项

A.therealcuriosityaboutthesongs

B.arealcuriosityaboutthesongs

C.realcuriosityaboutthesongs

D.arealcuriosityaboutsongs

【答案】D

【解析】考查冠词的使用。句意：几乎我见过的每一个外行都对这些歌曲以及它们是如何被写出来的充满好奇。curiosity虽是不可数名词，因其前面有形容词real，故可以和不定冠词a连用，排除A,C。songs是泛指，不需要加定冠词the，排除B。因此D选项正确。

26.单选题

Nowscientistscannotrealize（）soonthatexistingscientificknowledgeisnotnearlysocomplete,certainandunalterableasmanytextbooksseemtoimply.

问题1选项

A.so

B.very

C.too

D.as

【答案】C

【解析】cannot...too...“无论怎样……也不过分”“越……越好”。本句意为：“现有的科学知识并不像课本中所说的那么完善、肯定、不可改变，对于这一点科学家认识得越早越好。”其他选项均无此搭配。

27.单选题

Thereisalready（）cleartoshowthatplantsandanimalsarebeingaffectedbyclimatechange.

问题1选项

A.witness

B.certification

C.identify

D.evidence

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词辨析。witness“证人，目击者”；certification“证明，鉴定”；identify“鉴定，识别”；evidence“证据”。句意：有证据清晰地表明植物和动物受到气候变化的影响。D项符合题意。

28.单选题

Humanmemoryisnotoriouslyunreliable.Evenpeoplewiththesharpestfacial-recognitionskillscanonlyremembersomuch.

It’stoughtoquantifyhowgoodapersonisatremembering.Noonereallyknowshowmanydifferentfacessomeonecanrecall,forexample,butvariousestimatestendtohoverinthethousands—basedonthenumberofacquaintancesapersonmighthave.

Machinesaren’tlimitedthisway.Givetherightcomputeramassivedatabaseoffaces,anditcanprocesswhatitsees—thenrecognizeafaceit’stoldtofind—withremarkablespeedandprecision.Thisskilliswhatsupportstheenormouspromiseoffacial-recognitionsoftwareinthe21stcentury.It’salsowhatmakescontemporarysurveillancesystemssoscary.

Thethingis,machinesstillhavelimitationswhenitcomestofacialrecognition.Andscientistsareonlyjustbeginningtounderstandwhatthoseconstraintsare.Tobegintofigureouthowcomputersarestruggling,researchersattheUniversityofWashingtoncreatedamassivedatabaseoffaces—theycallitMegaFace—andtestedavarietyoffacial-recognitionalgorithms(算法)astheyscaledupincomplexity.Theideawastotestthemachinesonadatabasethatincludedupto1milliondifferentimagesofnearly700,000differentpeople—andnotjustalargedatabasefeaturingarelativelysmallnumberofdifferentfaces,moreconsistentwithwhat’sbeenusedinotherresearch.

Asthedatabasesgrew,machineaccuracydippedacross