考研考博-英语-天津广播影视职业学院考试押题三合一+答案详解4

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-天津广播影视职业学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Wedon't（

）anydifficultiesincompletingtheprojectsolongaswekeepwithinourbudget.

问题1选项

A.foresee

B.fabricate

C.infer

D.inhibit

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项foresee“预见；预知”；B选项fabricate“制造；伪造；装配”；C选项infer“推断；推论”；D选项inhibit“抑制；禁止”。句意：只要我们不超出预算，我们就无法……完成这个项目就没有什么困难。完成项目的困难在于预算不够，不超预算则不应有困难，也就是现在“看不到有什么困难”，因此A选项正确。

2.翻译题

PassageOne

Abeachedwhaleisawhalewhichhasbecomestrandedonland,usuallyonabeach.Beachingisoftenfatalforwhales,astheybecomedehydratedanddie.Whaleshavebeenfoundbeachedthroughouthumanhistoryandsomanystandingscanbeattributedtonaturalandenvironmentalfactors.Therecouldbemanynaturalreasonslikeroughweather,weaknessduetooldageorinfection,difficultygivingbirth,huntingtooclosetoshoreandnavigationalmistakes.Asinglestrandedanimalcanprompttheentirepodtorespondtoitsdistresssignalsandbecomestranded.In2004,scientistsattheUniversityofTasmaniafoundalinkbetweenwhalestandingsandtheweather.ItishypothesizedthatwhencoolAntarcticwatersrichinsquidandfishflownorth,whalesfollowtheirpreyclosertowardslandmakingthemmorepronetostranding.Insomecasespredators(suchaskillerwhales)havebeenknowntopanicwhales,herdingthemtowardstheshoreline.Strandingscanbegroupedintoseveraldifferenttypes.Themostobviousdistinctionsarebetweensingleandmultiplestandings.Singlelivestrandingsareoftentheresultofanillnessorinjury,whichwouldalmostinevitablyendindeathunlessapasser-byknowshowtoreact.

Multiplestrandingsofdeadanimalsinonelocalityarerareandoftencauseagreatdealofmediacoverageaswellasrescueeffortsbysympathetichumans.Evenmultipleoffshoredeathsareunlikelytoleadtomultiplestrandingsduetothevariablewindsandcurrentsscatteringtheanimalsacrossthesea.Akeyfactorinmanyofthesecasesappearstobethestrongsocialcohesionamongsttoothedwhales.Ifonewhalegetsintotrouble,itsdistresscallsmayprompttherestofthegrouptofollowandbecomebeachedthemselves.Thereisnodefinitivespecificcauseformassstrandings.Insteadtheymayhappenduetonumerousfactorsthatcanactincombination.Manyhavebeenproposed,withsomeseekingtoexplainonlyasubsetofcases;however,theyaredifficulttoproveconclusivelyandaresometimescontroversial.

PassageTwo

Itisatruthuniversallyacknowledged,thatasinglemaninpossessionofagoodfortune,mustbeinwantofaJaguarXK4.2-S.Somight“PrideandPrejudice”havestartedhadJaneAusten,whowaspaid£110(£3,200,or$5,700,intoday’smoney)foroneofthebestsellingnovelsever,beenluckyenoughtoliveinanerawhichofferedthemutuallybeneficialpartnershipbetweencreativetalentandcommercialsponsorshipknownasproductplacement.

Seehowswiftlytheherorunsinhisflashnewtrainers?Noticehowluxuriantlytheshowergelfoamsontheheroine’sback?That’sprobablybecausethecompaniesthatmakethoseproductshavepaidtheproducersofthoseprogramsfatfeestoportraytheirwaresnicely.Productplacement,whichgavebirthtotheoriginalsoapoperascreatedtosellwashingpowders,isback.

Digitaltechnologyisthereason.Viewerscannoweffortlesslyskiptheads,sobroadcastersandthecompaniesthatusedtobuyairtimeforcommercialsaretryingtofindbetterwaystocatchpeople’sattention.Productplacementisonepromisingoption,butitiscontroversial.ItisallowedinAmericabutmostlybannedintheEuropeanUnion.ConsumerorganizationsacrossEuropeopposetheintroductionofproductplacement,savingitwouldunderminetrustinbroadcasters.EuropeanproducersandbroadcasterscomplainthatthisisunfairbecausetheirAmericanrivalsbenefitfromasourceofincomedeniedtothem,andsenselessbecauseAmericanprogramsanywayappearonEuropeanscreens.TheEUisthereforeplanningtolegalizeproductplacement,buttheproposalfacessomeopposition,viewerswatchingads,saythecritics,arefairgamebecausetheyknowthey’rebeingsoldstuff.Whenthey’rewatchingprograms,bycontrast,theydon’trealizethatproductsarebeingpromoted.

Butifadvertisingthatslipsimperceptiblyintopeople’sbrainsweretobebanned,agreatdealofwhatgoesonnowwouldbeoutlawed.Afterall,driversspinningpastbillboardsdon’tnecessarilyconsciouslyclockthemessagethey’veseen;oftentheyfileitunconsciously—asyoubrowsingthroughthesepages,maywellabsorbthenotionthatanexpensivewatchoranewphonewillchangeyourlifeinsomevaguebutenticingway.Asforpeoplewhobelievetheliteraltruthofwhattheyseeinsoapoperas—well,noamountofregulationcanprotectthemfromthemselves.

Anyhow,governmentsdon’tneedtopoliceentertainmentcontent-producerswilldoitthemselves.WhenFayWeldon,anovelist,wroteabookforBulgari,ajewelrymanufacturer,afewyearsago,itwasnotwidelyviewedasaliterarygem.Neithershe,noranybodyelsewithareputationworthkeeping,hastriedthatagain.Whichisjustaswell:theworldwouldhavebeenapoorerplacehadMr.BingleybeenmoreinterestedinhisridethanintheBennetgirls.

Directions:Eachofthefollowingtwopassageshassomeunderlinedparts.TranslatetheunderlinedpartsintoChineseandwriteyourtranslationontheAnswerSheet.

【答案】（1）【参考译文】搁浅的鲸鱼是搁浅在陆地（通常是在海滩上）的鲸鱼。搁浅对鲸鱼来说通常是致命的，因为它们会脱水死亡。在整个人类历史中，鲸鱼一直被发现搁浅，有很多搁浅是由于自然和环境因素。可能有许多自然原因，比如恶劣的天气、年老或感染导致的身体虚弱、分娩困难、猎食离海岸太近以及导航错误。

（2）【参考译文】在一个地方多次搁浅死去的动物是罕见的，经常引起大量媒体报道和同情的人们的救援努力。由于多变的风和洋流将这些动物分散在海中，即使是多次离岸死亡也不太可能导致多次搁浅。其中一个关键因素就是齿鲸之间强大的社会凝聚力。如果一头鲸鱼遇到麻烦，它发出的求救信号可能会促使其他鲸鱼跟随并搁浅。

PassageTwo

（1）【参考译文】看到男主穿着他的新运动鞋跑得有多快了吗？注意到女主角背上的沐浴露泡沫有多丰富吗？这可能是因为生产这些产品的公司已经向这些节目的制作者支付了大笔费用，以使他们的产品能被很好地描绘出来。让被创造来销售洗衣粉的最初肥皂剧产生的产品植入又回来了。

（2）【参考译文】数字技术是原因。观众现在可以毫不费力地跳过广告，所以以前为商业广告而购买广告时间的广播电台和公司，正在试图找到更好的方法来引起人们的关注。产品植入是一个有前途的选择，但它却有争议。尽管植入式广告在美国被允许，但是在欧盟却通常被禁止。考虑到可能危害广播电台的信用，欧洲的消费者组织反对产品植入。

（3）【参考译文】但是，如果不知不觉地溜进人们大脑的广告将被禁止，那么如今大量进行着的广告将是不合法的。毕竟，转过广告牌的司机没必要有意识地注视他们所见的广告词：他们经常无意识地对广告词进行归档——因为，通过浏览这些广告页面，你可能很好地吸收这样的概念，即一块昂贵的手表或一部新的手机将以一些模糊但却诱人的方式来改变你的生活。对于相信自己所看肥皂剧中字面真理的人而言，即使再多的监管也不能让他们免于来自自己本人的伤害。

3.单选题

Thesenator'sattempttoconvincethepublicthatsheisnotinterestedinrunningforasecondtermisfutile.

问题1选项

A.laudable

B.sincere

C.authentic

D.useless

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。句意：这位参议员试图让公众相信她对竞选连任没有兴趣，但这只是徒劳。A选项laudable“值得赞赏的”；B选项sincere“真诚的”；C选项authentic“真正的，真实的”；D选项useless“无用的，无效的”。futile意为“无用的，无效的”，选项D与之意思相近，代入符合语境。

4.单选题

13.

问题1选项

A.Shewillbecomeafamoussingersoon.

B.ShewillbecomeanAmericanidol.

C.Shewillsignupforatalentshow.

D.Shewillsurelystandoutfromthecrowd.

【答案】C

【解析】W:Dad,I’vedecidedtosignupforAmericanIdolinordertobecomeafamoussinger.

M:Oh,honey,don’tyouknowthatit’sreallyhardtostandoutfromthecrowd.

W:Butwherethereisaroadthereisaway.

Q:Whatistrueaboutthewoman?

【解析】常用习语。女孩说：wherethereisaroadthereisaway，表明她已经下定决心参加比赛。

5.单选题

Iftheinvestmenttaxcreditis()asapartoftaxreformplan,thecapital-intensivebusinessessuchassteel-makersandairlinerswillfaceahardtime.

问题1选项

A.repealed

B.inferred

C.induced

D.appealed

【答案】A

【解析】repealed废止，撤销；inferred推测；induced引诱，说服；appealed呼吁，求助。句意：如果投资抵税被取消来作为税收改革计划的一部分，钢铁制造商和航空公司等资本密集型企业将面临艰难时期。选项A符合句意。

6.单选题

Ifyoukeeponoverworkingyourself,yourhealthwill（

）.

问题1选项

A.degenerate

B.deteriorate

C.degrade

D.deform

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。degenerate“使退化，恶化，堕落”；deteriorate“恶化”；degrade“贬低，使丢脸”；deform“使变形，使成畸形”。句意：如果你继续过度工作，你的健康状况会变坏。B项符合题意。

7.填空题

A:Isn’tthatyourcar?

B:No,it（1）.Mineis（2）redoneoverthere

【答案】1.isn’t

2.the

【解析】1.语法分析。此处是否定回答。

2.语法分析。句意:我的是红色那辆。此处为特指,所以用定冠词the。

8.单选题

Fromthelivingroomandfamilyautotothesupermarketandoffice,it'simpossibletoescapetheelectronicrevolutionthatis（）thewaypeopleliveandwork.

问题1选项

A.resuming

B.transforming

C.preparing

D.seeking

【答案】B

【解析】动词词义辨析。resuming重新开始,继续;transforming转化,转变;preparing准备;seeking寻找,谋求。句意：从起居室和家用汽车到超市和办公室,人们不可能逃脱正在改变人们生活和工作方式的电子革命。选项B符合句意。

9.单选题

Ifanymanheredoesnotagreewithme,heshould（）hisownplanforimprovingthelivingconditionsofthesepeople.

问题1选项

A.puton

B.putforward

C.putout

D.putin

【答案】B

【解析】句意:如果这里有人不同意我的意见，他应该提出自己的计划，改善这些人的生活条件。

考查短语辨析。Putforward表示“提出”，符合句意。

10.翻译题

40.地球快速变暖到了非常严峻的程度，而世界上最贫穷的国家成了极端气候的最大受害者。未来的气候变化可能带来更频繁和更严重的洪涝、旱灾和其他极端气候事件，发展中国家至今还没有良好的能力对付它们。

41.即使现在，地球上最贫穷的十亿人口所产生的排放只占全球排放的3%，而最富有的十亿人口占了全球排放的50%。全球还有16亿人口无法获得现代能源，没有能源，国家就不能繁荣。富国只有采取强有力的行动以腾出一些大气层的“污染空间”，当低收入国家在将来开始更多排放时，才可能使全球排放达到重新平衡。

42.未来十年发生的事情将深刻影响可供我们后代进行的选择。延迟或不采取行动的代价是非常高的，我们必须现在就行动，必须用全人类的聪明才智和合作精神，来对付气候危机。

43.虽然越来越多的人都知道气候变暖，相信需要采取行动，但很少有人把它放在首位，太多的人在机会面前并没有采取行动。所以，最大的挑战在于改变行为方式和制度，尤其是富国。

【答案】40.Theplanetiswarmingrapidlytoseverelevels,andtheworld’spoorestcountriesarethebiggestvictimsofextremeweather.Futureclimatechangeislikelytobringmorefrequentandseverefloods,droughtsandotherextremeweathereventsthatdevelopingcountriesarenotyetwellequippedtodealwith.

41.Evennow,thepoorestbillionpeopleontheplanetaccountforonly3%ofglobalemissions,whiletherichestbillionpeopleaccountfor50%.Andtherearestill1.6billionpeopleintheworldwhodonothaveaccesstomodernenergy.Acountrycannotprosperwithoutenergy.Rebalancingglobalemissionswillbepossibleonlyifrichcountriestakestrongactiontofreeupsomeatmospheric“pollutionspace”,thuslow-incomecountriesstarttoemitmoreinthefuture.

42.Whathappensinthenextdecadewillprofoundlyaffectthechoicesavailabletofuturegenerations.Thecostsofdelayorinactionaretoohigh,andwemustactnowtotackletheclimatecrisiswiththeingenuityandcooperationofallhumanity.

43.Althoughagrowingnumberofpeopleareawareofglobalwarmingandbelievethatactionisneeded,fewputitfirst,andtoomanypeopledonottakeactioninthefaceofopportunity.Sothebiggestchallengeisaboutchangingbehaviorandsystem,especiallyinrichcountries.

11.单选题

Hemanagedto（）hiswayintoheraffection.

问题1选项

A.tail

B.worm

C.wolf

D.rocket

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定搭配。A选项tail“尾随，装上尾巴”；B选项worm“使蠕动，使缓慢、曲折前进”；wormone’swayinto“隐藏真正的意图混入某个地区或组织，混入，费一番功夫打入”，例如：Hemanagetowormhiswayintoherlife.（他设法骗取信任进入了她的生活。）；C选项wolf“大吃，狼吞虎咽地吃”；D选项rocket”迅速增加，飞速移动”。句意：他设法赢得他的喜爱。由选项意思和固定搭配可知，B选项符合句意。

12.单选题

26-30

问题1选项

A.Hewastheownerofagrocerystore.

B.Hewasaconvictlaboringatajunkyard.

C.Hestruggledunderthestrainofpoverty.

D.Helivedhappilywithhiswifeandthreekids.

问题2选项

A.Heisastockbroker.

B.Heisaninvestmentadvisor.

C.Heisthemanagerofamutualfund.

D.Heisateacheratlocalcommunitycollege.

问题3选项

A.Indecision.

B.Arrogance.

C.Ignorance.

D.Fear.

问题4选项

A.Hebeganteachingoninvestmentatcollege.

B.Hebeganreadinginvestmentbooksandthenbeganpracticing.

C.Hebeganlearninghowtobecomeasuccessfulstockbroker.

D.Hebeganinvestingbigmoneyinamutualfundeachmonth.

问题5选项

A.Manerrsaslongashestrives.

B.Failureisthemotherofsuccess.

C.Wherethereisawill，thereisaway.

D.Thegoodseamanisknowninbadweather.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:C

【解析】Twentyyearsago,JeffHarrishardlyseemedontheroadtowealth.(26)Hewasacollegedropoutwhostruggledtosupporthiswife,DeAnn,andthreekids,workingasagrocerystoreclerkandatajunkyardwherehemeltedscrapmetalalongsideconvicts.“Attimesweweresobrokethatwewashedourclothesinthebathtubbecausewecouldn'taffordthelaundromat.”(27)Nowhe’sa49-year-oldinvestmentadvisorandmultimillionaireinYork,SouthCarolina.

TherewasonebigreasonJeffpulledaheadofthepack:Healwaysknewhe’dberich.Therealityisthat80percentofAmericansworthatleast$5milliongrewupinmiddle-classorlesserhouseholds,justlikeJeff.

“Wantingtobewealthyisacrucialfirststep,”saysHarvEker,authorofSecretsoftheMillionaireMind.“(28)Thebiggestobstacletowealthisfear.Peopleareafraidtothinkbig,butifyouthinksmall,you’llonlyachievesmallthings.”

ItallstartedforJeffwhenhemetastockbrokerataChristmasparty.“Talkingtohim,itfeltlikediscoveringfire,”hesays.(29)“Istartedreadingbooksaboutinvestingduringmybreaksatthegrocerystore,andIbeganputting$25amonthinamutualfund.”Nexthetaughtaclassatalocalcommunitycollegeoninvesting.Hisstudentsbecamehisfirstclients,whichledtohisinvestmentpractice.(30)“Therewerelotsofstruggles,”saysJeff,“butwhatgotmethroughwasbelievingwithallmyheartthatIwouldsucceed.”

26.WhatwastrueaboutJeffHarrisdonow?

【解析】细节题。文中讲到他在废品站和杂货铺工作来支持家庭生活，故选C。

27.WhatdoesJeffHarrisTwentyyearsago?

【解析】细节题。文中讲到现在他是一个49岁的investmentadvisor。

28.AccordingtoHarvEker,authorofSecretsoftheMillionaireMind,whatisthebiggesthurdletowealth?

【解析】细节题。文中讲到获取财富最大的障碍是fear。

29.WhatdidJeffHarrisdoafterhemethisluckystar—astockbroker?

【解析】细节题。他首先在杂货店里开始学习投资方面的书，然后在本地社区大学里教投资课程，他的学生成了他的第一拨客户。

30.WhichofthefollowingmottoswouldyouassociateJeffHarriswith?

【解析】主旨题。通过全文推理可知，Jeff最开始贫困潦倒，通过不懈努力获得成功。

13.单选题

Itwasacloseboxinggame,buttheboxerinbluewas______tobethewinnerbythreeofthefourreferees.

问题1选项

A.destined

B.deemed

C.doomed

D.adapted

【答案】B

【解析】【试题解析】考查动词辨析。A选项destined“指定”；B选项deemed“认为”；C选项doomed“注定”；D选项adapted“适应；改装”。句意：这是一场势均力敌的拳击比赛，但4名裁判中有3名______穿蓝衣服的拳击手获胜。根据语境，这里指有三位裁判判穿蓝衣服的拳击手获胜，B选项deemed“认为”符合题意。因此B选项正确。

14.单选题

Davidtendstofeeluselessandunwantedinasocietythatgivessomuch（）tothosewhoareaggressiveandcompetewell.

问题1选项

A.regime

B.prestige

C.superiority

D.legislature

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项regime“政权；政体；社会制度；管理体制”；B选项prestige“威望；声望；声誉”；C选项superiority“优越；优势”；D选项legislature“立法机关；立法机构”。句意：在一个给予那些有进取心且相当有竞争力的人很多声誉的社会里，大卫倾向于认为自己无用且不被该社会所需要。根据句意可知B选项正确。

15.单选题

Topartiallyovercometheproblemoffundsandtospeedthe（）ofWesterntechnology,Hungarysolda30%stakeinitsnationalphonecompanytotwoWesterncompanies.

问题1选项

A.auction

B.harmony

C.sacrifice

D.import

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词辨析。auction“拍卖，竞卖”；harmony“和睦”；sacrifice“牺牲，献祭”；import“进口”；句意：为了部分解决资金问题和加速西方技术的引进，匈牙利将其国家电话公司30%的股份出售给了两家西方公司。匈牙利通过售卖国家电话公司的股份来获得资金以此来引进西方技术。故D项正确。

16.单选题

Sobadly（

）inthecaraccidentthathehadtostayinhospitalforafewmonths.

问题1选项

A.didheinjure

B.injuredhim

C.washeinjured

D.hewasinjured

【答案】C

【解析】考查部分倒装。句意：他在车祸里伤得太厉害了，以至于他不得不在医院待了几个月。sothat句子中，so位于句首时句子需要部分倒装，B、D排除；答案选C。

17.单选题

Wemusteffectivelypromotethe______ofhungerbecauseeverydayinAfricaandinmanyareasinAsiachildrenaredyingofhunger.

问题1选项

A.awareness

B.pressure

C.consciousness

D.relief

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。awareness“意识”，指人对某事物的认识；pressure“压力”；consciousness“意识”，指人的清醒程度；relief“减轻，救济”。句意：我们必须要提高对饥饿的认识，因为在非洲和亚洲许多地区每天都有孩子死于饥饿。选项A符合题意。

18.填空题

TheoriginofcontemporarysociologicalreferencestosocialstructurecanbetracedtoEmileDurkheim,whoarguedthatpartsofsocietyareinterdependentandthatthisinterdependencyimposesstructureforthebehaviorofinstitutions

A

B

C

D

andtheirmembers.

【答案】Dfor改为on

【解析】【考查点】固定搭配。

【解题思路】imposesth.onsb./sth.意思为“把……强加于……”，此题正确用法为imposestructureonthebehavior。

【句意】当代社会学对社会结构可以追溯到埃米尔•迪尔凯姆，他认为社会的各个部分相互依赖的，这种相互依赖将结构强加在机构及其成员的行为。

19.单选题

Somesociologistsareworriedaboutthe（）throughoutthewholesociety.

问题1选项

A.fraudulent

B.generous

C.dynamic

D.compulsive

【答案】A

【解析】形容词词义辨析。fraudulent“欺诈的”；generous“慷慨的”；dynamic“动态的”;compulsive“极有趣的”。句意：一些社会学家担心整个社会的欺诈问题。选项A符合题意。

20.单选题

WithsomuchfocusontheOhioenergyfirmwhoselapsesmayhavetriggeredtheblackoutof2003,it’sbeenhardtorememberthattherealquestionisnothowitstarted,butwhyitspreadsofarandsofast.Ratherthantacklethatquestionhead-on,mostcommentatorshavereachedfortheusualmetaphors:itwasachainreaction,acascadingfailuresdominoeffect.Alloftheseareborrowedfromthephysicalsciences.Maybeabetterwaytolookatitisinbiologicalterms.

Wealreadyusethelanguageofepidemiologywhenwespeakof“viruses”propagatingacrosstheInternet,“infecting”ourcomputer.Likewise,it’stemptingtoviewtheblackout,spreadingfromlinktolinkalongthepowergrid,asaperniciouskindofelectricalcontagion.Butthat’snotquitetherightmetaphor,either.Theblackoutwasnotcausedbyaninfectiouselectricaldisease;itwascausedbythegrid’simmuneresponsetothethreatofsuchadisease.Inotherwords,thegridsufferedaviolentallergicreaction,asortofanaphylacticshock.

Justasthesymptomsofasevereallergicreactionarecausednotbytheoffendingbeewhostingsitselfbutbytheoverzealousresponseofthebody’simmunesystemtoit,sotheblackoutwasaggravatedbythegrid’sattempttodefenditself,onepowerstationatatime.Threatenedbyatorrentofelectricalenergygoneberserkeroverwhelmedbythesuddenloadsplacedonit,eachpowerplantinturntrippeditscircuitbreakers,detachingitselffromthegrid.Thoughthisstrategyachieveditsdesiredaim-savingeachplant’sgeneratorfrombeingdamaged—itwastoomyopictoservethebestinterestsofthegridasawhole.

Whatisneededisamoresubtle,coordinatedmodeofresponse.Whenourownimmunesystemsareperformingattheirbest,theyorchestratetheirdefensesthroughcountlesschemicalconversationsamongT-cellsandantibodies,enablingthesedefenderstocalibratetheirresponsetopathogens.Inthesameway,thethousandsofpowerplantssubstationsinthegridneedtobeabletocommunicatewithoneanotherwhenanypartofthesystemisbreached,sotheycancollectivelydecidewhichcircuitbreakersshouldbetrippedandwhichcansafelyremainintact.

Thetechnologynecessarytoachievethishasexistedforaboutadecade.Itreliesoncomputer,sensorsandprotectivedevicestiedtogetherbyopticalfibersothatallpartsofthegridwouldbeabletotalktooneanotheratthespeedoflight-fastenoughtogetaheadofanonrushingblackoutandconfineit.

Thesensorswouldcontinuouslymonitorthevoltage,frequencyandotherimportantcharacteristicsoftheelectricitycoursingthroughthetransmissionlines.Whenalineappearedatriskofbeingoverloaded,acomputerwoulddecidewhethertoswitchonaprotectivedevice.Atpresent,suchdecisionsaremadepurelyparochially.Powerplantsdefendthemselvesfirst,anddon’tworryabouttheconsequencesforneighboringplantsonthegrid.Nordotheyconsideranypotentiallyhelpfulorharmfulactionsthatthoseneighborsmightbetakingatthesametime.

Inthenewapproach,eachplantwouldhavenearlyinstantaneousinformationaboutalltheotherplantsandpowerlinesinitsextendedneighborhood.Everyonewouldknowwhateveryoneelsewasdoingandthinking.Asthreatsarose(eitherfromrandomfailuresormaliciousattacks),thesensorswouldfireaflurryofwarningsignalsdowntheopticalfibers,andthenetworkedcomputerswoulddecidewhichprotectivedevicestoactivatetocontainthethreatmosteffectively.Thegridwouldthenberespondingasanintegratedentity,notasaragtagcollectionofselfishunits.Itwouldlookalotlikeanorganismdefendingitself.

Granted,suchadistributedcontrolsystemwouldcostbillionsofdollarsand,inthiseraofderegulation,therewouldbelittleincentiveforenergycompaniestojoinforcesandbuildit,especiallywhenthebigmoneyisinpowergeneration.Buttheconstructionofasystemwideimmunenetworkwouldbewellworththecost.Withoutit,ouroverburdenedgridislikelytofailmoreandmoreoften,andmightevencollapse,withcoststhatwouldbeincalculable,botheconomicallyandintermsofnationalsecurity.Stateandfederalgovernmentsneedtostepinandprovideincentivesforutilitiestodotherightthing.

Ofcourse,evenifthisnewkindofsmartdefensesystemweretobebuiltsomeday,onecanalreadyimagineaninsidiousdisorderthatmighteventuallyoutsmartitandafflictit,acatastrophicdisruptionoftheimmunesystemitself,ratherthanthegridit’ssupposedtoprotect.SuchathingwouldbethetechnologicalanalogofAIDS.

Agrimprospect,perhaps,butarealisticone.Weneedtostoppretendingthatthegridisevergoingtobeaperfectiblemachine.Justasbacteriaeventuallydevelopresistancetotheantibioticsusedtokillthem,thedefenseofthegridwillrequireever-moreinventivestrategiesonourpart.Weshouldrecognizethatthepowergridneedstoevolveandadapt,justlikeanyothersuccessfullivingcreature.

1.Intheauthor’sopinion,whichofthefollowingisanappropriatedescriptionforwhytheblackoutof2003spreadsofarandsofast?（）

2.Theauthor’sattitudetowardstheviewsmadebymostcommentatorsontheblackoutof2003is

（）.

3.Thearticlesaysthebestwaytopreventsuchablackoutfromhappeninginthefutureisto（）.

4.Settingupadistributedcontrolsystemforthegridwouldbe（）.

5.Thearticlepointsoutthattheproposedpreventivemeasuresagainstblackouts（）.

问题1选项

A.Acascadingfailure.

B.Anelectricalcontagion.

C.Asevereallergicreaction.

D.Anattackbyviruses.

问题2选项

A.positive

B.negative

C.neutral

D.sarcastic

问题3选项

A.developanewsystemtocoordinateallplants

B.buildabettersystemtomakeeachplantmoresensitive

C.makeeachplantmoreindependentofotherplants

D.suspendpowerwhenthesystemisoverloaded

问题4选项

A.welcomedbyallenergycompanies

B.unattractivetoenergycompanies

C.uselesstopreventsuchablackout

D.harmfultonationalsecurity

问题5选项

A.mustcauseacatastrophicdisruptionofthepowergrid

B.aregoingtobeperfectthroughrepeatedpractice

C.appeartoberealisticbutinfactarenotfeasible

D.areejectedtoimproveastimegoesby

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段“itwasachainreaction,acascadingfailuresdominoeffect.（这是一个连锁反应，一个连锁失败的多米诺骨牌效应。）”和第二段“Theblackoutwasnotcausedbyaninfectiouselectricaldisease;itwascausedbythegrid’simmuneresponsetothethreatofsuchadisease.Inotherwords,thegridsufferedaviolentallergicreaction,asortofanaphylacticshock.（这次停电并不是由传染性电疾病引起的；它是由网格对这种疾病威胁的免疫反应引起的。换句话说，电网遭受了剧烈的过敏反应，一种过敏性休克。）”由此可知这次停电是一次过敏反应。A选项“连锁故障”；B选项“电传染病”；D选项“病毒攻击”说法都不正确，只有C选项“严重的过敏反应”符合题意，因此C选项正确。

2.作者意图题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段“Ratherthantacklethatquestionhead-on,mostcommentatorshavereachedfortheusualmetaphors:itwasachainreaction,acascadingfailuresdominoeffect.（大多数评论家没有正面回答这个问题，而是用了一些常见的比喻：这是一个连锁反应，一个连锁失败的多米诺骨牌效应。）”以及第二段作者说到“Butthat’snotquitetherightmetaphor,either.（但这也不是一个正确的比喻。）”，由此可知作者并不认同多数评论家的比喻。A选项“积极的”不正确；B选项“消极的”正确；C选项“中立的”以及D选项“讽刺的”都不是作者的态度，因此B选项正确。

3.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第四段“Whatisneededisamoresubtle,coordinatedmodeofresponse.（现在需要的是一种更微妙、更协调的反应模式。）”。A选项“开发一个新的系统来协调所有的发电厂”；C选项“让每个发电厂独立于其他电厂”和D选项“系统过载时暂停供电”都不符合题意，只有B选项“建立一个更好的系统，使每个发电厂更加灵敏”符合题意，因此B选项正确。

4.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第八段“Granted,suchadistributedcontrolsystemwouldcostbillionsofdollarsand,inthiseraofderegulation,therewouldbelittleincentiveforenergycompaniestojoinforcesandbuildit,especiallywhenthebigmoneyisinpowergeneration.（诚然，这样一个分布式控制系统将花费数十亿美元，而且在这个放松管制的时代，能源公司将没有什么动力联合起来建设它，尤其是当最大的钱在发电上的时候。）”，由此可知该分布式控制系统并不受能源公司的欢迎。A选项“受到所有能源公司的欢迎”说法错误；B选项“对能源公司没有吸引力”说法正确；C选项“阻止这样的停电是没有用的”以及D选项“危害国家安全”文中均没有提到。因此B选项正确。

5.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章第十段“Agrimprospect,perhaps,butarealisticone.（也许前景黯淡，但却是现实的。）”，由此可知虽然该措施看起来可行，但是前景黯淡。A选项“一定会对电网造成灾难性的破坏”；B选项“通过反复的练习会变得完美”；D选项“随着时间的推移被逐出改善”都不符合题意，只有C选项“看似现实，实则不可行”符合题意，因此C选项正确。

21.单选题

Inthiscountryitisagainstthe（）nottowearseatbeltsinacar.

问题1选项

A.rule

B.regulation

C.law

D.order

【答案】C

【解析】考查固定搭配。A选项rule“规则”；B选项regulation“管理，校准”；C选项law“法律”；D选项order“指示，命令”。句意：在这个国家，在汽车里不系安全带是_____的。这里考查固定搭配againstthelaw“违反法律”，句子表达的意思是，不系安全带在这个国家是违法的，因此C选项符合题意。

22.单选题

Aspoliticalfanatic,hehasfoughtwithrevolutionariesallovertheworld.

问题1选项

A.incumbent

B.candidate

C.zealot

D.jealousy

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词辨析。A项incumbent“在职者，现任者”，B项candidate“候选人，候补者”，C项zealot“狂热者，犹太教狂热信徒”，D项jealousy“嫉妒，猜忌”。句意：作为一个政治狂热分子，他曾与世界各地的革命者斗争过。根据句意可知，fanatic在句中表示“狂热分子”。因此，该题选择C项。

23.翻译题

(1)Sciencefictioncanhelptoexplainwhatscienceandscientistareallabouttothenon-scientists.Itisnoaccidentthatseveralhundreduniversitiesandpublicschoolsarenowofferingsciencefictioncoursesanddiscoveringthattheseclassesareameetinggroundforthescientist-engineersandthehumanists.Scienceandfiction.Reasonandemotion.

Theessenceofthescientificattitudeisthatthehumanmindcansucceedinunderstandingtheuniverse.Bytakingthought,mencanmovemountains—andhave.Inthissense,scienceisanutterlyhumanisticpursuit.

Muchofsciencefictioncelebratesthisspirit.(2)Veryfewsciencefictionstoriespicturehumanityasapassivespecies,allowingthetidalforcesofnaturetoflowfreely.Theheroesofsciencefictionstories—thegodsofthenewmythology—strugglemanfullyagainstthedarkness,whetherit’sgeologicaldoomforthewholeplanetortheevilofgraspingpoliticians.Theymaynotalwayswin.Buttheyalwaystry.

Perhaps,however,themostimportantaspectofsciencefiction’sroleinthemodernworldisbestsummedupinasingleword.Change.

Afterall,sciencefictionistheliteratureofchange.Eachandeverystorypreachesfromthesamegospel:tomorrowwillbedifferentfromtoday,violentlydifferentperhaps.

(3)Sciencefictionveryclearlyshowsthatchanges—whethergoodorbad—areaninherentDartoftheuniverse.Resistancetochangeisanarchaic,andnowadaysdangerous,habitofthought.Humanity’smostfruitfulcourseofactionistodeterminehowtoshapethesechanges,howtoinfluencethemandproduceanenvironmentwherethechangesthatoccurarethosewewant.

Perhapsthisistheultimateroleofsciencefiction:toactasaninterpreterofsciencetohumanity.Thisisatwo-edgedweapon,ofcourse.Itisnecessarytowarnaswellasevangelize.(4)Sciencecankillaswell