考研考博-英语-山东协和学院考试押题三合一+答案详解1

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-山东协和学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

XI.IntellectualPropertyLaw

Section106oftheCopyrightActgrants“theownerofcopyrightunderthistitle”certain“exclusiverights,”includingtheright“todistributecopies...ofthecopyrightedworktothepublicbysaleorothertransferofownership.”Theserightsarequalified,however,bytheapplicationofvariouslimitationssetforthinthenextseveralsectionsoftheAct,107through122.Thosesections,typicallyentitled“Limitationsonexclusiverights,”include,forexample,theprincipleof“fairuse”(107),permissionforlimitedlibraryarchivalreproduction,(108),andthedoctrineatissuehere,the“firstsale”doctrine(109).

Section109(a)setsforththe“firstsale”doctrineasfollows:“Notwithstandingtheprovisionsofsection106(3)[thesectionthatgrantstheownerexclusivedistributionrights],theownerofaparticularcopyorphonorecordlawfullymadeunderthistitle…isentitled,withouttheauthorityofthecopyrightowner,tosellorotherwisedisposeofthepossessionofthatcopyorphonorecord”,Thus,eventhough106(3)forbidsdistributionofacopyof,say,thecopyrightednovelHerzogwithoutthecopyrightowner’spermission,109(a)addsthat,onceacopyofHerzoghasbeenlawfullysold(oritsownershipotherwiselawfullytransferred),thebuyerofthatcopyandsubsequentownersarefreetodisposeofitastheywish.Incopyrightjargon,the“firstsale”has“exhausted”thecopyrightowner’s106(3)exclusivedistributionright.

What,however,ifthecopyofHerzogwasprintedabroadandtheninitiallysoldwiththecopyrightowner’spermission?Doesthe“firstsale”doctrinestillapply?IsthebuyerfreetobringthecopyintotheUnitedStatesanddisposeofitasheorshewishes?Toputthemattertechnically,an“importation”provision,602(a)(1),saysthat“importationintotheUnitedStates,withouttheauthorityoftheownerofcopyrightunderthistitle,ofcopies...ofaworkthathavebeenacquiredoutsidetheUnitedStatesisaninfringementoftheexclusiverighttodistributecopies…undersection106…”Thus602(a)(1)makesclearthatimportingacopywithoutpermissionviolatestheowner’sexclusivedistributionright.Butindoingso,602(a)(1)refersexplicitlytothe106(3)exclusivedistributionright.Aswehavejustsaid,106isbyitsterms“subjectto”thevariousdoctrinesandprinciplescontainedin107through122,including109(a)’s“firstsale”limitation.Dothosesamemodificationsapply—inparticular,doesthe“firstsale”modificationapply—whenconsideringwhether602(a)(1)prohibitsimportingacopy?

1.Whichwordisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedword“qualified”inthefirstparagraph?

2.Fromthesecondparagraph,onecanknowthatthe“firstsale”doctrine___.

3.Whatquestionistheauthoraskinginthelastparagraph?

4.Fromtheaboveparagraphs,weknowthatthestatementof___isnottrue.

问题1选项

A.restricted

B.limited

C.eligible

D.certified

问题2选项

A.permitsownerofaparticularcopytodisposeofitastheywish

B.isacopyrightjargonthatordinarypeopledonotuse

C.setslimitationtoacopyrightowner’sexclusivedistributionright

D.forbidsdistributionofacopyofthecopyrightednovelHerzogwithoutthecopyrightowner’spermission

问题3选项

A.WastheHerzogprintedabroadandthensoldwiththecopyrightowner’spermission?

B.IsthebuyerfreetobringacopyintotheUnitedStatesanddisposeofitashe/shewishes?

C.Does602(a)(1)prohibitsimportingacopy?

D.Doesthe“firstsale”doctrineapplywhenacopyisinitiallysoldabroadwiththepermissionofthecopyrightowner?

问题4选项

A.Acopyrightowner’sdistributionrightisunlimited.

B.107through122containvariousdoctrinesandprincipleslimitingtherightsconferredby106.

C.602(a)(1)grantsacopyrightownerimportationright.

D.Copyrightsconferredby106arenotunlimited.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:C

【解析】1.词义辨析题。根据题干定位到原文第一段Theserightsarequalified,however,bytheapplicationofvariouslimitationssetforthinthenextseveralsectionsoftheAct,107through122.（然而，这些权利是有限制的，这些限制将在法案接下来的107至122节中提出），根据句子中limitations“限制；局限性”可推测qualified表示“限制”，被动语态；A选项“限制；约束；限定（强调约束，这种约束大多来自法律等约束性文件）”；B选项“限制；限定（强调时间，范围，数量的限制）”；C选项“合格的，合适的；符合条件的；有资格当选的”；D选项“证明；保证”。因此A选项正确

2.事实细节题。根据题干定位到第二段Thus,eventhough106(3)forbidsdistributionofacopyof,say,thecopyrightednovelHerzogwithoutthecopyrightowner’spermission,109(a)addsthat,onceacopyofHerzoghasbeenlawfullysold(oritsownershipotherwiselawfullytransferred),thebuyerofthatcopyandsubsequentownersarefreetodisposeofitastheywish.Incopyrightjargon,the“firstsale”has“exhausted”thecopyrightowner’s106(3)exclusivedistributionright.（因此，即使106（3）禁止分发一份，说，这部小说版权赫尔佐格未经著作权人许可，109（a）补充道，一旦赫尔佐格的一个副本被依法出售（或其所有权否则依法转移），买方的复制和随后的所有者可以按照他们的想法自由处置它。用版权术语来说，“首次销售”已经“耗尽”了版权所有者的106（3）独家经销权）可知选C选项“对版权所有人的独家发行权设置限制”，D选项“禁止未经版权所有者的许可发行受版权保护的小说赫尔佐格的副本”属于106（3）的内容而不是“首次销售”原则，错误，同时可知A选项“允许某一特定副本的所有者按照他们的意愿处理它”错误；B选项“是一个普通人不会使用的版权术语”在第二段未提及。因此C选项正确。

3.推理判断题。根据题干定位到最后一段What,however,ifthecopyofHerzogwasprintedabroadandtheninitiallysoldwiththecopyrightowner’spermission?Doesthe“firstsale”doctrinestillapply?IsthebuyerfreetobringthecopyintotheUnitedStatesanddisposeofitasheorshewishes?（然而，如果赫尔佐格的复制品在国外印刷，然后在版权所有者的允许下最初出售，那会怎么样呢?“首次销售”原则还适用吗？买家是否可以自由地将复印件带入美国并按照他或她的意愿进行处理？）可知D选项“在版权所有人许可下，最初在国外出售副本时，‘首次出售’原则是否适用？”符合原文，同时可知A选项“《赫尔佐格》是先在国外印刷，然后在版权所有者的许可下出售的吗?”错误，B选项“买方是否可以携带一份复印件进入美国并按照他/她的意愿处理”这个问题是建立在D选项的前提上，需要有前提，而不是直接这么作为问题；最后一段最后一句Dothosesamemodificationsapply—inparticular,doesthe“firstsale”modificationapply—whenconsideringwhether602(a)(1)prohibitsimportingacopy?（当考虑602（a）（1）是否禁止进口副本时，这些相同的修改适用吗？特别是“首次销售”修改适用吗？）可知C选项“602（a）（1）”和原文不符。因此D选项正确。

4.事实细节题。根据第一段第一句Section106oftheCopyrightActgrants“theownerofcopyrightunderthistitle”certain“exclusiverights,”includingtheright“todistributecopies...ofthecopyrightedworktothepublicbysaleorothertransferofownership.”（《版权法》第106节授予“版权所有人”某些“专有权”，包括“分发副本……将受版权保护的作品出售或以其他方式转让给公众”）可知A选项“著作权人的发行权是无限的”符合原文；根据第一段第二句Theserightsarequalified,however,bytheapplicationofvariouslimitationssetforthinthenextseveralsectionsoftheAct,107through122.（然而，这些权利是有限制的，这些限制将在法案接下来的107至122节中提出）可知B选项“107至122包含限制106所赋予的权利的各种学说和原则”符合原文；根据第二段最后一句Incopyrightjargon,the“firstsale”has“exhausted”thecopyrightowner’s106(3)exclusivedistributionright.（用版权术语来说，“首次销售”已经“耗尽”了版权所有者的106（3）独家经销权）可知D选项“106授予的版权不是无限的”符合原文；C选项“602（a）（1）授予版权所有人进口权”原文未提及。因此C选项符合题意。

2.问答题

With(A)thewordscientistwemeanonewhoisequippedto(B)spendalifetimefor(C)theadvancementofsciencetothebest(D)ofone'sability.

【答案】试题答案：A;By

【解析】考查介词用法。with意为“和，同，具有”，此处表示“根据科学家这个词，我们说的是一个……”，因此用by（根据，按照）。

3.单选题

M:IsthereanythingIcandoforyou.Madam?

W:I’dliketoseesomelinen,please.

Q:Wherearethetwopeople?

问题1选项

A.Inasportsdepartment.

B.Inatextiledepartment.

C.Inahotel.

D.Inashoedepartment.

【答案】B

【解析】根据题目“linen亚麻布”可知B选项‘纺织部’正确。

4.单选题

Thecaptainoftheshipenteredthedetailsinthe（

）.

问题1选项

A.lounge

B.log

C.motel

D.shipwreck

【答案】B

【解析】lounge休息室；log航行日志,记录；motel汽车旅馆；shipwreck海难,遇难船。句意:船长把详细情况写进了航海日志。选项B符合句意。

5.单选题

Singapore-basedcompanyPolychemyisusing3Dprinterstomakepersonalizedjewelry—thinknameplatenecklaces（）inadozenlanguages,orsportsteamlogopendants.

问题1选项

A.precious

B.preferred

C.available

D.customizable

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项precious表示“宝贵的，珍贵的”，B选项preferred表示“优先的，首选的”，C选项available表示“可获得的，有空的，可利用的”，D选项customizable表示“可定制的”。由后文关键信息“inadozenlanguages”可知，这些铭牌是可以用十几种语言表述出来的，因此，制作多种语言的铭牌是可实现的，能做到的。故本题正确答案为C选项。

6.单选题

TheroleofAmericanwomen（）significantlyfromthetimethenationwasborn,tothemoderneraofthe1950sand1960s.

问题1选项

A.haschanged

B.hasbeenchanged

C.changed

D.hadbeenchanged

【答案】D

【解析】语法知识。根据句意可知，这里应该用过去完成时态，首先排除选项A和C；role与change之间为被动关系,所以选项D正确。

7.单选题

IV.(CriminalLaw)

Theacrimoniousdebateovercapitalpunishmenthascontinuedforcenturies.Inrecentdecades,thedebatehasheatedupintheU.S.followingtheSupremeCourt-imposedmoratoriumoncapitalpunishment.Currently,severalstatesareconsideringachangeintheirpoliciesregardingthestatusofthedeathpenalty.Nebraska’slegislature,forexample,recentlypassedatwo-yearmoratoriumonexecutions,whichwas,however,vetoedbythestate’sgovernor.Tenotherstateshaveatleastconsideredamoratoriumlastyear.ThegroupincludesOklahomawhoselegislaturewillsoonconsiderabillimposingatwo-yearmoratoriumonexecutionsandestablishingataskforcetoresearchtheeffectivenessofcapitalpunishment.ThelegislatureinNebraskaandIllinoishasalsocalledforsimilarresearch.InMassachusetts,however,theHouseofRepresentativesvoteddownabillsupportedbythegovernortoreinstatethedeathpenalty.

Animportantissueinthisdebateiswhethercapitalpunishmentdetersmurders.Psychologistsandcriminologistswhoexaminedtheissueinitiallyreportednodeterrenteffect.EconomistsjoinedthedebatewiththepioneeringworkofEhrlich.Ehrlich’sregressionresults,usingU.S.aggregatetime-seriesfor1933-1969andstatelevelcross-sectionaldatafor1940and1950,suggestasignificantdeterrenteffect,whichsharplycontrastswithearlierfindings.ThepolicyimportanceoftheresearchinthisareaisborneoutbytheconsiderablepublicattentionthatEhrlich’sworkhasreceived.TheSolicitorGeneraloftheUnitedStates,forexample,introducedEhrlich’sfindingstotheSupremeCourt,insupportofcapitalpunishment.

CoincidingwiththeSupremeCourt’sdeliberation,ontheissue,Ehrlich’sfindinginspiredaninterestineconometricanalysisofdeterrence,leadingtomanystudiesthatusehisdatabutdifferentregressionspecifications—differentregressorsordifferentchoiceofendogenousvs.exogenousvariables.ThemixedfindingspromptedaseriesofsensitivityanalysesonEhrlich’sequations,reflectingafurtheremphasisonspecification.

Dataissues,ontheotherhand,havereceivedfarlessattention.Mostoftheexistingstudiesuseeithertime-seriesorcross-sectiondata.Thestudiesthatusenationaltime-seriesdataareaffectedbyanaggregationproblem.Anydeterrencefromanexecutionshouldaffectthecrimerateonlyintheexecutingstate.Aggregationdilutessuchdistincteffects.Crosssectionalstudiesarelesssensitivetothisproblem,buttheirstaticformulationprecludesanyconsiderationofthedynamicsofcrime,lawenforcement,andjudicialprocesses.Moreover,crosssectionalstudiesareaffectedbyunobservedheterogeneitywhichcannotbecontrolledforintheabsenceoftimevariation.

HashemDezhbakhshandPaulH.Rubin:“DoesCapitalPunishmentHaveaDeterrentEffect?”

63.Fromthefirstparagraph,onecanknowthatintheUS___.

64.Whichofthefollowinggroupofpeoplethoughtthatcapitalpunishmenthadnodeterrenteffect?

65.Accordingtothe3rdparagraph,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

66.Inthe4thparagraph,theauthorthinksthat___.

问题1选项

A.theexecutivebranchisinoppositeopinionwiththelegislatureatthestatelevelregardingdeathpenalty

B.severalstatesareconsideringreinstatethedeathpenalty

C.Oklahomadecidedtosuspenddeathpenaltyfortwoyears

D.somestates’legislaturehasalsocalledforresearchoncancellationofcapitalsentence

问题2选项

A.Economistsandcriminologists

B.Psychologistsandcriminologists

C.Psychologistsandeconomists

D.EconomistsandEhrlich

问题3选项

A.Ehrlich’sfindingcausedotherstoanalyzethedeterrenceeffectofdeathpenalty.

B.ManypeopleusedEhrlich’sdataintheiranalysisbutinadifferentway.

C.Thefindingofothers’researchwassimilar.

D.Ehrlichprovidedanequationinhisanalysis.

问题4选项

A.crosssectionalstudiesaremoresensitivetoaggregation

B.time-seriesdataarenotinfluencedbyaggregation

C.unobservedheterogeneitycannotbecontrolledforintheabsenceoftimevariation

D.dataissuehadnotbeenpaidenoughattentionasitshouldbe

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:D

【解析】63.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干定位到第一段末ThelegislatureinNebraskaandIllinoishasalsocalledforsimilarresearch.InMassachusetts,however,theHouseofRepresentativesvoteddownabillsupportedbythegovernortoreinstatethedeathpenalty.（内布拉斯加州和伊利诺伊州的立法机构也呼吁进行类似的研究。然而，在马萨诸塞州，众议院投票否决了州长支持的恢复死刑的法案）可知行政部门与州一级的立法机关关于死刑的意见会有分歧，选A选项“在死刑问题上，行政部门与州一级的立法机关持相反意见”，同时可知D选项“一些州的立法机构也呼吁研究取消死刑”错误，一些州的立法机构不赞同取消；B选项“若干国家正在考虑恢复死刑”在第一段未涉及；第一段Tenotherstateshaveatleastconsideredamoratoriumlastyear.ThegroupincludesOklahomawhoselegislaturewillsoonconsiderabillimposingatwo-yearmoratoriumonexecutionsandestablishingataskforcetoresearchtheeffectivenessofcapitalpunishment.（其他十个州去年也至少考虑过暂停。该组织包括俄克拉荷马州，该州的立法机构很快将考虑一项法案，要求暂停执行死刑两年，并成立一个特别工作组来研究死刑的有效性）可知C选项“俄克拉荷马州决定死刑缓期两年执行”错误，俄克拉荷马州只是考虑，并不是决定执行。因此A选项正确。

64.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到第二段Psychologistsandcriminologistswhoexaminedtheissueinitiallyreportednodeterrenteffect.EconomistsjoinedthedebatewiththepioneeringworkofEhrlich.（最初研究这个问题的心理学家和犯罪学家报告说没有威慑作用。经济学家们以埃利希的开创性工作加入了这场辩论）可知最初是心理学家和犯罪学家报告说没有威慑作用，经济学家们随后加入辩论，选B选项“心理学家和犯罪学家”；A选项“经济学家和犯罪学家”，C选项“心理学家和经济学家”以及D选项“经济学家和埃利希”不符合原文。因此B选项正确。

65.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干定位到第三段第一句CoincidingwiththeSupremeCourt’sdeliberation,ontheissue,Ehrlich’sfindinginspiredaninterestineconometricanalysisofdeterrence,leadingtomanystudiesthatusehisdatabutdifferentregressionspecifications—differentregressorsordifferentchoiceofendogenousvs.exogenousvariables.（与最高法院对该问题的审议一致，埃利希的发现激发了对威慑的计量经济学分析的兴趣，导致许多研究使用了他的数据，但回归规格不同——不同的回归者或内生变量与外生变量的不同选择）可知A选项“埃利希的发现引起了其他人对死刑威慑效应的分析”，B选项“很多人在他们的分析中使用了埃利希的数据，但是是以不同的方式”正确；第三段第二句ThemixedfindingspromptedaseriesofsensitivityanalysesonEhrlich’sequations,reflectingafurtheremphasisonspecification.（这些研究结果综合对埃利希的经济计量公式进行了灵敏度分析，进一步强调了参数的重要性）可知C选项“其他人的研究结果是相似的”错误，并没有说其他人的研究结果是相似的，D选项“埃利希在他的分析中提供了一个方程”正确。因此C选项符合题意。

66.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干定位到第四段第一句Dataissues,ontheotherhand,havereceivedfarlessattention.（另一方面，数据问题受到的关注要少得多）可知作者第一句话就表明观点——研究分析中所利用的数据问题并没有被给予足够的重视，接下来作者论述大多数现有的研究使用的都是时间序列数据或截面数据，这两种数据都各有弊端，选D选项“数据问题没有得到应有的重视”；第四段Crosssectionalstudiesarelesssensitivetothisproblem（横断面研究对这一问题不太敏感）可知A选项“横断面研究对聚集更敏感”错误；第四段Thestudiesthatusenationaltime-seriesdataareaffectedbyanaggregationproblem.（使用国家时间序列数据的研究受到聚集问题的影响）可知B选项“时间序列数据不受聚合影响”错误；第四段Moreover,crosssectionalstudiesareaffectedbyunobservedheterogeneitywhichcannotbecontrolledforintheabsenceoftimevariation.（此外，横断面研究受到未观察到的异质性的影响，这在没有时间变化的情况下是无法控制的）可知C选项“在没有时间变化的情况下，无法控制未观察到的异质性”逻辑关系错误。因此D选项符合题意。

8.单选题

Thechocolatecompanymaintainedstablesales______andincreasedprofitsby4.7%inthefiscalperiodendinginFebruary.

问题1选项

A.volumes

B.rows

C.dimensions

D.outputs

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项volumes“体积，容量”；B选项rows“一排，一行；一排座位；排屋，排房”；C选项dimensions“规模，大小”；D选项outputs“输出”。句意：在2月份结账期结束巧克力公司保持稳定的销售……，并增加了4.7%的利润。salesvolumes为固定搭配，译为销售量，因此A选项正确。

9.单选题

InatimeoflowacademicachievementbychildrenintheUnitedStates,manyAmericansareturningtoJapan,acountryofhighacademicachievementandeconomicsuccess,forpossibleanswers.However,theanswersprovidedbyJapanesepreschoolsarenottheonesAmericansexpectedtofind.InmostJapanesepreschools,surprisingly,littleemphasisisputonacademicinstruction.Inoneinvestigation,300Japaneseand210Americanpreschoolteachers,childdevelopmentspecialists,andparentswereaskedaboutvariousaspectsofearlychildhoodeducation.Only2percentoftheJapaneserespondents（答问卷者）listed“togivechildrenagoodstartacademically”asoneoftheirtopthreereasonsforasocietytohavepreschools.Incontrast,overhalftheAmericanrespondentschosethisasoneoftheirtopthreechoices.Topreparechildrenforsuccessfulcareersinfirstgradeandbeyond,Japaneseschoolsdonotteachreading,writing,andmathematics,butratherskillssuchaspersistence,concentration,andtheabilitytofunctionasamemberofagroup.ThevastmajorityofyoungJapanesechildrenaretaughttoreadathomebytheirparents.

IntherecentcomparisonofJapaneseandAmericanpreschooleducation,91percentofJapaneserespondentschoseprovidingchildrenwithagroupexperienceasoneoftheirtopthreereasonsforasocietytohavepreschools.Sixty-twopercentofthemoreindividuallyoriented（强调个性发展的），Americanslistedgroupexperienceasoneoftheirtopthreechoices.AnemphasisontheimportanceofthegroupseeninJapaneseearlychildhoodeducationcontinuesintoelementaryschooleducation.

LikeinAmerica,thereisdiversityinJapaneseearlychildhoodeducation.SomeJapanesekindergartenshavespecificaims,suchasearlymusicaltrainingorpotentialdevelopment.Inlargecities,somekindergartensareattachedtouniversitiesthathaveelementaryandsecondaryschool.

SomeJapaneseparentsbelievethatiftheiryoungchildrenattendauniversity-basedprogram,itwillincreasethechildren’schancesofeventuallybeingadmittedtotop-ratedschoolsanduniversities.SeveralmoreprogressiveprogramshaveintroducedfreeplayasawayoutfortheheavyintellectualizinginsomeJapanesekindergartens.

1.WelearnfromthefirstparagraphthatmanyAmericanbelieve（）.

2.MostAmericansurveyedbelievethatpreschoolsshouldalsoattachimportanceto（）.

3.InJapan’spreschooleducation,thefocusison（）.

4.FreeplayhasbeenintroducedinsomeJapanesekindergartensinorderto（）.

5.WhydosomeJapaneseparentssendtheirchildrentouniversity-basedkindergartens?

问题1选项

A.JapaneseparentsaremoreinvolvedinpreschooleducationthanAmericanparents.

B.Japan’seconomicsuccessisaresultoritsscientificachievements.

C.Japanesepreschooleducationemphasizesacademicinstruction.

D.Japan’shighereducationissuperiortotheirs.

问题2选项

A.problemsolving

B.groupexperience

C.parentalguidance

D.individually–orienteddevelopment

问题3选项

A.preparingchildrenacademically

B.developingchildren’sartisticinterests

C.lappingchildren’spotential

D.shapingchildren’scharacter

问题4选项

A.broadenchildren’shorizon

B.cultivatechildren’screativity

C.lightenchildren’sstudyload

D.enrichchildren’sknowledge

问题5选项

A.Theycandobetterintheirfuturestudies.

B.Theycanaccumulatemoregroupexperiencethere.

C.Theycanbeindividuallyorientedwhentheygrowup.

D.Theycanhavebetterchancesofgettingafirst-rateeducation.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】1.事实细节题。根据文章第一段，“However,theanswersprovidedbyJapanesepreschoolsarenottheonesAmericansexpectedtofind.InmostJapanesepreschools,surprisingly,littleemphasisisputonacademicinstruction.”，可知日本的学前教育提供的答案并不是美国人所期望的。令人惊讶的是，在大多数日本学前教育中，很少强调学术教育指导。可判断出美国人相信日本的学前教育强调学术指导。相信C符合题意。

2.事实细节题。根据文章第二段，“91percentofJapaneserespondentschoseprovidingchildrenwithagroupexperienceasoneoftheirtopthreereasonsforasocietytohavepreschools.Sixty-twopercentofthemoreindividuallyoriented，Americanslistedgroupexperienceasoneoftheirtopthreechoices.”，可知91%的日本受访者认为，让孩子们有团体经历是日本社会让孩子接受学前教育的三大理由之一，62%的美国受访者将团队经历列为他们的三大选择之一。可判断出大多数接受调查的美国人认为学龄前儿童也应该重视团队经验。相信B符合题意。

3.事实细节题。根据文章第一段，“Japaneseschoolsdonotteachreading,writing,andmathematics,butratherskillssuchaspersistence,concentration,andtheabilitytofunctionasamemberofagroup.”，可知日本的学校不教授阅读、写作和数学等学业知识，而是教授诸如坚持、专注和团队意识等能力。可判断出在日本的学前教育中，关注的重点在于塑造孩子的性格。选项D符合题意。

4.判断推理题。根据文章最后一句，“SeveralmoreprogressiveprogramshaveintroducedfreeplayasawayoutfortheheavyintellectualizinginsomeJapanesekindergartens.”，可知一些更先进的项目引入了自由游戏，作为一些日本幼儿园摆脱沉重的课业负担的方法。可判断出日本的学前教育引入了自由玩耍的项目，目的是为了减轻孩子的学习负担。选项C符合题意。

5.事实细节题。根据文章最后一段，“SomeJapaneseparentsbelievethatiftheiryoungchildrenattendauniversity-basedprogram,itwillincreasethechildren’schancesofeventuallybeingadmittedtotop-ratedschoolsanduniversities.”，可知一些日本父母认为，如果他们的孩子参加一个大学的项目，这将使孩子未来更有可能被一流学校和大学录取。可判断出一些日本父母把孩子送到大学附属的幼儿园，原因在于这能增加他们上一流大学的机会，从而接受最好的教育。选项D符合题意。

10.单选题

Theenergeticultravioletradiationis______tolifesinceittendstobreakupthecomplicatedmoleculesonwhichlifedepends.

问题1选项

A.indissoluble

B.indolent

C.indiscreet

D.inimical

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项indissoluble“不能分解的，不能溶解的”，B项indolent“懒惰的，无痛的”，C项indiscreet“轻率的，不慎重的”，D项inimical“敌意的，有害的”。由原因状语sinceittendstobreakupthecomplicatedmoleculesonwhichlifedepends“因为它倾向于分解生命所依赖的复杂分子”可知，“有害的”符合语境。句意：高能的紫外线辐射对生命是有害的，因为它往往会破坏生命所依赖的复杂分子。因此，该题选择D项正确。

11.单选题

E-mailisaconvenient,highlydemocraticinformalmediumforconveyingmessagesthat（

）welltohumanneeds.

问题1选项

A.conforms

B.adheres

C.reflects

D.satisfies

【答案】B

【解析】句意:电子邮件是一种方便的、非常大众化的非正式信息传递媒介,它很符合人类的需求。

考查动词辨析。四个选项均为对应动词的三单形式。Conform符合,遵照,常与介词to或with连用;adhere遵守,坚持,粘附;reflect反映,反射,反省;satisfy使满意,满足,可作及物动词。故B项无论从语义还是从搭配上都符合题干要求。

12.单选题

Heclaimsthatadvertisingtodaytendstoportraywomenintraditionalrolessuchascookingortakingcareofthebaby.

问题1选项

A.depict

B.advocate

C.criticize

D.analyze

【答案】A

【解析】动词词义辨析。句意：他声称，如今的广告倾向于将女性塑造成做饭或照顾孩子等传统角色。选项A与划线部分意思最为接近。

13.单选题

Fewerandfeweroftoday’sworkersexpecttospendtheirworkinglivesinthesamefield,（）thesamecompany.

问题1选项

A.allelse

B.muchworse

C.lesslikely

D.letalone

【答案】D

【解析】考查语义辨析。A选项allelse“其他所有”；B选项muchworse“更糟糕的是”；C选项lesslikely“更不可能的是”；D选项letalone“更不必说”，句意为：如今想在同一个领域干一辈子的工人越来越少，更不用说同一个公司了。D选项符合句意，因此选D。

14.翻译题

Today’schangedconditionsfordoingsocialtheoryhavedisturbedtheoriginalbalanceoftradebetweenlayandexpertsocialtheorists.Werewetocompare,say,theendofthenineteenthcenturytotheendofthetwentieth,wewouldsoonfindtwomajordifferencesinthecircumstancesaffectingwhothinkaboutsociallifeandhowtheythink.First,thenumberofpeoplewithreadyaccesstoaculturesupportiveofcriticalthinkinghasincreaseddramatically,especiallyaftertheholdoftheEuropeanpowersontheircoloniescametoaformalend,primarilyduringthe1950sand1960s.Second,thepeoplenormallyengagedincriticalsocialthinkingarenolongernecessarilymembersoforidentifiedwithadominantclassofbourgeoisintellectuals.Manyofthenewsocialtheoristsdonotconsiderthemselvesbourgeois,andmanyarevisiblynotanythinglikethewhite,maleadvocatesofEuropeanculturewhowrotethefirst,best-knownsocialtheories.Thesetwodifferences—oneofnumber,oneofkind—makesocialtheorytodayanenterpriselargely,butnotentirely,differentfromthatofthenineteenthcentury.

【答案】【参考译文】

当今社会理论研究的条件发生了变化，打破了外行社会理论家与专家社会理论家之间原有的贸易平衡。比如说，如果我们比较一下19世纪末和20世纪末，我们很快就会发现影响人们思考社会生活和他们如何思考的环境有两大不同。首先，有机会接触到支持批判性思维的文化的人数急剧增加，特别是在欧洲列强对其殖民地的控制正式结束之后，主要是在20世纪50年代和60年代。第二，通常从事批判性社会思维的人不再一定是或不再被认为是资产阶级知识分子的主导阶级成员。许多新社会理论家并不认为自己是资产阶级，而且许多人显然一点也不像那些倡导欧洲文化的白人男性，他们写出了第一批最著名的社会理论。这两种不同——一种是数量上的不同，一种是种类上的不同——使得今天的社会理论在很大程度上（但不是完全）不同于19世纪的社会理论。

15.单选题

What（）aboutthatarticleinthenewspaperwasthatitswritershowedallattitudecoolenough,professionalenoughand,therefore,cruelenoughwhenfacingthattragedy.

问题1选项

A.workedmeout

B.knockedmeout

C.broughtmeup

D.putmeforward

【答案】B

【解析】workout算出，解决；knocksb.out把某人打昏，使疲劳；bringsb.up把某人抚养大；putforward提出。句意：报纸上那篇文章让我大吃一惊的是，它的作者在面对那场悲剧时，表现出了足够冷静、足够专业的态度，因此也足够残忍。选项B符合语境。

16.单选题

Twodivergentdefinitionshavedominatedsociologists’discussionsofthenatureofethnicity.Thefirstemphasizestheprimordialandunchangingcharacterofethnicity.Inthisview,peoplehaveanessentialneedforbelongingthatissatisfiedbymembershipingroupsbasedonsharedancestryandculture.Adifferentconceptionofethnicityde-emphasizestheculturalcomponentanddefinesethnicgroupsasinterestgroups.Inthisview,ethnicityservesasawayofmobilizingacertainpopulationbehindissuesrelatingtoitseconomicposition.Whilebothofthesedefinitionsareuseful,neitherfullycapturesthedynamicandchangingaspectsofethnicityintheUnitedStates.

Rather,ethnicityismoresatisfactorilyconceivedofasaprocessinwhichpreexistingcommunalbondsandcommonculturalattributesareadaptedforinstrumentalpurposesaccordingtochangingreal-lifesituations.

OneexampleofthisprocessistheriseofparticipationbyNativeAmericanpeopleinthebroaderUnitedStatespoliticalsystemsincetheCivilRightsmovementofthe1960’s.BesidesleadingNativeAmericanstoparticipatemoreactivelyinpolitics(thenumberofNativeAmericanlegislativeofficeholdersmorethandoubled),thismovementalsoevokedincreasedinterestintribalhistoryandtraditionalculture.Culturalandinstrumentalcomponentsofethnicityarenotmutuallyexclusive,butratherreinforceoneanother.

TheCivilRightsmovementalsobroughtchangesintheusestowhichethnicitywasputbyMexicanAmericanpeople.Inthe1960’s,MexicanAmericansformedcommunity-basedpoliticalgroupsthatemphasizedancestralheritageasawayofmobilizingconstituents.SuchemergingissuesasimmigrationandvotingrightsgaveMexicanAmericanadvocacygroupsthemeansbywhichtopromoteethnicsolidarity.LikeEuropeanethnicgroupsinthenineteenth-centuryUnitedStates,late-twentieth-centuryMexicanAmericanleaderscombinedethnicwithcontemporarycivicsymbols.In1968HenryCensors,thenmayorofSanAntonio,Texas,citedMexicanleaderBenitoJuarezasamodelforMexicanAmericansintheirfightforcontemporarycivilrights.Andeveryyear,MexicanAmericanscelebrateCincodeMayoasferventlyasmanyIrishAmericanpeopleembraceSt.Patrick’sDay(botharemajorholidaysinthecountriesoforigin),withbothholidayshavingbeenreinventedinthecontextoftheUnitedStatesandlinkedtoideals,symbols,andheroesoftheUnitedStates.

46.Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthemainideaofthepassage?

47.Whichisthefollowingstatementsaboutthefirsttwodefinitionsofethnicitydiscussedinthefirstparagraphissupportedbythepassage?

48.TheauthorofthepassagereferstoNativeAmericanpeopleinthesecondparagraphinordertoprovideanexampleof____.

49.ThepassagesupportswhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheMexicanAmericancommunity?

50.Whichofthefollowingtypesofethnicculturalexpressionisdiscussedinthepassage?

问题1选项

A.Intheirdefinitionsofthenatureofethnicity