英语语法8.分词课件

分词现在分词和过去分词主要差别在于：现在分词表示“主动和进行”，过去分词表示“被动和完成”

分词的时态分词作定语分词作宾语补足语分词作状语分词的独立主格1）一般式(doing)表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生

Hearingthenews,hejumpedwithjoy.Arrivingthere,theyfoundtheboydead.

Thesecretaryworkedlateintothenight,___alongspeechforthepresident.

A.toprepareB.preparingC.preparedD.waspreparing

___areply,hedecidedtowriteagain.

A.NotreceivingB.ReceivingnotC.NothavingreceivedD.Havingnotreceived

（一）作定语

1.现在分词单独作定语(通常放在所修饰词前

)comingweek

下周

runningwater自来水flyingfish飞鱼比较：sleepingchild

酣睡的孩子

sleepingcar

区分作定语的现在分词和动名词

现在分词做定语表修饰名词的动作(即与名词有主谓关系)；动名词表示名词的功能，作用，目的等。

sleepingbeautysleeping-carthewaitingroomsthewaitingcrowdswimmingpoolswimmingboytheworkingclassrunningshoeslivinglanguagelivingstandard2.现在分词短语作定语放在所修饰词的后面，意思同定语从句差不多

Doyouknowthewoman(whois)talkingtoTom?

Thegirlstandingthere(=whoisstandingthere)ismysister

分词作定语

Wecanseethepartofthemoonlightedbysunlight.Afteranightspentinexcitementandsleeplessness,Iforcedmyselftotakealongwalkalongthebeachthenextday.

(三）分词作宾语补足语

1.感官动词see,watch,hear,observe,notice,feel,find,glimpse,glanceOnthetopofthehill,wecouldseesmokerisingfromthechimneysinthevillage.Have的用法A．have＋宾语＋过去分词这种结构一般有两种意义，一为“致使”，二为被动。前者表示主语的意志致使某事发生或被做到，后者则与主观意志完全无关。1）表示主观的意志Thoseplantsarenotsuitableforthatpartofthegarden．Ishouldhavethempulledup．2）与主观意志完全无关Hehashislegbrokeninafall．他的腿摔断了。Ihadmypocketpickedonthesubway．B．have＋宾语＋不定式（不带to）这种结构一般表示“让某人做某事”。Iwon’thaveyousaysuchthings.C．have＋宾语＋现在分词这种结构有两种意思，一是使某人做某事，二是与否定词连用，表示不许某人做某事。1）have＋宾语＋现在分词（叫某人做某事）Wefinallymanagedtohavehertalkingaboutherself．2）nothave＋宾语＋现在分词（不许某人做某事）Iwon'thaveyousmokinginthesittingroom．我不许你在起居室里抽烟。3.在动词allow,ask,consider,desire,expect,feel,find,get,have,hear,imagine,keep,like,make,observe,order,permit,prefer,remember,request,require,see,urge后Aftermyencounterwithher,Ifoundmyselfgreatlyshaken.Youshouldkeepherinformedofwhatisgoingonhere.Theteacherexpectedthestudentswellpreparedfortheexamination.4.在动词see,hear,feel,watch,notice，perceive，observe,listento,lookat后既可用现在分词做补语,也可用不定式做补语。用现在分词表示动作正在进行,用不定式表示的动作的全过程已经完成。IsawMr.Whitegetoffabus.—Doyouhearsomeoneknockingatthedoor?—Yes,Idid.Iheardhimknockthreetimes.

四、分词作状语

现在分词作状语,其逻辑主语是句子的主语,选用分词时,一定要看分词与其逻辑主语(即句子的主语)的关系,如果表示与句子谓语动词的动作同时发生,选用现在分词的一般式;如果分词的动作先于谓语动作之前发生,就用分词的完成式。Confinedtobed(=Becauseshewasconfinedtobed),sheneededtobewaitedonineverything.Givenmoreattention(Ifmoreattentionwasgiven)，thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.Havingfinishedhishomework,helefttheclassroom.

2)一个动作（多为简短）一发生，另一个动作随着发生（分词放前面）Takingakeyoutofhispocketheopenedthedoor.Turningaround,shesawanambulancedrivingup.3)与while/when连用，表示某一个进行时，另一个动作发生。Becarefulwhencrossingtheroad.HegotengagedtoherwhentravelinginEurope.

Quiz____theearthtobeflat,manyfearedthatColumbuswouldfallofftheedge.A)Havingbelieved

B)Believing

C)Believed

D)BeingbelievedNomatterhowfrequently____,theworksofBeethovenalwaysattractlargeaudiences.A)performing

B)performed

C)tobeperformed

D)beingperformedTherewasaterriblenoise___thesuddenburstoflight.

A.followedB.followingC.tobefollowedD.beingfollowed_______,liquidscanbechangedintogases.A.HeatingB.TobeheatedC.HeatedD.Heat分词的独立主格非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语，从而在结构上与主语不发生关系，我们称之为独立主格结构。它不修饰单个的词，而修饰整个句子。独立主格结构可位于句子的任何部位。它构成一个单独实体，在句中作状语.具有如下两种功能：(1)解释原因或情景(2)提供主句中重点部分的相关细节。Theprojectfinished,theyhadatwoweeks’leave.Hebeingabsent,nothingcouldbedone.A.不定式独立主格结构在“逻辑主语+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。Isendyou100dollarstoday,therest____inayear.A.follows

B.followed

C.tofollow

D.beingfollowed表示动作未完成，其中therest与follow存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。此句可以改为：Isendyou100dollarstoday,andtherestistofollowinayear.B.现在分词独立主格结构1.表示时间Everyonebeingready,theteacherbeganhisclass.（相当于一个时间状语从句Wheneveryonewasready)Thechairmanbeganthemeeting,everyonebeingseated.（相当于一个时间状语从句aftereveryonewasseated）2.表示原因Theboyleadingtheway,wehadnotroublefindingthestrangecave.(相当于一个原因状语从句Becausetheboyledtheway）Manyeyeswatchinghim,hefeltabitnervous.（相当于Asmanyeyeswerewatchinghim）注意：含有being的独立主格结构。ItbeingNationalDaytoday，thestreetsareverycrowded.=AsitisNationalDaytoday,thestreetsareverycrowded.Therebeingnofurtherbusinesstodiscuss,weallwenthome.=Astherewasnofurtherbusinesstodiscuss,weallwenthome.3.表示条件Timepermitting,wewillhaveapicnicnextweek.（相当于Iftimepermits…)Myhealthallowing,Iwillworkfarintothenight.（相当于Ifmyhealthallows…）4．表示方式Thestudentsarewalkingintheschoolhappily,eachwearingacardinfrontofhischest.（相当于一个并列分句andeachwearsacardinfrontofhischest）Theboylayonthegrass,hiseyeslookingatthesky.

（相当于一个并列分句andhiseyeswerelookingatthesky）C.过去分词独立主格结构ThebookwritteninsimpleEnglish,Englishbeginnerswereabletoreadit.（独立主格结构在句中作原因状语）

Hewaslisteningattentivelyinclass,hiseyesfixedontheblackboard.（方式状语）Thetaskcompleted,hehadtwomonths'leave.（作时间状语）=Whenthetaskhadbeencompleted,hehadtwomonths'leave.比较：动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束，动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。Themanagerlooksworried，manythingstosettle.经理看上去很着急,有这么多的事情要处理。

事情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式tosettleThemanagerlooksrelaxed,manythingssettled.Thefoodbeingcooked,theboywaswatchingTV.（两个动作同时进行）Thefoodcooked,theboywenttobed.

（两个动作有先后，饭已做好，小孩才去睡觉的）二、无动词独立主格结构“逻辑主语+being+其他”是独立主格结构中的“逻辑主语+动词-ing形式”的一种形式。在这种结构中，being往往可以被省去，这种省去being的结构，称之为无动词“独立主格结构”。Tenstudentsenteredforthecompetition,theyoungestaboyof12.

（theyoungest和aboyof12之间省去了being）注意：独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略，一是在“Therebeing+名词”结构中，二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。Therebeingnobus,wehadtowalkhome.ItbeingSunday,alltheofficesareclosed.Heturnedtome,hiseyessleepy.Schoolover,weallwenthome.Heisstandinginfrontoftheblackboard,hisbacktowardsus.Thenewteachercamein,asmileonherface.三、with/without引导的独立主格结构在句子中with结构多数充当状语，表示行为方式，伴随情况、时间、原因或条件Themasterwaswalkingupanddownwiththerulerunderhisarm.（with+名词+介词短语，作伴随状语。）

Theteacherenteredtheclassroomwithabookinhishand.Withoutanythingleftinthecupboard，shewentouttogetsomethingtoeat.（without+代词+过去分词，作为原因状语）Hecouldnotfinishitwithoutmetohelphim.（without+代词+不定式，作条件状语）Withthemealover，weallwenthome.（with+名词+副词，作时间状语）Fromspacetheearthlookslikeahugewater-coveredglobewithafewpatchesoflandstickingoutabovethewater.

独立主格在口语中不常用，往往由一个从句代替，而with结构较口语化，较常用。例如：Therewererowsofwhitehouseswithtreesinfrontofthem.

Theboysaid，turningtotheman，hiseyesopenedwideandhishandraised.

2.独立结构有时也可以用“with/without+

名词（或代词的宾语）+分词”的结构，表示伴随状况。

Theysattheresilently,(with)theireyesfixedonthelake.Withhimhelpingme,Ifeltlucky.Themurderwasbroughtin,withhishands___behindhisback。A.beingtiedB.havingtiedC.tobetiedD.tied1.BecauseofmypoorEnglishI'mafraidIcan'tmakemyself________.A.understandB.tounderstandC.understandingD.understood2.Doyouknowtheboy________underthebigtree?A.layB.lainC.layingD.lying

Exercises

D

D

3.Whilebuildingatunnelthroughthemountain,_______.A.anundergroundlakewasdiscoveredB.therewasanundergroundlakediscoveredC.alakewasdiscoveredundergroundD.theworkersdiscoveredanundergroundlakeD4.______verysmall,computersarewidelyused.A.Because B.As C.Since D.Being5.______fromthehill,thelittlevillagelooksmorebeautiful.A.Tosee B.BeingseenC.SeeingD.Seen

DD6.Walkingdownthestreettheotherday,_______.A.IsawunusualsomethinghappenedB.aterribleaccidenthappenedC.somethingunusualwasseenbymeD.IsawaterribleaccidentD7.______inthequeueforhalfanhour,Tomsuddenlyrealizedthathehadlefthiswalletathome.A.Towait B.HavewaitedC.Havingwaited D.Tohavewaited8.Theresearchissodesignedthatonce______nothingcanbedonetochangeit.A.begins B.havingbeginC.beginning D.begunCD9.Itshamesmetosayit,butItoldaliewhen___atthemeetingbymyboss.A.questioning B.havequestionedC.questioned D.tobequestionedC10.______bythebeautyofnature,thegirlfromLondondecidedtospendanothertwodaysonthefarm.A.AttractingB.AttractedC.TobeattractedD.Havingattracted11.Theoldman,_____abroadfortwentyyears,isonthewaybacktohismotherland.A.toworkB.workingC.tohaveworkedD.havingworkedBD12.

_____theprogram,theyhavetostaythereforanothertwoweeks.A.NotcompletingB.NotcompletedC.NothavingcompletedD.Havingnotcompleted

C13.______withthesizeofthewholeearth,thebiggestoceandoesnotseembigatall.A.CompareB.WhencomparingC.ComparingD.whencomparedD14.There____nofurtherbusiness,theconferencecametoanend.A.wasB.beC.beingD.hadbeen15.IfIcorrectsomeone,Iwilldoitwithasmuchgoodhumorandself-restraintasifIweretheone______.A.tocorrectB.correctingC.havingcorrectedD.beingcorrected

DB16.____inarecentsciencecompetition,thethreestudentswereawardedscholarshipstotaling$21,000.A.JudgedthebestB.JudgingthebestC.TobejudgedthebestD.HavingjudgedthebestA

17.Youwillseethisproduct____whereveryougo.A.advertisedB.advertisingC.advertiseD.tobeadvertised18.Thepresidentpromisedtokeepalltheboardmembers____ofhowthenegotiationsweregoingon.A.informedB.informC.beinformedD.informingAA19.AftertheArabstateswonindependence,greatemphasiswaslaidonexpandingeducation,withgirlsaswellboys____togotoschool.A)tobeencouraged

B)beenencouragedC)beingencouraged

D)beencouraged20.____inthisway,thesituationdoesn'tseemsodisappointing.A)Tolook

B)LookingatC)Lookedat

D)TobelookedatCD21.___thattheyarefreshfromuniversity,theyoungpeoplehavedoneagoodjob.A)Given

B)Because

C)Giving