第2章沉积古地理学1-概念定律生物标志

第2章沉积古地理学-1Sedimentarypalaeogeography概念与定律相标志沉积环境/互动给你一块标本还我一片天地2.1

概念与定律Concepts

and

lawsSed.Environments/沉积环境Sedimentary

facies/沉积相Facies

changes

andysisof

sed-facies/相变和相分析Walther’s

law/瓦尔特定律Uniformitarianism/均变论1

沉积环境(sedimentary

environments):

一个具有独特的物理、化学和生物特征及其组合的自然地理单元2

沉积相(Sedimentaryfacies)——反映沉积记录成因（环境和条件）的原生岩石和生物特征的综合。即原生沉积记录成因的物质表现记录:生物相/biofacies;遗迹相/ichnofacies;岩相/lithofacies,petrofacies成因:环境相(environmental

facies);作用相/processing

faciesCarbonatefaciesShalefaciesSandstonefaciesShale

&coal

facies3a相变——地层的岩石特征和生物特征及其所反映的沉积环境和沉积作用在空间（横向）上的变化Facies

changesFacies

changes?Facies

sequence3b

相分析(facies

ysis)——根据地层的原生岩石特征和生物特征，推断地层的成因Subaerial,

most

likelysemi-arid

environmentMudcracks+RaindropsDeduction/演绎Induction/归纳相分析3要素:材料;方法;原理时间上的相随反映空间上的并列指导和检验相分析工作(剖面上+平面上)4

瓦尔特定律/相对比原理(J

Walther,1894):只有那些目前可以观察到是相互毗邻的相和相区，才能原生地

在一起Walther’s

law

or

law

offacies

correlation

:Onlythose

facies

and

facies-areas

can

be

superimposedprimarily

which

can

beobserved

beside

each

other

at

thepresent

time

(translated

by

Middleton,1973);

in

other

words,

facies

occurring

in

a

conformable

vertical

sequence

of

strata

were

formedinlaterally

adjacent

environments.整合/Stratigraphical

conformities渐变/Gradual

transgression/regression冲积“The

past

history

of

our

globe

must

be

explained

by

what

can

be

seen

to

behappening

now”

(James

Hutton).

It

was

named

Uniformitarianism

by

CharlesLyell

(1830;

Hutton,

1795)Uniformitarianism-1?将今论古5

Uniformitarianism类比

分析Brachiopods（Productida,

O3-P)现代腕足动物，各种水深均能生存

(0-6000m+),但以深水为主;古生代腕足类大多数

盐度正常的浅海环境中，但中生代以来发现它们与某些深水类别共生Uniformitarianism-2?MarsSedimentationon

the

Mars将地论天Uniformitarianism-3？Uniformitarianism-4?DeepbiosphereNature,

2011,

476:176-180Uniformitarianism

类比分析The

present

is

the

key

to

thepast将今论古将古论今

将古论古

将今论未来将天论地

将地论天将表层论深部将深部论表层跨时间域?or!跨空间域?or!The

earth

is

the

key

to

the

celestialbodiesWhat

are

your

comments?第2章沉积古地理学-1Sedimentarypalaeogeography概念与定律相标志沉积环境/互动给你一块标本还我一片天地2.2

相标志/Sed.

faciesindicators相标志:反映地层形成环境的原生沉积特征Sed.

Facies

indicators:

theprimary

biologic,

physic

&chemic

characteristics

andtheir

combinations

whichindicate

sedimentaryenvironments

andconditions海相/陆相;深水/浅水环

干旱/潮湿;

温暖/寒冷境

氧化/还原;

高能/低能特征意

义生物标志/Biogenic

indicatorstypesstenohaline:

corals,

brachiopods,

cephalopods,

bryozoans(nautilus,

ammonite)euryhaline:

bivalves,

gastropods,

cyanobacteriabody

fossilsassociations：

bivalves+plants;corals+brachiopods+cephalopodsabundancediversitypostures

&

ornaments：thin

&

thick,

unornamented

&

ornamentedin

situ:

coral

reef,

sponge

reef,

stromatolite

reefpreservationheterochthonous：

fossils

in

event

layershost

strataindicator

facies：Chondrites,

Paleodictyontypestransgressive

facies:

Planolites,

Gordiaassociations:

Skolithos

facies,

Cruziana

faciestrace

fossilsabundance

&

diversityposture

&

ornamentcrosscutting

relationshipstierings:

shallow,

middle,

deep海相/陆相深水/浅水干旱/潮湿温暖/寒冷氧化/还原高能/低能棕榈树（Pa

）红树林（Mangroves）鳄鱼（Crocodilians）生物礁(organicreef)煤/煤线(coal):

潮湿Bodyfossils原地∕异地埋藏？brackishHyperhalineModern

distribution

of

major

fossilizable

invertebrate

andalgae

in

relation

tosalinity.

After

Heckel

(1972)海相/陆相urchinforaminiferModern

distribution

of

major

fossilizable

invertebrate

andalgae

in

relation

to

depth

of

sea.

After

Heckel

(1972)gastropodcrinoidbrachiopodbryozoan深水/浅水Sponge-reef，O1,

Ibex,

Utah,

USAModern

bryozoans

reefStromatopora,

D3,

GuizhouReefsLagerstätte:

ammonite,

trilobites,

dinosaur,

Eurypterus,

fish,

plant,

Kueichousaurus

hui,

Nautilus菊石文饰与保存Diatomite(Shale

of

diatomaceous

earth),Miocene.

硅藻土页岩，N2,山旺,山东Kueichousaurus

hui,

LateTriassic.龙，晚三叠世早期，与菊石、海百合和牙形石共生文饰与保存Conglomerate

with

plants,

radiolarian,crinoids;D3k,

E.

JunggarTuffite

with

plants

and

radiolarian;D3h,

W.

Junggar文饰组合与保存Sulfate-reducingbacteriaDiatom,

2

microns,

lake

to

seaburrowstrails概念●分类●科学价值遗迹化石:地史时期生命活动留下的遗迹和遗物A

trace

fossil

is

a

morphologicallyrecurrent

structure

resulting

from

the

lifeactivity

of

an

individual

organism(orhomotypic/同类的生物)modifying

thesubstrate(Bertling

et

al.,

2006)遗迹化石Trace

fossilsCoprolite,

250MaStone

axes,1Ma;eggswoodgroundhardgroundStromatolites10

Imprint:

a

tool

mark.

Dead

body

of

a

starfish

isthe

toolBeach

of

the

Sapelo

Island,

Georgia分类/Classifications

of

trace

fossils保存分类Preservational

classification习性分类Ethological

classification形态分类Morphological

classificationPreservational

classifications全浮雕半浮雕外生迹表生迹内生迹底生迹EthologicClassification习性分类Resting-cubichnia;

crawling-repichnia;grazing-pascichnia;

Feeding-fodinichnia;

dwelling-domichnia;

traps&

gardening-agrichnia;

predation-praedichnia;equilibrium-equilibrichnia;

esca

-fugichniaMorphologicclassificationEuclidean

geometricterms：length,

diameter,height,

curve

,

angle

etc.Topologic

terms:dimension,

connectedcomponent,

branchnumber,

division-point,nondivision-point,

point’sindex,

closed

and

bounded

surfaces,

Eular’scharacter

etc.Yi-MingGong,

Yuan-Lan

Si.

2002.Classification

and

evolution

ofmetazoan

traces

at

a

topological

level.Lethaia,

35

(3):

263-274，龚一鸣.1998.

遗迹化石的形态-结构分析与拓扑分类.中国科学·D辑,28(1):60-66.General

formziichnusZoophycosCosmorhapheChondrites鉴定Details

of

the

organic

tracesOphiomorpha

nodosaSpongeliomorpha

ibericaThalassinoides

suevicusSkolithos,

Taenidium

serpentinum,Ancorichnus

ancorichnusSignificant

prompts遗迹化石的鉴定和分类应建立在标本好而且多的基础上，并应从不同切面上仔细观测上述多方面的特征命名/Nomenclature两级分类单位：遗迹属(ichnogenus→ichnogen./igen.)遗迹种(ichnospecies

→ichnosp./isp.)命名：林奈的binominal

nomenclature如属名:Scoyenia

gracilis

White,

1929（属的模式种）Quebeeichnus

Hofman,1972

（未指定）代表遗迹属的词尾：-craterion,-ichnus,-ichnites,

-ichnium科学价值/Trace

fossils’values重塑古环境/Reconstructing

palaeo-environments生物环境间的相互作用/Interaction

between

organisms

&

environ探索生命的

和演化/Probing

origin

and

evolution

of

life地层划分对比/Stratigraphic

division

and

correlation仿生学意义/Bionics’values从学生到

/From

ichno-student

to

outstandingdetectiveReconstructingpaleoenvironments据,

2007石针迹遗迹相二叶石遗迹相动藻迹遗迹相砂蚕迹遗迹相柳江人 山顶洞人 周口店直立人 汤山直立人人类躯体与文化的进化据邓涛，2005Bionics/仿生学意义（精确-精细-精准）How

to

live

&workDactyloidites智力你有多少方式生成该图案智者≥3种庸者0种能者

2种平者

1种5复杂回路型树型放射型简单回路型螺旋型Ichno-students

Detectives8th

International

Ichnofabric

Workshop,New

Zealand,

Feb.

17-24,

20052.2

相标志/Sed.

faciesindicators相标志:反映地层成因的原生沉积特征Sed.

Facies

indicators:

theprimary

biologic,

physic

&chemic

characteristics

andtheir

combinations

whichindicate

sedimentaryenvironments

andconditions海相/陆相;深水/浅水环

干旱/潮湿;

温暖/寒冷境

氧化/还原;

高能/低能特征意

义生物标志/Biogenic

indicatorstypesstenohaline:

corals,

brachiopods,

cephalopods,

bryozoans(nautilus,

ammonite)euryhaline:

bivalves,

gastropods,

cyanobacteriabody

fossilsassociations：

bivalves+plants;corals+brachiopods+cephalopodsabundancediversitypostures

&

ornaments：thin

&

thick,