项目管理专业英语课件

TypicalfunctionsincludeDefining/describingClassifying/categorisingGivingexamplesComparingandcontrasting:similaritiesanddifferencesExpressingreasonsandexplanations/causeandeffectTypicalfunctionsincludeDefin1Thethermostatcontrolsthetemperature.Thethermostatisusedforcontrollingthetemperature.Thefunctionofthethermostatistocontrolthetemperature.Thethermostatservesto(helpsto)controlthetemperature.Athermostatisaninstrumentforcontrollingthetemperature.Athermostatenablestheresearchertomeasurethetemperatureaccurately.Thethermostatcontrolsthete2TablesandDiagramsThewriterdoesnotsimplyaddthevisualpresentationtothetext,butincludessomesortofcomment.Typicallythewriterwillinclude(Swales&Feak,1994):*afewwordsthatlocatethevisualpresentation,**astatementthatdrawsattentiontotheimportantfeaturesofthevisualpresentation,

***somesortofcommentonordiscussionofthevisualpresentation.TablesandDiagramsThewriter3Table3comparesthestrengthsandweaknessesofdifferentmethods.Fromthecomparison,wecanconcludethat·Noonemethodisthebestforallprojects.·ParkinsonandPrice-to-winmethodsarenotsuitablefororganizationswhichaimtowinmorebusiness.·Usingacombinationoftechniquesmayprovidethebestestimation.Forexample,combiningtop-downestimationwithexpertjudgementandanalogymethodsmayprovideasuperiorresult.Table3comparesthestrengths4Referringtoadiagram,chart,etcAscanbeseenfromthechart,...indiagram,

table,

graph,

figures,Itcanbeseen

statistics,that...Wecansee

......canbeseenfromthechart.indiagram.

table.

graph.

figures.isshown

statistics.Referringtoadiagram,chart,5AscanbeseenfromTable1,.inFigure2,Itcanbeseen

Graph3,Wecansee

FromTable1itcanbeseenthat...Figure2

concluded

mayshown

estimated

calculatedthefigures

inferredchart

diagram

Thegraphshowsthat...Figure1AscanbeseenfromTable1,.inF6Describingchange

Therewasa(n)(very)barelynoticeablerise.slightincrease.slowupwardtend.gradual

steady

marked

dramatic

steep

sharp

rapidfluctuation.suddendownwardtrend.

decrease.

decline.

reduction.

fall.

drop.Describingchange

Therewasa7Therewasa(n)riseof...increasedecreasedeclinereductionfalldropXincreasedby...shotupgrewrosedeclinedreduceddecreaseddroppedfellTherewasa(n)riseof...increa8Xincreasedslightlyshotupslowlygrewgraduallyrosesteadily

markedly

dramatically

steeply

sharply

rapidlydeclinedsuddenlyreduced

decreased

dropped

fell

Xreachedapeak.levelledoffXincreasedslightlyshotupslowl9Figure1showsthesalesofmobilephonespermonthfromtheyears1998to2001.Ascanbeseen,thesalesofmobilephonesdeclinedslowlyinthebeginningmonthsof1998,thenremainedatalevelofabout3000fromMayuntiltheendoftheyear.Enteringinto1999,thesalesfirstrosegradually,thenwithasteepincreaseattheendoftheyear,andreachedapeakof6,200inFebruary2000.Asharpfallfollowedbutsaleslevelledoffatabout5,300permonthfromApril,fluctuatingslightlythroughtheyear,andarenowincreasingagain.Thefiguresseemtoindicatethatwehaverecoveredfromtheproblemsinmid-2000andareontargettoimproveonourFebruary2000peakbytheendof2002.Figure1showsthesalesofmo10Classifying-----Thereare?types/kinds/classes/categories/sorts/varietiesof?:?.

-----?consistsof/comprises/canbedividedinto/?categories.Theseareacidicandbasic.

-----?maybeclassifiedaccordingto/onthebasisof/dependingon?.Classifying-----Thereare?ty11Whatisthetextclassifying?Howmanytypesarethere?Whatarethedifferenttypes?Howdowemakethedistinction?Whatisthetextclassifying?12Thechemicalelementsintheearth'scrustareclassifiedintwomajorgroups-metalsandnonmetals.Elementsareclassifiedasmetallicornonmetallic,accordingtotheirphysicalandchemicalproperties.Metals,forexample,areusuallygoodconductorsofheatandelectricity;nonmetalsusuallyarenot.Mostmetalsaremalleable;theycanbehammeredintoflatsheets;nonmetalslackthisquality.Somemetalsarealsoductile;theycanbedrawnoutintothinwires;nonmetalsarenotusuallyductile.Metalsusuallyhaveluster,andareabletoreflectlight.Theyalsohaveahighdensity.Nonmetalsusuallydonotexhibittheseproperties.Afewelements,suchasarsenicandantimony,exhibitbothmetallicandnonmetallicpropertiesandaresometimesreferredtoasmetalloids.Thechemicalelementsinthee13

Fig.1–“Waterfall”orSequentialDevelopmentMethodvs.IterativeDevelopmentMethod

14Oneofthemostimportantreasonsforthehugesuccessofconcurrentengineeringisthatbydefinitionitredefinesthebasicdesignprocessstructurethatwasbasedonasequentialdesignflow,sometimescalledthe‘WaterfallModel’.Concurrentengineeringsignificantlymodifiesthisoutdatedmethodandinsteadoptstousewhathasbeentermedaniterativeorintegrateddevelopmentmethod.ThetwodesignprocessescanbeseengraphicallyinFigure1.

The‘Waterfall’methodmovesinacompletelylinearfashionbystartingwithuserrequirementsandsequentiallymovingforwardtodesign,implementationandadditionalstepsuntilyouhaveafinishedproduct.Theproblemhereisthatthedesignsystemdoesnotlookbackwardsorforwardsfromthestepitisontofixpossibleproblems.Inthecasethatsomethingdoesgowrong,thedesignusuallymustbescrappedorheavilyaltered.Ontheotherhand,theiterativedesignprocessismorecyclicinthat,asmentionedbefore,allaspectsofthelifecycleoftheproductaretakenintoaccount,allowingforamoreevolutionaryapproachtodesign.Oneofthemostimportantreas15TransitionalsignalsTransitionalwordsarecohesivetiestoconnectthesentencesandparagraphssothatapieceofwritingmovesnaturallyandlogically.TransitionalsignalsTransition161.Time/orderatfirst,eventually,finally,first,firstly,intheend,inthefirstplace,inthesecondplace,lastly,later,next,second,secondly,tobeginwith2.Comparison/similarideasincomparison,inthesameway,similarly,incontrastwith3.Contrast/oppositeideasbut,despite,inspiteof,evenso,however,incontrast,inspiteofthis,nevertheless,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,still,whereas,yet,incontrastto1.Time/order174.Causeandeffectaccordingly,asaconsequence,asaresult,because,becauseofthis,consequently,forthisreason,hence,inconsequence,inorderto,owingtothis,since,so,sothat,therefore,thus,foralltheabovereasons5.Examplesforexample,forinstance,suchas,thus,asfollows6Generalizationasarule,generally,ingeneral,normally,onthewhole,inmostcases,usually7.Statingtheobviousnessafterall,asonemightexpect,clearly,itgoeswithoutsaying,naturally,obviously,ofcourse,surely,infact4.Causeandeffect188.Attitudeadmittedly,certainly,fortunately,luckily,oddlyenough,strangelyenough,undoubtedly,unfortunately9.Summary/conclusionfinally,inbrief,inconclusion,inshort,overall,so,then,toconclude,tosumup,inanutshell10.Explanation/equivalenceinotherwords,namely,orrather,thatistosay,thismeans,tobemoreprecise,toputitanotherway,specifically,tobemorespecific11.Additionapartfromthis,aswellas,besides,furthermore,inaddition,moreover,nor,notonly...butalso,too,whatismore8.Attitude1912.Conditioninthatcase,then,given13.Supportactually,asamatteroffact,infact,indeed14.Contradictionactually,asamatteroffact,infact15.Emphasischiefly,especially,indetail,inparticular,mainly,notably,particularly12.Condition20ParagraphsParagraphs21Formanyyears,projectmanagershavereliedonexperienceandtheprevailingindustrynormsasabasistodevelopcostestimate.However,basingestimatesonexpertjudgmentisproblematic:·Thisapproachisnotrepeatableandthemeansofderivinganestimatearenotexplicit.·Itisdifficulttofindhighlyexperiencedestimatorsforeverynewproject.·Therelationshipbetweencostandsystemsizeisnotlinear.Costtendstoincreaseexponentiallywithsize.Theexpertjudgmentmethodisappropriateonlywhenthesizesofthecurrentprojectandpastprojectsaresimilar.·Budgetmanipulationsbymanagementaimedatavoidingoverrunmakeexperienceanddatafrompreviousprojectsquestionable.Formanyyears,projectmanage22Softwarecostestimationhistoricallyhasbeenamajordifficultyinsoftwaredevelopment.Severalreasonsforthedifficultyhavebeenidentified:·Lackofahistoricaldatabaseofcostmeasurement·Softwaredevelopmentinvolvingmanyinterrelatedfactors,whichaffectdevelopmenteffortandproductivity,andwhoserelationshipsarenotwellunderstood·Lackoftrainedestimatorsandestimatorswiththenecessaryexpertise·LittlepenaltyisoftenassociatedwithapoorestimateSoftwarecostestimationhisto23AGanttchartisatypeofbarchartthatillustratesaprojectschedule.Ganttchartsillustratethestartandfinishdatesoftheterminalelementsandsummaryelementsofaproject.Terminalelementsandsummaryelementscomprisetheworkbreakdownstructureoftheproject.SomeGanttchartsalsoshowthedependency(i.e.precedencenetwork)relationshipsbetweenactivities.Ganttchartscanbeusedtoshowcurrentschedulestatususingpercent-completeshadingsandavertical"TODAY"lineasshownhere.Althoughnowregardedasacommonchartingtechnique,Ganttchartswereconsideredrevolutionarywhentheywereintroduced.InrecognitionofHenryGantt'scontributions,theHenryLaurenceGanttMedalisawardedfordistinguishedachievementinmanagementandincommunityservice.ThischartisusedalsoinInformationTechnologytorepresentdatathathasbeencollected.AGanttchartisatypeofbar24项目管理专业英语课件25Ganttchartshavebecomeacommontechniqueforrepresentingthephasesandactivitiesofaprojectworkbreakdownstructure(WBS),sotheycanbeunderstoodbyawideaudience.AlthoughaGanttchartisusefulandvaluableforsmallprojectsthatfitonasinglesheetorscreen,itmaybecomequiteunwieldyforprojectswithmorethanabout30activities.LargerGanttchartsmaynotbesuitableformostcomputerdisplays.ArelatedcriticismisthatGanttchartscommunicaterelativelylittleinformationperunitareaofdisplay.Thatis,projectsareoftenconsiderablymorecomplexthancanbecommunicatedeffectivelywithaGanttchart.Ganttchartshavebecomeacom26Althoughprojectmanagementsoftwarecanshowscheduledependenciesaslinesbetweenactivities,displayingalargenumberofdependenciesmayresultinaclutteredorunreadablechart.Althoughprojectmanagementso27Ganttchartsonlyrepresentpartofthetripleconstraints(cost,timeandscope)ofprojects,becausetheyfocusprimarilyonschedulemanagement.Moreover,Ganttchartsdonotrepresentthesizeofaprojectortherelativesizeofworkelements,thereforethemagnitudeofabehind-scheduleconditioniseasilymisconcepted.Iftwoprojectsarethesamenumberofdaysbehindschedule,thelargerprojecthasalargerimpactonresourceutilization,yettheGanttdoesnotrepresentthisdifference.Ganttchartsonlyrepresentpa28ThemethodofconstructingthenetworkisimportantfortheapplicationofothercomplexplanningtechnologiessuchasPERTandCPM.Themethodofconstructingthe29ProjectNetworksProjectnetworksconsistsofanumberofnodesandanumberofarcs.Therearetwoalternativesforpresentingprojectnetworks.Activity-on-arc(AOA):Eachactivityispresentedasanarc.Anodeisusedtoseparateanactivityfromeachofitsimmediatepredecessors.Activity-on-node(AON):Eachactivityisrepresentedbyanode.Thearcsareusedtoshowtheprecedencerelationships.ProjectNetworks30AONvs.AOAAONareconsiderablyeasiertoconstructthanAOA.AONareeasiertounderstandthanAOAforinexperiencedusers.AONareeasiertorevisethanAOAwhentherearechangesinthenetwork.AONvs.AOA31Thecriticalpathmethod(CPM)orcriticalpathanalysis,isamathematicallybasedalgorithmforschedulingasetofprojectactivities.Itisanimportanttoolforeffectiveprojectmanagement.Thecriticalpathmethod(CPM)32项目管理专业英语课件33TheProgram(orProject)EvaluationandReviewTechnique,commonlyabbreviatedasPERT,isamodelforprojectmanagementdesignedtoanalyzeandrepresentthetasksinvolvedincompletingagivenproject.ItiscommonlyusedinconjunctionwiththecriticalpathmethodorCPM.TheProgram(orProject)Evalu34PERTwasdevelopedprimarilytosimplifytheplanningandschedulingoflargeandcomplexprojects.Itwasdevelopedin1957tosupporttheU.S.Navy'sPolarisnuclearsubmarineproject.Itwasabletoincorporateuncertaintybymakingitpossibletoscheduleaprojectwhilenotknowingpreciselythedetailsanddurationsofalltheactivities.Itismoreofanevent-orientedtechniqueratherthanstart-andcompletion-oriented,andisusedmoreinprojectswheretime,ratherthancost,isthemajorfactor.Thisprojectmodelwasthefirstofitskind,arevivalforscientificmanagement,foundedbyFrederickTaylorandlaterrefinedbyHenryFord.DuPontcorporation'scriticalpathmethodwasinventedatroughlythesametimeasPERT.PERTwasdevelopedprimarilyt35Inthefollowingexamplethereareseventasks,labeledAthroughG.Sometaskscanbedoneconcurrently(AandB)whileotherscannotbedoneuntiltheirpredecessortaskiscomplete(CcannotbeginuntilAiscomplete).Additionally,eachtaskhasthreetimeestimates:theoptimistictimeestimate(O),themostlikelyornormaltimeestimate(M),andthepessimistictimeestimate(P).Theexpectedtime(TE)iscomputedusingtheformula(O+4M+P)÷6.Inthefollowingexamplethere36项目管理专业英语课件37项目管理专业英语课件38APERTchartisatoolthatfacilitatesdecisionmakingDuringprojectexecution,however,areal-lifeprojectwillneverexecuteexactlyasitwasplannedduetouncertainty.Itcanbeambiguityresultingfromsubjectiveestimatesthatarepronetohumanerrorsoritcanbevariabilityarisingfromunexpectedeventsorrisks.AndProjectEvaluationandReviewTechnique(PERT)mayprovideinaccurateinformationabouttheprojectcompletiontimeforuncertainty.Thisinaccuracyislargeenoughtorendersuchestimatesasnothelpful.39APERTchartisatoolthatfa项目管理专业英语课件40TypicalfunctionsincludeDefining/describingClassifying/categorisingGivingexamplesComparingandcontrasting:similaritiesanddifferencesExpressingreasonsandexplanations/causeandeffectTypicalfunctionsincludeDefin41Thethermostatcontrolsthetemperature.Thethermostatisusedforcontrollingthetemperature.Thefunctionofthethermostatistocontrolthetemperature.Thethermostatservesto(helpsto)controlthetemperature.Athermostatisaninstrumentforcontrollingthetemperature.Athermostatenablestheresearchertomeasurethetemperatureaccurately.Thethermostatcontrolsthete42TablesandDiagramsThewriterdoesnotsimplyaddthevisualpresentationtothetext,butincludessomesortofcomment.Typicallythewriterwillinclude(Swales&Feak,1994):*afewwordsthatlocatethevisualpresentation,**astatementthatdrawsattentiontotheimportantfeaturesofthevisualpresentation,

***somesortofcommentonordiscussionofthevisualpresentation.TablesandDiagramsThewriter43Table3comparesthestrengthsandweaknessesofdifferentmethods.Fromthecomparison,wecanconcludethat·Noonemethodisthebestforallprojects.·ParkinsonandPrice-to-winmethodsarenotsuitablefororganizationswhichaimtowinmorebusiness.·Usingacombinationoftechniquesmayprovidethebestestimation.Forexample,combiningtop-downestimationwithexpertjudgementandanalogymethodsmayprovideasuperiorresult.Table3comparesthestrengths44Referringtoadiagram,chart,etcAscanbeseenfromthechart,...indiagram,

table,

graph,

figures,Itcanbeseen

statistics,that...Wecansee

......canbeseenfromthechart.indiagram.

table.

graph.

figures.isshown

statistics.Referringtoadiagram,chart,45AscanbeseenfromTable1,.inFigure2,Itcanbeseen

Graph3,Wecansee

FromTable1itcanbeseenthat...Figure2

concluded

mayshown

estimated

calculatedthefigures

inferredchart

diagram

Thegraphshowsthat...Figure1AscanbeseenfromTable1,.inF46Describingchange

Therewasa(n)(very)barelynoticeablerise.slightincrease.slowupwardtend.gradual

steady

marked

dramatic

steep

sharp

rapidfluctuation.suddendownwardtrend.

decrease.

decline.

reduction.

fall.

drop.Describingchange

Therewasa47Therewasa(n)riseof...increasedecreasedeclinereductionfalldropXincreasedby...shotupgrewrosedeclinedreduceddecreaseddroppedfellTherewasa(n)riseof...increa48Xincreasedslightlyshotupslowlygrewgraduallyrosesteadily

markedly

dramatically

steeply

sharply

rapidlydeclinedsuddenlyreduced

decreased

dropped

fell

Xreachedapeak.levelledoffXincreasedslightlyshotupslowl49Figure1showsthesalesofmobilephonespermonthfromtheyears1998to2001.Ascanbeseen,thesalesofmobilephonesdeclinedslowlyinthebeginningmonthsof1998,thenremainedatalevelofabout3000fromMayuntiltheendoftheyear.Enteringinto1999,thesalesfirstrosegradually,thenwithasteepincreaseattheendoftheyear,andreachedapeakof6,200inFebruary2000.Asharpfallfollowedbutsaleslevelledoffatabout5,300permonthfromApril,fluctuatingslightlythroughtheyear,andarenowincreasingagain.Thefiguresseemtoindicatethatwehaverecoveredfromtheproblemsinmid-2000andareontargettoimproveonourFebruary2000peakbytheendof2002.Figure1showsthesalesofmo50Classifying-----Thereare?types/kinds/classes/categories/sorts/varietiesof?:?.

-----?consistsof/comprises/canbedividedinto/?categories.Theseareacidicandbasic.

-----?maybeclassifiedaccordingto/onthebasisof/dependingon?.Classifying-----Thereare?ty51Whatisthetextclassifying?Howmanytypesarethere?Whatarethedifferenttypes?Howdowemakethedistinction?Whatisthetextclassifying?52Thechemicalelementsintheearth'scrustareclassifiedintwomajorgroups-metalsandnonmetals.Elementsareclassifiedasmetallicornonmetallic,accordingtotheirphysicalandchemicalproperties.Metals,forexample,areusuallygoodconductorsofheatandelectricity;nonmetalsusuallyarenot.Mostmetalsaremalleable;theycanbehammeredintoflatsheets;nonmetalslackthisquality.Somemetalsarealsoductile;theycanbedrawnoutintothinwires;nonmetalsarenotusuallyductile.Metalsusuallyhaveluster,andareabletoreflectlight.Theyalsohaveahighdensity.Nonmetalsusuallydonotexhibittheseproperties.Afewelements,suchasarsenicandantimony,exhibitbothmetallicandnonmetallicpropertiesandaresometimesreferredtoasmetalloids.Thechemicalelementsinthee53

Fig.1–“Waterfall”orSequentialDevelopmentMethodvs.IterativeDevelopmentMethod

54Oneofthemostimportantreasonsforthehugesuccessofconcurrentengineeringisthatbydefinitionitredefinesthebasicdesignprocessstructurethatwasbasedonasequentialdesignflow,sometimescalledthe‘WaterfallModel’.Concurrentengineeringsignificantlymodifiesthisoutdatedmethodandinsteadoptstousewhathasbeentermedaniterativeorintegrateddevelopmentmethod.ThetwodesignprocessescanbeseengraphicallyinFigure1.

The‘Waterfall’methodmovesinacompletelylinearfashionbystartingwithuserrequirementsandsequentiallymovingforwardtodesign,implementationandadditionalstepsuntilyouhaveafinishedproduct.Theproblemhereisthatthedesignsystemdoesnotlookbackwardsorforwardsfromthestepitisontofixpossibleproblems.Inthecasethatsomethingdoesgowrong,thedesignusuallymustbescrappedorheavilyaltered.Ontheotherhand,theiterativedesignprocessismorecyclicinthat,asmentionedbefore,allaspectsofthelifecycleoftheproductaretakenintoaccount,allowingforamoreevolutionaryapproachtodesign.Oneofthemostimportantreas55TransitionalsignalsTransitionalwordsarecohesivetiestoconnectthesentencesandparagraphssothatapieceofwritingmovesnaturallyandlogically.TransitionalsignalsTransition561.Time/orderatfirst,eventually,finally,first,firstly,intheend,inthefirstplace,inthesecondplace,lastly,later,next,second,secondly,tobeginwith2.Comparison/similarideasincomparison,inthesameway,similarly,incontrastwith3.Contrast/oppositeideasbut,despite,inspiteof,evenso,however,incontrast,inspiteofthis,nevertheless,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,still,whereas,yet,incontrastto1.Time/order574.Causeandeffectaccordingly,asaconsequence,asaresult,because,becauseofthis,consequently,forthisreason,hence,inconsequence,inorderto,owingtothis,since,so,sothat,therefore,thus,foralltheabovereasons5.Examplesforexample,forinstance,suchas,thus,asfollows6Generalizationasarule,generally,ingeneral,normally,onthewhole,inmostcases,usually7.Statingtheobviousnessafterall,asonemightexpect,clearly,itgoeswithoutsaying,naturally,obviously,ofcourse,surely,infact4.Causeandeffect588.Attitudeadmittedly,certainly,fortunately,luckily,oddlyenough,strangelyenough,undoubtedly,unfortunately9.Summary/conclusionfinally,inbrief,inconclusion,inshort,overall,so,then,toconclude,tosumup,inanutshell10.Explanation/equivalenceinotherwords,namely,orrather,thatistosay,thismeans,tobemoreprecise,toputitanotherway,specifically,tobemorespecific11.Additionapartfromthis,aswellas,besides,furthermore,inaddition,moreover,nor,notonly...butalso,too,whatismore8.Attitude5912.Conditioninthatcase,then,given13.Supportactually,asamatteroffact,infact,indeed14.Contradictionactually,asamatteroffact,infact15.Emphasischiefly,especially,indetail,inparticular,mainly,notably,particularly12.Condition60ParagraphsParagraphs61Formanyyears,projectmanagershavereliedonexperienceandtheprevailingindustrynormsasabasistodevelopcostestimate.However,basingestimatesonexpertjudgmentisproblematic:·Thisapproachisnotrepeatableandthemeansofderivinganestimatearenotexplicit.·Itisdifficulttofindhighlyexperiencedestimatorsforeverynewproject.·Therelationshipbetweencostandsystemsizeisnotlinear.Costtendstoincreaseexponentiallywithsize.Theexpertjudgmentmethodisappropriateonlywhenthesizesofthecurrentprojectandpastprojectsaresimilar.·Budgetmanipulationsbymanagementaimedatavoidingoverrunmakeexperienceanddatafrompreviousprojectsquestionable.Formanyyears,projectmanage62Softwarecostestimationhistoricallyhasbeenamajordifficultyinsoftwaredevelopment.Severalreasonsforthedifficultyhavebeenidentified:·Lackofahistoricaldatabaseofcostmeasurement·Softwaredevelopmentinvolvingmanyinterrelatedfactors,whichaffectdevelopmenteffortandproductivity,andwhoserelationshipsarenotwellunderstood·Lackoftrainedestimatorsandestimatorswiththenecessaryexpertise·LittlepenaltyisoftenassociatedwithapoorestimateSoftwarecostestimationhisto63AGanttchartisatypeofbarchartthatillustratesaprojectschedule.Ganttchartsillustratethestartandfinishdatesoftheterminalelementsandsummaryelementsofaproject.Terminalelementsandsummaryelementscomprisetheworkbreakdownstructureoftheproject.SomeGanttchartsalsoshowthedependency(i.e.precedencenetwork)relationshipsbetweenactivities.Ganttchartscanbeusedtoshowcurrentschedulestatususingpercent-completeshadingsandavertical"TODAY"lineasshownhere.Althoughnowregardedasacommonchartingtechnique,Ganttchartswereconsideredrevolutionarywhentheywereintroduced.InrecognitionofHenryGantt'scontributions,theHenryLaurenceGanttMedalisawardedfordistinguishedachievementinmanagementandincommunityservice.ThischartisusedalsoinInformationTechnologytorepresentdatathathasbeencollected.AGanttchartisatypeofbar64项目管理专业英语课件65Ganttchartshavebecomeacommontechniqueforrepresentingthephasesandactivitiesofaprojectworkbreakdownstructure(WBS),sotheycanbeunderstoodbyawideaudience.AlthoughaGanttchartisusefulandvaluableforsmallprojectsthatfitonasinglesheetorscreen,itmaybecomequiteunwieldyforprojectswithmorethanabout30activities.LargerGanttchartsmaynotbesuitableformostcomputerdisplays.ArelatedcriticismisthatGanttchartscommunicaterelativelylittleinformationperunitareaofdisplay.Thatis,projectsareoftenconsiderablymorecomplexthancanbecommunicatedeffectivelywithaGanttchart.Ganttchartshavebecomeacom66Althoughprojectmanagementsoftwarecanshowscheduledependenciesaslinesbetweenactivities,displayingalargenumberofdependenciesmayresultinaclutteredorunreadablechart.Althoughprojectmanagementso67Ganttchartsonlyrepresentpartofthetripleconstraints(cost,timeandscope)ofprojects,becausetheyfocusprimarilyonschedulemanagement.Moreover,Ganttchartsdonotrepresentthesizeofaprojectortherelativesizeofworkelements,thereforethe