全国职称英语考试理工类名师押密试卷

2013年全国职称英语考试理工类名师押密试卷(1)第1部分：词汇选项(第1～15题，每题1分，共15分)下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。1.Sallylikestoteaseherbrotherabouthisgirlfriends.A.charmB.laughatC.criticizeD.respect2.America’semphasisontheimportanceofeducationforeveryonehasspurredscientificresearch.A.encouragedB.endangeredC.endorsedD.enlarged3.Youhavetofollowtheguidewhosesoleinterestistocoverallspotsaccordingtohisstrictschedule.A.obviousB.simpleC.onlyD.assumed4.In1861itseemedinevitablethattheSouthernstateswouldbreakawayfromtheUnion.A.strangeB.certainC.inconsistentD.proper5.Techniquestoharnesstheenergyofthesunarebeingdeveloped.A.convertB.storeC.utilizeD.receive6.Firsteditionsofcertainpopularbookscannotbeobtainedforloveormoney.A.atanyplaceB.atanypriceC.inanylanguageD.inanycountry7.Inabullfight,itisthemovement,notthecolor,ofobjectsthatarousesthebull.A.confusesB.excitesC.scaresD.diverts8.Sulfurhasoccasionallybeenfoundintheearthinanalmostpurestate.A.regularlyB.accidentallyC.sometimesD.successfully9.Manyfinecooksinsistoningredients(成分)ofthehighestquality.A.demandB.relyonC.prepareforD.create10.Thecompanyrecommendedthatanewpetrolstation(should)bebuilthere.A.orderedB.insistedC.suggestedD.demanded11.Ithardfortheyoungpeopletoimaginewhatsevereconditionstheirparentsoncelivedunder.A.sincereB.hardC.strictD.tight12.Theyagreedtosettlethedisputebypeacefulmeans.A.solveB.determineC.untieD.complete13.Thepolicecontendedthatthedifficultiestheyfacedweretoosevere.A.arguedB.predictedC.saidD.suggested14.Heexpressedconcernthattheshipmightbeindistress.A.despairB.difficultyC.needD.danger15.Themostpressingproblemanyeconomicsystemfacesishowtouseitsscarceresources.A.puzzlingB.difficultC.terrifyingD.urgent第2部分：阅读判断(第16～22题，每题1分，共7分)下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。RescueplatformIntheaftermath(后果)oftheterroristattacksontheWorldTradeCenter,securityexpertsaretryingtodevelopnewwaysofrescuingpeoplefromburningskyscrapers(摩天楼).Oneideaisaplatformcapableofflyingvertically(垂直地)andhoveringintheairlikeahelicopter.Theplatformwouldriseupanddownalongsideaskyscraperandpickuppeopletrappedinhighstories.TheideafortheverticaltakeoffplatformwashatchedmorethantenyearsagobyaRussianaerospaceengineer,DavidMetreveli,whohassincemovedtoIsrael.Metreveli’sdesign,calledtheEagle,callsfortwojetenginesthatturnfourlargehorizontalpropellers.Thespinningofthepropellersgeneratesthenecessarylift,orupwardforce,toraisetheplatform.Themorepowerissuppliedtothepropellers(飞机上的螺旋推进器),thehighertheplatformrises.Movingtheplatformsidewaysinvolvesapplyingdifferingamountsofpowertoeachpropeller.Helicoptersarenowusedinsomecasestogetpeopleoutofburningbuildings.Escapebasketsslungfromthemdanglebesidethebuildingforpeopletoclimbinto.Unfortunately,thebasketscannotreacheveryfloorofabuildingbecausetheropesfromwhichtheyhangbecomeunstablebeyondacertainlength.Sofar,Metrevelihasbuiltasmall-scalemodeloftheEagletotesthisidea.InthewakeofSeptember11,hehasbeenabletosecureenoughfundingtostartbuildingalarger,4-meterby4-meterprototype,whichhecallstheEaglet.16.ArescueplatformcalledtheEagleiscapableofmovingverticallybutnotsideways.A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned17.ThefourpropellersarefitterhorizontallytotheEagle.A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned18.Withthehelpofjetengines,theEaglecanflyataspeedof100milesanhour.A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned19.Inthethirdparagraph,thewordhelicopterreferstotheEagle.A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned20.Themorejetenginesarefittedtothepropellers,themorepeopletheplatformcancarry.A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned21.InthewakeofSeptember11,Mr.Metrevelihassecuredenoughfundingtobuildupasmall-scalemodeloftheEagletotesthisidea.A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned22.Mr.MetreveliisdesigningforIsraelamoreadvancedformofrescueplatformthantheEagleortheEaglet.A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned第3部分：概括大意与完成句子（第23～30题，每题1分，共8分）下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第4～8段其中四段选择1个最佳标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。TheMirSpaceStationTheRussianMir(沙俄时代的一种村社组织)SpaceStation,whichcamedownin2001atlastafter15yearsofpioneeringtheconceptoflong-term(长期的)humanspaceflight,isrememberedforitsaccomplishmentsinthehumanspaceflighthistory.Itcanbecreditedwithmanyfirstsinspace.DuringMir’slifetime,RussiaspentaboutUS$4.2billiontobuildandmaintainthestation.TheSovietUnionlaunchedMir,whichwasdesignedtolastfromthreetofiveyears,onFebruary20,1986,andhoused104astronautsover12yearsandsevenmonths,mostofwhomwerenotRussian.Infact,itbecamethefirstinternationalspacestationbyplayinghostto62peoplefrom11countries.From1995through1998,sevenastronautsfromtheUnitedStatestookturnslivingonMirforuptosixmonthseach.Theywereamongthe37Americanswhovisitedthestationduringninestopovers(中途停留)byspaceshuttles.Themorethan400milliontheUnitedStatesprovidedRussianforthevisitsnotonlykeptMiroperating,butalsogavetheAmericansandtheirpartnersintheinternationalstationprojectvaluableexperienceinlong-termflightandmultinationaloperations.AdebatecontinuesoverMir’scontributionstoscience.Duringitsexistence,Mirwasthelaboratory(实验室)for23,000experimentsandcarriedscientificequipment,estimatedtobeworth$80million,frommanynations.ExperimentsonMirarecreditedwitharangeoffindings,fromthefirstsolidmeasurementoftherationofheavyheliumatomsinspacetohowtogrowwheatinspace.Butforthosefavouringhumanspaceexploration,MirshowedthatpeoplecouldliveandworkinspacelongenoughforatriptoMars.Thelongestsinglestayinspaceisthe437.7daysthatRussianastronautValeryPolyakovspentonMirfrom1994to1995.AndSergieAvdeyevaccumulated747.6daysinspaceinthreetripstothespacestation.ThelongestAmericanstaywasthatofShannonLucid,whospent188daysaboardMirin1996.DespitethemanyfirstsMiraccomplished,1997wasabadyearoutof15forMir.In1997,anoxygengenerator(发电机)caughtfire.Later,themaincomputersystembrokedown,causingthestationtodriftseveraltimesandtherewerepowerfailures.Mostoftheseproblemswererepaired,withAmericanhelpandsuppliers,butMir’sreputationasaspacestationwasruined.Mir’ssetbacksarenothing,though,whenwecomparethemwithitsaccomplishments.Mirwasatremendoussuccess,whichwillberememberedasamilestoneinspaceexplorationandthespacestationthatshowedlong-termhumanhabitationinspacewaspossible.Butit’stimetomoveontothenextgeneration.TheInternationalSpaceStationbeingbuiltwillbebetter,butitowesagreatdebttoMir.23.Paragraph4________24.Paragraph5________25.Paragraph6________26.Paragraph8________A.UndeniableMir’sAchievementsB.RewardsFollowingtheU.S.FinancialInjectionC.Mir’sProblemYearD.MirRegardedasaCompleteFailureE.Mir’sFirstsinScientificExperimentsandSpaceExplorationF.AgreatDebtOwnedtotheInternationalSpaceStation27.Mirenhancedtheconfidenceinthescientiststhathumanslivinginspaceforalongtimewas_______.28.InMir,theU.S.astronautscreated________.29.WhenwethinkofMirintermsofitsachievements,itssetbacksare_________.30.ThewritertendtothinkthatMirwas_________.A.everythingB.agreatsuccessC.atremendousfailureD.nothingE.manyfirstsF.quitepossible第4部分：阅读理解(第31～45题，每题3分，共45分)下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。第一篇U.S.ScientistsConfirmWateronMarsNASAscientistssaidthatMarswascoveredoncebyvastlakes,flowingriversandavarietyofotherwetenvironmentsthathadthepotentialtosupportlife.LaboratorytestsaboardNASA’sPhoenixMarsLanderhaveidentifiedwaterinasoilsample;thelander’sroboticarmdeliveredthesampleWednesdaytoaninstrumentthatidentifiesvaporsproducedbytheheatingofsamples.“Wehavewater,”saidWilliamBoyntonoftheUniversityofTheroboticarmisacriticalpartofthePhoenixMarsmission.Itisneededtotrench"intotheicylayersofnorthernpolarMarsanddeliversamplestoinstrumentsthatwillanalyzewhatMarsismadeof,whatitswaterislike,andwhetheritisorhaseverbeenapossiblehabitatforlife.Thesoilsamplecamefromatrenchapproximately2inchesdeep.Whentheroboticarmfirstreachedthatdepth,ithitahardlayeroffrozensoil.Twoattemptstodeliversamplesoficysoilondayswhenfreshmaterialwasexposedwerefoiledwhenthesamplesbecamestuckinsidethescoop.MostofthematerialinWednesday’ssamplehadbeenexposedtotheairfortwodays,lettingsomeofthewaterinthesamplevaporizeawayandmakingthesoileasiertohandle.“Marsisgivingussomesurprises,”saidPhoenixprincipalinvestigatorPeterSmithoftheUniversityofSincelandingonMay25,Phoenixhasbeenstudyingsoilwithachemistrylab,TEGA,amicroscope,aconductivityprobeandcameras.Thescienceteamistryingtodeterminewhetherthewatericeeverthawsenoughtobeavailableforbiologyandifcarbon-containingchemicalsandotherrawmaterialsforlifearepresent.Themissionisexaminingtheskyaswellastheground.ACanadianinstrumentisusingalaserbeamtostudydustandcloudsoverhead.“It’sa30-wattlightbulbgivingusalasershowonMars,”saidVictoriaHipkinoftheCanadianSpaceAgency.Afull-circle,colorpanoramaofPhoenix’ssurroundingsalsohasbeencompletedbythespacecraft.“Thedetailsandpatternsweseeinthegroundshowanice-dominatedterrainasfarastheeyecansee,”saidMarkLemmonofTexasA&MUniversity,leadscientistforPhoenix’sSurfaceStereoImagercamera.“Theyhelpusplanmeasurementswe’remakingwithinreachoftheroboticarmandinterpretthosemeasurementsonawiderscale.”31.WhatwasdiscoveredbyNASA’sPhoenixMarsLanderonMars?A.VastlakesB.FlowingriversC.Waterinasoilsample.D.Livingthings32.Whydidthefirsttwoattemptstodeliversamplesfail?A.ThesamplevaporizedawayB.FreshmaterialwasexposedtotheairC.ThesamplesgotstuckinsidethescoopD.Theroboticarmhitahardrock33.WhichoneofthefollowingstatementsisNOTmeantbythewriter?A.Scientistshavebeentryingtobreaktheice-richlayersofsoilonMars.B.ScientistshavebeensurprisedbyhowthesoilonMarsbehavesC.ScientistshavebeentryingtofindoutifthereislifesupportingmaterialonMarsD.Scientistshavebeentryingtoknowifwatericewillmelt34.Wherearethescientistsinvolvedintheresearchfrom?A.TheyarefromAmericaB.TheyarefromCanadaC.TheyarefrombothAmericaandCanada.D.TheyarefromneitherAmericanorCanada35.WhichofthefollowingdoyouthinkisthebestdescriptionofPhoenix’sSurfaceStereoImagerCamera,accordingtoyourunderstandingofthepassage?A.Itimitateshumanvisionandisabletocapturethree-dimensionalimages.B.ItimitateshumanvoiceandisabletorecordslightsoundswhiletakingphotosC.IttakesclearphotosthatshoweverydetailoftheobjectD.Itisthisparticulartypeofcamerathatcantakewideanglepictures第二篇ForecastingMethodsThereareseveraldifferentmethodsthatcanbeusedtocreateaforecast(预测).Themethodaforecasterchoosesdependsupontheexperienceoftheforecaster,theamountofinformationavailabletotheforecaster,thelevelofdifficultythattheforecastsituationpresents,andthedegreeofaccuracyorconfidenceneededintheforecast.Thefirstofthesemethodsisthepersistencemethod;thesimplestwayofproducingaforecast.Thepersistence(坚持)methodassumesthattheconditionsatthetimeoftheforecastwillnotchange.Forexample,ifitissunnyand87degreetoday,thepersistencemethodpredictsthatitwillbesunnyand87degreetomorrow.Iftwoinchesofrainfelltoday,thepersistencemethodwouldpredicttwoinchesofrainfortomorrow.However,ifweatherconditionschangesignificantlyfromdaytoday,thepersistencemethodusuallybreaksdownandisnotthebestforecastingmethodtouse.Thetrendsmethodinvolvesdeterminingthespeedanddirectionofmovementforfronts,highandlowpressurecenters,andareasofcloudsandprecipitation.Usingthisinformation,theforecastercanpredictwhereheorsheexpectsthosefeaturestobeatsomefuturetime.Forexample,ifastormsystemis1000mileswestofyourlocationandmovingtotheeastat250milesperday,usingthetrendsmethodyouwouldpredictittoarriveinyourareain4days.Thetrends(趋势)methodworkswellwhensystemscontinuetomoveatthesamespeedinthesamedirectionforalongperiodoftime.Iftheyslowdown,speedup,changeintensity,orchangedirection,thetrendsforecastwillprobablynotworkaswell.Theclimatologymethodisanothersimplewayofproducingaforecast.Thismethodinvolvesaveragingweatherstatisticsaccumulatedovermanyyearstomaketheforecast.Forexample,ifyouwereusingtheclimatologymethodtopredicttheweatherforNewYorkCityonJuly4th,youwouldgothroughalltheweatherdatathathasbeenrecordedforeveryJuly4thandtakeanaverage.Theclimatologymethodonlyworkswellwhentheweatherpatternissimilartothatexpectedforthechosentimeofyear.Ifthepatternisquiteunusualforthegiventimeofyear,theclimatologymethodwilloftenfail.Theanalogmethodisaslightlymorecomplicatedmethodofproducingaforecast.Itinvolvesexaminingtoday’sforecastscenarioandrememberingadayinthepastwhentheweatherscenario(推测)lookedverysimilar(ananalog).Theforecasterwouldpredictthattheweatherinthisforecastwillbehavethesameasitdidinthepast.Theanalogmethodisdifficulttousebecauseitisvirtuallyimpossibletofindapredictanalog.Variousweatherfeaturesrarelyalignthemselvesinthesamelocationstheywereintheprevioustime.Evensmalldifferencesbetweenthecurrenttimeandtheanalogcanleadtoverydifferentresults.36.WhatfactorisNOTmentionedinchoosingaforecastingmethod?A.Imaginationoftheforecaster.B.Necessaryamountofinformation.C.Practicalknowledgeoftheforecaster.D.Degreeofdifficultyinvolvedinforecasting.37.PersistencemethodwillworkwellA.ifweatherconditionschangegreatlyfromdaytoday.B.ifweatherconditionsdonotchangemuch.C.onsunnydays.D.onrainydays.38.ThelimitationofthetrendsmethodisthesameasthepersistencemethodinthatA.itmakespredictionsaboutweather.B.itmakespredictionsaboutprecipitation.C.theweatherfeaturesneedtobewelldefined.D.theweatherfeaturesneedtobeconstantforalongperiodoftime.39.Whichmethodmayinvolvehistoricalweatherdata?A.Thetrendsmethod.B.Theanalogmethod.C.Bothclimatologymethodandanalogmethod.D.Thetrendsmethodandthepersistencemethod.40.ItwillbeimpossibletomakeweatherforecastusingtheanalogmethodA.whenthecurrentweatherscenariodiffersfromtheanalog.B.whenthecurrentweatherscenarioisthesameastheanalog.C.whentheanalogisovertenyearsold.D.whentheanalogisasimplerepetitionofthecurrentweatherscenario.第三篇AntsHaveBigImpactonEnvironmentas“EcosystemEngineers”ResearchbytheUniversityofFirstly,throughmovingofsoilbynestbuildingactivityandbycollectingfoodtheyaffectthelevelofnutrientsinthesoil.Thiscanindirectlyimpactthelocalpopulationsofmanyanimalgroups,fromdecomposerstospeciesmuchhigherupthefoodchain.Secondly,theypreyonawiderangeofotheranimals,includinglargerpreywhichcanbeattackedbyvastnumbersofantworkers.DirkSanders,anauthorofthestudyfromtheuniversity’sCentreforEcologyandConservation,said:“Antsareveryeffectivepredatorswhichthriveinhugenumbers.They’realsoveryterritorialandveryaggressive,defendingtheirresourcesandterritoryagainstotherpredators.Allofthismeanstheyhaveastronginfluenceontheirsurroundingarea.”“Inthisresearch,westudiedforthefirsttimehowbigthisimpactisandthesubtletiesofit.Whatwefoundisthatdespitebeingpredators,theirpresencecanalsoleadtoanincreaseindensityanddiversityofotheranimalgroups.Theygenuinelyplayakeyroleinthelocalenvironment,havingabiginfluenceonthegrasslandfoodweb,”Sanderssaid.Thestudy,carriedoutinGermany,studiedtheimpactofthepresenceofdifferentcombinationsanddensitiesofblackgardenantsandcommonredants,bothspecieswhichcanbefoundacrossEurope,includingintheUK.Itfoundthatalowdensityofantsinanareaincreasedthediversityanddensityofotheranimalsinthelocalarea,particularlythedensityofherbivoresanddecomposers.Athigherdensitiesantshadnoortheoppositeeffect,showingthatpredationiscounteractingthepositiveinfluence.DrFrankvanVeen,anotherauthoronthestudy,said:“Whatwefindisthattheimpactofantsonsoilnutrientlevelshasapositiveeffectonanimalgroupsatlowlevels,butasthenumberofantsincreases,theirpredatoryimpactshavethebiggereffect—therebycounteractingthepositiveinfluenceviaecosystemengineering.”Antsareimportantcomponentsofecosystemsnotonlybecausetheyconstituteagreatpartoftheanimalbiomassbutalsobecausetheyactasecosystemengineers.Antbiodiversityisincrediblyhighandtheseorganismsarehighlyresponsivetohumanimpact,whichobviouslyreducesitsrichness.However,itisnotclearhowsuchdisturbancedamagesthemaintenanceofantservicestotheecosystem.Antsareimportantinbelowgroundprocessesthroughthealterationofthephysicalandchemicalenvironmentandthroughtheireffectsonplants,microorganisms,andothersoilorganisms.41.Whyareantscomparedtoecosystemengineers?A.Becausetheybuildtheirownnests.B.Becausetheycollectfood.C.Becausetheiractivityaffectstheenvironment.D.Becausetheyarepredators.42.Aspredators,antsA.preyonsmallaswellaslargeanimals.B.collectnutritiousfoodfromthesoilC.collectfoodasdecomposers.D.preyonspeciesmuchhigherupthefoodchain.43.DirSanders’studycenteredonhowantsA.canmanagetothriveinhugenumbers.B.defendtheirresourcesandterritoryagainstotherpredators.C.attackthoseinvadinganimalsforsurvival.D.producesuchabigimpactontheenvironment.44.Whatdoesparagraph6tellus?A.Antsbringaboutanegativeinfluencetoanareawhentheirpopulationissmall.B.Antsbringaboutapositiveinfluencetoanareawhentheirpopulationissmall.C.Ants’predationcounteractsthepositiveinfluencetheymayhaveonanarea.D.Athigherdensity,antsproduceapositiveinfluenceonanarea.45.Whatstillremainsunclearaboutants,accordingtothelastparagraph?A.Whatrolesdoantsplayintheecosysteminwhichtheylive?B.Howdoantsaffecttheanimaldiversityinagivenecosystem?C.Howdohumanactivitiesaffectants’influenceonagivenecosystem?D.Howdoantsalterthephysicalandchemicalenvironment?第5部分：补全短文(第46～50题，每题2分，共10分)下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。DungtoDeathFieldsacrossEuropearecontaminatedwithdangerouslevelsoftheantibiotics(抗生素)giventofarmanimals.Thedrugs,whichareinmanuresprayed(喷射)ontofieldsasfertilizers(肥料),couldbegettingintoourfoodandwater,helpingtocreateanewgenerationofantibiotic-resistant“superbugs”.ThewarningcomesfromaresearcherinSwitzerlandwholookedatlevelsofthedrugsinfarmslurry.______(46)Some20,000tonsofantibioticsareusedintheEuropeanUnionandtheUSeachyear.Morethanhalfaregiventofarm-animalstopreventdiseaseandpromotegrowth.______(47)Mostresearchersassumedthathumansbecomeinfectedwiththeresistantstrainsbyeatingcontaminatedmeat.Butfarmoreofthedrugsendupinmanurethaninmeatproducts,saysStephenMuelleroftheSwissFederalInstituteforEnvironmentalScienceandTechnologyinDubendorf.______(48)Withmillionsoftonsofanimalsmanure(施肥于)spreadontofieldsofcropssuchaswheatandbarleyeachyear,thispathwayseemsanequallylikelyrouteforspreadingresistance,hesaid.Thedrugscontaminate(污染)thecrops,whicharetheneaten.______(49)Muellerisparticularlyconcernedaboutagroupofantibioticscalledsulphonamides._______(50)HisanalysisfoundthatSwissfarmmanurecontainsahighpercentageofsulphonamides;eachhectareoffieldcouldbecontaminatedwithupto1kilogramofthedrugs.Thisconcentrationishighenoughtotriggerthedevelopmentofresistanceamongbacteria.Butvetsarenottreatingtheissueseriously.Thereisgrowingconcernattheextenttowhichdrugs,includingantibiotics,arepollutingtheenvironment.Manydrugsgiventohumansarealsoexcretedunchangedandarenotbrokendownbyconventionalsewage(用污水灌溉)treatment.A.Theydonoteasilydegradeordissolveinwater.B.Andmanurecontainsespeciallyhighlevelsofbugsthatareresistanttoantibiotics,hesays.C.Animalantibioticsisstillanareatowhichinsufficientattentionhasbeenpaid.D.Butrecentresearchhasfoundadirectlinkbetweentheincreaseduseofthesefarmyarddrugsandtheappearanceofantibiotic-resistantbugsthatinfectpeople.E.HisfindingsareparticularlyshockingbecauseSwitzerlandisoneofthefewcountriestohavebannedantibioticsasgrowthpromotersinanimalsfeed.F.Theycouldalsobeleachingintotapwaterpumpedfromrocksbeneathfertilizedfields.第6部分：完形填空(第51～65题，每题1分，共15分)下面的短文有15处空白，请根据短文内容为每处空白确定1个最佳选项。SolarPowerwithoutSolarCellsAdramaticandsurprisingmagneticeffectoflightdiscoveredbyUniversityofTheresearchersfoundawaytomakean“optical51,”saidStephenRand,aprofessorinthedepartmentsofElectricalEngineeringandComputerScience,PhysicsandAppliedPhysics.Lighthaselectricandmagneticcomponents.Untilnow,scientiststhoughtthe52ofthemagneticfieldweresoweakthattheycouldbeignored.WhatRandandhiscolleaguesfoundisthatattherightintensity,whenlightistravelingthroughamaterialthatdoesnotconductelectricity,thelightfieldcangeneratemagneticeffectsthatare100milliontimesstrongerthan53expected.54thesecircumstances,themagneticeffectsdevelopstrengthequivalenttoastrongelectriceffect.“Thiscouldleadtoanewkindofsolarcellwithoutsemiconductorsandwithoutabsorptiontoproducechargeseparation,”Randsaid.“Insolarcells,the55goesintoamaterial,getsabsorbedandcreates