中国动物卫生状况报告

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41/41　中国动物卫生状况报告（1999年度）中华人民共和国农业部畜牧兽医局　　中国政府非常重视动物卫生状况的改善与提高。多年来中国政府根据国际通行动物卫生规则，结合本国实际情况，采取行政、法律、经济、技术等手段，加强动物卫生管理工作。目前，中国已建立了较为完善的动物防疫监督、进出境动物检疫、兽药监督和饲料管理等法律法规和管理体系，动物疫病监测、报告、预防和控制能力明显加强，动物产品残留监控工作日趋规范，动物疫病发生、死亡率明显降低，动物及动物产品卫生状况不断改善。　　中国已于1955年消灭了牛瘟、1996年消灭了牛肺疫。痒病、牛海绵状脑病、非洲马瘟、非洲猪瘟、水泡性口炎、结节性皮炎、裂谷热和小反刍兽疫等8种动物疫病从未在中国境内发生。　　现将1999年中国动物卫生状况报告如下：　　1　中国动物卫生行政管理机关和动物卫生法律法规　　1.1 动物卫生行政管理　　根据中华人民共和国动物卫生有关法律法规和国务院有关规定，农业部统一管理全国动物卫生工作，具体职责是起草动物防疫和检疫的法律法规，签署政府间协议、协定，制定有关标准；组织兽医医政、兽药药政药检工作；组织、监督动物防疫、检疫工作，发布疫情并组织扑灭。农业部下设畜牧兽医局具体负责动物卫生管理工作。　　1.2 动物卫生法律法规体系　　中国目前涉及动物卫生管理的法律法规主要包括：《中华人民共和国动物防疫法》、《中华人民共和国进出境动植物检疫法》及其实施条例、《种畜禽管理条例》、《兽药管理条例》以及《饲料和饲料添加剂管理条例》。以上法律法规分别明确规定了农业部主管全国动物防疫、进出境动物检疫、种畜禽管理、兽药管理以及饲料和饲料添加剂管理工作。　　《中华人民共和国动物防疫法》是国家动物防疫工作的根本大法。该法明确规定国家对动物疫病实行预防为主的方针，对控制和扑灭动物疫病、动物检疫制度、动物防疫监督基本规范等内容作了明确规定，以加强对动物防疫工作的管理，预防和扑灭动物疫病，促进养殖业发展，保护人体健康。　　《中华人民共和国进出境动植物检疫法》及《中华人民共和国进出境动植物检疫法实施条例》对检疫审批、进境、出境、过境、运输工具、携带、邮寄物等有关环节和对象的检疫措施做了具体规定，以防止动植物病虫害传入、传出国境，保护农、林、牧、渔业生产和人体健康，促进对外经济贸易发展。　　《兽药管理条例》对兽药生产经营企业、兽医医疗单位药剂管理、新兽药审批和进出口兽药管理、兽药监督、兽药商标和广告等作了明确规定。条例规定对兽药生产企业实行生产许可证管理制度，对兽药产品实行产品批准文号管理制度。兽药生产企业必须符合我国的《兽药生产质量管理规范》即(GMP)的要求，生产的兽药产品质量必须达到《中国兽药典》及农业部颁发的兽药质量标准。严禁未领取生产许可证和产品批准文号的任何单位和个人生产、销售兽药产品，从而保证兽药质量，有效防治动物疾病，促进畜牧业发展和维护人体健康。　　《种畜禽管理条例》规定种畜禽生产经营单位必须具有健全的兽医卫生防疫、环境保护措施，才能向县级以上人民政府畜牧行政主管部门申领《种畜禽生产经营许可证》。　　《饲料和饲料添加剂管理条例》明确规定企业生产饲料、饲料添加剂，不得直接添加兽药和其他禁用药品；生产药物饲料添加剂，不得添加激素类药品。条例同时对新饲料、新饲料添加剂的审定、进口管理以及生产、经营管理、质量监督管理作了明确规定，以提高饲料、饲料添加剂质量，促进饲料工业和养殖业发展，维护人体健康。　　2　动物疫病的发生现状及控制措施　　2.1　中国动物疫病分类　　农业部规定了一二三类动物疫病病种名录。具体见附件1。　　2.2　1999年中国动物疫病发生情况　　1999年中国政府通过《兽医公报》向FAO、OIE及世界各国就以下20种动物疫病在中国境内的发生情况进行了通报：口蹄疫、猪水泡病、蓝舌病、绵羊痘和山羊痘、猪瘟、高致病性禽流感、新城疫、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征、猪囊尾蚴病、炭疽、兔病毒性出血病、禽霍乱、狂犬病、鸭瘟、鼻疽、猪丹毒、猪肺疫、马传染性贫血、布鲁氏菌病、鸡马立克氏病等。　　2.2.1 　　口蹄疫　1999年5月，中国福建省宁德市、海南省白沙县和西藏日喀则地区分别发生口蹄疫，患病及易感的牛和猪1215头，扑杀1215头。此次疫病经国家级重点实验室诊断确定病毒血清型为O型。　　疫情发生后，当地政府立即划定并封锁了疫区，扑杀所有病畜及同群畜，对疫区和周围受威胁地区的易感动物进行紧急免疫接种，对病畜接触和可能接触的场所、物品、设施和器具进行彻底消毒。同时加强疫区内外动物流动控制和进出疫区运输车辆的消毒。通过对疫区及周围50公里以内的易感动物进行连续6　　为防止从中国境外传入疫情，我国在与东南亚、南亚及北亚直接接壤但无自然或地理屏障的边界，建立口蹄疫监测带，必要时采用口蹄疫疫苗进行预防接种。　　猪传染性水泡病　1999年度，中国未发生猪水泡病。　　蓝舌病　1999年度，中国境内未发生蓝舌病。　　高致病性禽流感　1999年度，中国未发生高致病性禽流感。中国每年对所有养禽单位尤其是种禽场至少进行2次以上采样监测，凡发现高致病性禽流感，均采取严厉的封锁、扑杀和消毒措施。严禁禽流感感染国家（地区）的家禽、野禽及其产品，包括种蛋、精液、禽源性产品及饲料、难以确保禽流感病毒破坏的禽源性病料和生物制品进境或过境运输。从无禽流感国家（地区）引种，必须按进出境有关规定办理。　　新城疫　1999年度，中国发生新城疫的省份有：北京、甘肃、贵州、海南、河北、黑龙江、湖北、湖南、江苏、江西、内蒙古、宁夏、新疆、云南、重庆市。全年发病禽及同群禽数量达12万只，其中死亡近6万只，病死率约50%，扑杀37万只,占发病及同群禽数的31%。到目前为止，新城疫仍多发生于农村散养鸡群中，现代集约化养鸡场从未发生过新城疫。中国定期开展对鸡新城疫疫情监测工作，发现或疑似的新城疫病禽，按无害化处理规定立即处理。饲养曾祖代、祖代鸡的鸡场，整个饲养周期无鸡新城疫发生，集约化商品代养鸡场使用低毒力株活疫苗和灭活疫苗进行预防接种。　　绵羊痘和山羊痘　1999年度，中国福建、甘肃、海南、河南、黑龙江、湖北、内蒙、宁夏、青海、山西、重庆市等11省（市、自治区）发生绵羊痘和山羊痘共39起，患病山羊和绵羊达3733只，死亡446只，扑杀247只。以山羊多发，青海、黑龙江的绵羊也有发生；发病无明显季节，一年四季均有发生，也无明显的区域性。　　猪瘟　1999年度，中国有13个省发生猪瘟，这些省份包括北京、福建、甘肃、广西、贵州、河北、河南、黑龙江、湖北、江西、青海、山西和重庆市。全年累计发生次数672次，病猪41.5万头，其中死亡16.5万头，病死率约40%，扑杀8万头，占发病猪的19%。　　2.2.2 　　布鲁氏菌病　1999年共发生16起，发病畜765头，主要是山羊，也有猪和牛，其中死亡112头，扑杀362头，发生的省有河北、河南、黑龙江、辽宁、吉林、山西、四川。该病为法定报告和必须控制的疫病。在畜间采取以免为主的“检、杀、免”综合防治措施，并按规定每年进行流行病学调查和血清学、病原学检查。　　炭疽　1999年共发生23起，发病畜210头，主要为猪、牛，也有山羊，其中死亡128头，深埋销毁35头，发生的省有广西、贵州、黑龙江、内蒙古、青海、云南。炭疽是中国法定报告、严格控制和常年监测的动物疫病之一，目前呈散发或局部暴发，多发生于山区和边远动物卫生条件差、医疗和预防力量较薄弱地区，且多发生于干旱、洪水等自然灾害较多季节和区域。　　猪丹毒　呈散发、地方流行或暴发，1999年发生的省（市）有北京、福建、广东、海南、河南、黑龙江、湖北、湖南、江苏、辽宁、山东、云南、重庆等，发病猪达8784头，其中死亡1604头，扑杀783头。　　猪肺疫　1999年发生的省（市）有安徽、贵州、河南、黑龙江、湖北、湖南、江苏、江西、山东、上海、四川、云南，发病生猪7233头，其中死亡1728头，扑杀1361头。 　　猪繁殖与呼吸综合征　1999年在河南、山西和上海三省（市）发生，其中河南、山西省分别发生一起，发病猪51头，死亡10头，而上海发生6起，发病数占全年总发病数的87%。该病为外来疫病，主要发生于引种频繁的种畜场，由于该病尚无有效疫苗预防，对病猪及阳性种猪采取了淘汰、消毁措施并对圈舍彻底消毒措施。同时采取了严格的进境检疫管理措施，严防该病再次传入。 　　3　动物和动物产品的兽药监控 　　1999年3月农业部制定了“中华人民共和国动物及动物源性食品中兽药残留物质监控计划”，同时还制定了“1999年度残留监控抽样实施方案”。　　1999年6月-12月，农业部组织了对部分地区的兽药残留物质监测工作，在家禽、猪、兔、水产品和蜂蜜等动物产品中抽取了4174个样品，进行克球酚、盐酸克伦特罗、磺胺类、已烯雌酚、六六六、DDT等34种农药、兽药、重金属、激素残留项目的检测。结果显示3992个样品（占95.6%）无残留；155个样品(占3.7%)存在残留，但未超标；27个样品（占0.7%）存在残留并超过最高残留限量指标。同时还到饲养场中抽取273个饲料/饮水样品进行检测，其中257个样品（占94.1%）未检出药品，16个样品（占5.9%）药物添加量超标。对超标的产品及相关企业按有关规定进行查禁并处理。　　4　动物卫生监督　　4.1　饲养环节　　动物饲养场所要符合农业部规定的动物防疫条件，并接受动物防疫监督机构的监督检查。对种畜禽场实行动物防疫合格证和生产许可证管理制度，凡畜禽饲养场必须由农业部进行定期和不定期疫情监测，发现问题按规定及时处理。种畜禽场只有达到国家规定的标准方能对外供种。　　4.2　屠宰加工环节　　动物屠宰加工场所须符合农业部规定的动物防疫条件。对屠宰动物实施宰前检疫、宰后检验，合格的由动物防疫监督机构的动物检疫员签发《动物产品检疫合格证明》并加盖或者加封农业部统一监制的检疫验讫标志方可出售和运输。　　4.3　流通环节　　动物及动物产品上市（或离开产地或生产场所）之前必须由辖区动物防疫监督机构的动物检疫员进行产地检疫，经检疫合格的出具《动物产地检疫合格证明》或《动物产品检疫合格证明》。运出县境的动物及动物产品，由县级以上动物防疫监督机构查验《动物产地检疫合格证明》或《动物产品检疫合格证明》，出具《出县境动物检疫合格证明》或《出县境动物产品检疫合格证明》后，方可出县境流通。　　动物防疫监督机构依法在铁路、公路、水路、航空港对动物、动物产品运输进行监督检查。　　出口的动物及动物产品，由出入境检验检疫机关根据输入国或者地区和我国有关动物检疫规定、双边检疫协定以及贸易合同中定明的检疫要求在口岸实施检疫，合格的出具检疫证书（包括《动物检疫证书》、《兽医卫生证书》等）。海关凭检疫证书放行。　　5　疫情监测报告系统　　中国建立了严格有效的的疫情监测报告系统。　　全国已建立了国家、省、地、县四级疫情报告系统，实行动物疫情逐级报告制度，由农业部负责对外发布动物疫情。　　动物疫情报告实行快报、月报和年报制度。县级动物防疫监督机构发现有下列情形之一的必须在24小时内快报至农业部：　　(1) 发生一类或者疑似一类动物疫病；　　(2) 二类、三类或者其他动物疫病呈暴发性流行；　　(3) 新发现的疫病；　　(4) 已经消灭又发生的动物疫病。　　各省（自治区、直辖市）每月和每年的动物疫情分别以月报、年报的形式向农业部报告。　　除此之外，农业部还在全国布设了300多个动物疫情测报点，进行动物疫情的监测。各测报点直接向农业部报告动物疫情。　　虽然中国尚不是OIE成员国，但中国每月向OIE递交《兽医公报》，通报疫情。　　6　疫病扑灭及控制措施　　中国对国家规定的一二三类动物疫病采取了严格的预防和控制措施。　　发生一类动物疫病时，当地县级以上兽医行政管理部门立即派人到现场，划定疫点、疫区、受威胁区，采集病料，调查疫源，及时报请当地政府对疫区实行封锁。县级以上地方人民政府立即组织有关部门和单位采取隔离、扑杀、销毁、消毒、紧急免疫接种等强制性控制、扑灭措施，迅速扑灭疫病，并通报毗邻地区。在封锁期间，禁止染疫和疑似染疫的动物、动物产品流出疫区，禁止非疫区的动物进入疫区，并根据扑灭动物疫病的需要对出入封锁区的人员、运输工具及有关物品采取消毒和其他限制性措施。　　发生二类动物疫病时，当地县级以上兽医行政管理部门要划定疫点、疫区、受威胁区。县级以上地方人民政府根据需要组织有关部门和单位采取隔离、扑杀、销毁、消毒、紧急免疫接种、限制易感染的动物、动物产品及有关物品出入等控制、扑灭措施。　　发生三类动物疫病时，县级、乡级人民政府按照动物疫病预防计划和农业部的规定，组织防治和净化。注：本报告统计数据未包括台湾省、香港特别行政区和澳门特别行政区　附件1：一二三类动物疫病病种名录　　　一、一类动物疫病　　口蹄疫、猪水泡病、猪瘟、非洲猪瘟、非洲马瘟、牛瘟、牛传染性胸膜肺炎、牛海绵状脑病、痒病、蓝舌病、小反刍兽疫、绵羊痘和山羊痘、禽流行性感冒（高致病性禽流感）、鸡新城疫　　二、二类动物疫病　　多种动物共患病：伪狂犬病、狂犬病、炭疽、魏氏梭菌病、副结核病、布鲁氏菌病、弓形虫病、棘球蚴病、钩端螺旋体病　　牛病：牛传染性鼻气管炎、牛恶性卡他热、牛白血病、牛出血性败血病、牛结核病、牛焦虫病、牛锥虫病、日本血吸虫病　　绵羊和山羊病：山羊关节炎脑炎、梅地－维氏纳病　　猪病：猪乙型脑炎、猪细小病毒病、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征、猪丹毒、猪肺疫、猪链球菌病、猪传染性萎缩性鼻炎、猪支原体肺炎、旋毛虫病、猪囊尾蚴病　　马病：马传染性贫血、马流行性淋巴管炎、马鼻疽、巴贝斯焦虫病、伊氏锥虫病　　禽病：鸡传染性喉气管炎、鸡传染性支气管炎、鸡传染性法氏囊病、鸡马立克氏病、鸡产蛋下降综合征、禽白血病、禽痘、鸭瘟、鸭病毒性肝炎、小鹅瘟、禽霍乱、鸡白痢、鸡败血支原体感染、鸡球虫病　　兔病：兔病毒性出血病、兔粘液瘤病、野兔热、兔球虫病　　水生动物病：病毒性出血性败血病、鲤春病毒血症、对虾杆状病毒病　　蜜蜂病：美洲幼虫腐臭病、欧洲幼虫腐臭病、蜜蜂孢子虫病、蜜蜂螨病 、大蜂螨病、白垩病　　三、三类动物疫病　　多种动物共患病：黑腿病、李氏杆菌病、类鼻疽、放线菌病、肝片吸虫病、丝虫病　　牛病：牛流行热、牛病毒性腹泻/粘膜病、牛生殖器弯曲杆菌病、毛滴虫病、牛皮蝇蛆病　　绵羊和山羊病：肺腺瘤病、绵羊地方性流产、传染性脓疱皮炎、腐蹄病、传染性眼炎、肠毒血症、干酪性淋巴结炎、绵羊疥癣　　马病：马流行性感冒、马腺疫、马鼻腔肺炎、溃疡性淋巴管炎、马媾疫　　猪病：猪传染性胃肠炎、猪副伤寒、猪密螺旋体痢疾　　禽病：鸡病毒性关节炎、禽传染性脑脊髓炎、传染性鼻炎、禽结核病、禽伤寒　　鱼病：鱼传染性造血器官坏死、鱼鳃霉病　　其它动物病：水貂阿留申病、水貂病毒性肠炎、鹿茸真菌病、蚕型多角体病、蚕白僵病、犬瘟热、利什曼病　REPORT 　BUREAR OF ANIMAL PRODUCTION AND HEALTHMINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OF P. R. CHINA　　The Chinese Government has paid great attention to the improvement of animal health status. Combined with local practical conditions, it has for long taken various administrative, legal, economic and technical means to enhance animal health management in accordance with internationally general animal health regulations and practice. At present, China has established comparatively sound legal and administrative systems on animal epidemic prevention supervision, entry & exit animal quarantine, veterinary drug supervision and feed stuff management. Capabilities in animal disease monitoring, reporting, control and eradication are strengthened markedly. Drug residual control in animal products is getting normalized, disease incidence and mortality rate are reduced significantly. Health status of animals and animal products are constantly improved.　　Rinderpest and bovine contagious pleuropneumonia were eradicated respectively in 1955 and 1996. Scrapie, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, African horse sickness, African swine fever, Swine vesicular disease, lumpy skin disease, Rift Valley fever and peste des petits ruminants have never occurred in China. 　　1 Animal Health Administrations and Animal Health Legal System in China　　1.1 Animal Health Administrations　　　According to the Chinese laws and regulations concerning animal health, the Ministry of Agriculture of People’s Republic of China (MOA) is responsible for national animal health work. Its disciplines and functions include proposing laws and regulations on animal epidemic prevention and animal quarantine, signing animal health and quarantine agreements and protocols with foreign countries, working out technical criteria and standards, conducting veterinary administration, management of animal drug production and quality control, organizing and conducting animal epidemic prevention and quarantine, releasing animal disease information in China and cracking down the outbreak of animal disease. 　　1.2 Animal Health Legal System　　Law and regulations in relation with animal health management in China include mainly “Law of the People’s Republic of China on Animal Epidemic Prevention”, “Law of the People’s Republic of China on Entry & Exit Animal and Plant Quarantine” and its implementing regulations，“ Regulations on Management of Breeding Livestock and Poultry”, “Regulations on Management of Feedstuffs and Feed Additives”. The above-mentioned laws and regulations clearly specify that the Ministry of Agriculture takes charge of national animal epidemic prevention, entry and exit animal quarantine, breeding livestock and poultry management, veterinary drug management and feedstuff and feed-additive management.　　The “Law of the People’s Republic of China on Animal Epidemic Prevention” is the fundamental law of national animal epidemic prevention. The law clearly specifies that the state practices the principle of putting prevention first with regard to animal diseases. It also makes specific speculations on animal disease control and elimination, animal quarantine system and animal epidemic prevention supervision, so as to reinforce animal epidemic prevention management, prevent and eliminate animal diseases and to promote development of animal husbandry and protect human health.　　“Law of the People’s Republic of China on Entry & Exit Animal and Plant Quarantine” and “Regulations for Implementation of Law of the People’s Republic of China on Entry & Exit Animal and Plant Quarantine”, make specific speculations on quarantine procedures and quarantine measures at import，export and transit stages, and quarantine for transportation means and the carrying and post goods so as to prevent animal and plant diseases and pests from introduction into and out of the country, protect plant and animal production and human health, and to promote development of trade with foreign countries.　　“Veterinary Drug Management Regulation” clearly specifies speculations for management of veterinary drug manufacturing and enterprises, veterinary pharmaceutical application and management in veterinary clinical and treatment services, new veterinary drug approval and registration, management of imported and exported veterinary drugs, veterinary drug supervision and quality control, veterinary drug trade marks and advertisement. The regulation speculates that production licensing system is practiced in veterinary drug manufacturing and license code management system is practiced for each veterinary drug product. The veterinary drug manufacturing enterprises shall meet the requirements specified in “Veterinary Drug Production and Quality Control Code ” (i.e. GMP) and quality of veterinary drug products shall meet requirements in “China Veterinary Pharmacopoeia” and the Veterinary Drug Quality Standards issued by MOA. Without production license and product license code, no units or individuals are allowed to produce and deal with veterinary drug products, so as to ensure veterinary drug quality, control animal diseases effectively, promote development of animal husbandry and protect human health. 　　“Breeding Livestock and Poultry Management Regulations”clearly speculates that the breeding livestock and poultry producers can not apply a “License for Production of Breeding Livestock and Poultry” until they have had sound veterinary health and prevention conditions, and have taken environment protection measures.　　“Feedstuff and Feed Additive Management Regulation” clearly speculates that when producing feedstuffs and feed additive, veterinary drugs and prohibited drugs shall not be added. No hormones are allowed in medicated feed additives. The regulation also specifies the approving of new feedstuffs and new feed additives, management of veterinary drug importation, production and market management and quality control management, so as to ensure the quality of feedstuff and feed additive, promote feedstuff industry and animal husbandry development and protect human health. 　　2 The present situation of animal disease occurrence and the control measures　　2.1 Categories of Animal Diseases in China　　The Ministry of Agriculture has speculated three categories of animal diseases. (See Appendix I)　　2.2 Animal disease occurrence in China in 1999　　In 1999, the Chinese Government notified FAO, OIE and the countries in the world of　20 animal diseases occurred in China through “ Official Veterinary Bulletin”. They are foot and mouth disease, swine vesicular disease, bluetongue, sheep and goat pox, classical swine fever, highly pathogenic avian influenza, Newcastle disease, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, swine cysticercosis, anthrax, rabbit haemorrhagic disease, fowl cholera, rabies, duck virus enteritis, glanders, swine erysipelas, equine infectious anaemia, brucellosis and Marek’s disease.　　2.2.1　　Foot and Mouth Disease　occurred in May1999, respectively in Ningde city in Fujian Province, Baisha country in Hainan Province and Rikeze prefecture in Tibet, with 1215 infected and susceptible cattle and pigs. All the 1215 animals were killed.　Type O virus was detected and confirmed by the National Key Laboratory to be the cause of outbreaks.　　Immediately upon the confirmation of the outbreaks, the local government defined and blocked the infected areas, slaughtered all the infected animals and herds. And emergent vaccination was conducted for all the susceptible animals in the infected area and its surrounding areas. The contaminated and possibly contaminated sites, articles, facilities and equipment were thoroughly disinfected. Movement control of animals in-and-outside the infected area was imposed and vehicles moving in and out of infected area were disinfected.　　6 successive months of monitoring the susceptible animals in the infected area and the area within a 50-km radius showed that no new outbreaks had occurred, and the blockage was then lifted accordingly.　　To prevent the introduction of the disease from outside into the country, China has established foot and mouth disease surveillance zone in areas directly bordering with the countries in Southeast Asia, South Asia and North Asia but without natural or geological barriers. Vaccination against foot and mouth disease will be conducted in theses areas when necessary.　　Swine vesicular disease did not occur in China in 1999.　　Blue tongue did not occur in China in 1999.　　Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI)　No outbreak of HPAI occurred in China in 1999. Samples are taken and detected twice annually in all the poultry keeping establishments and poultry breeding farms in particular. Strict blockage, slaughtering and disinfecting shall be imposed upon the confirmation of HPAI. Domestic and wild poultry and their products including hatching eggs, semen, poultry-derived products and feed, poultry-derived pathologic materials and biological products which can not be assured to destroy avian influenza virus are strictly prohibited to be imported and transited through our territory from the HPAI infected countries (or zones). Importation from avian influenza free countries (or zones) shall be conducted in conformity with concerned entry-exit laws and regulations.　　Newcastle disease In 1999, outbreaks of Newcastle disease occurred in the following provinces in China: Beijing, Gansu, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Xinjiang, Yunnan and Chongqing. The total number of cases and birds in the infected flocks amounted to 120 000, and nearly 60 000 died, the mortality rate was 50%. 37 000 birds were slaughtered, accounting for 31% of the cases and birds in the infected flocks. Up to now, outbreaks of Newcastle disease mainly occurred in loose-raising chicken flocks in the countryside and no ND outbreaks have ever occurred in the modern intensive chicken farms. Regular ND monitoring is conducted in China. When ND is diagnosed or suspected, immediate actions will be taken in conformity with bio-safety treatment regulations. No 　　Sheep and goat pox　In 1999, 39 outbreaks of sheep and goat pox occurred in 11 provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions): Fujian, Gansu, Hainan, Henan, Heilongjiang, Hubei, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shanxi and Chongqing, affecting 3 733 goats and sheep with 446 cases died and 247 slaughtered. Mainly goats were affected, but sheep were affected too in Qinghai and Heilongjiang. The disease occurred all the year round without significant seasonal and regional difference.　　Classical swine fever　In 1999, 13 provinces in China had outbreaks of classical swine fever, including Fujian, Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Heilongjiang, Hubie, Jiangxi, Qinghai, Shanxi and Chongqing. The total outbreaks amounted to 672 in the year with 415 000 cases; 165000 died (40% mortality) and 80 000 slaughtered (19% of the cases).　　2.2.2　　Brucellosis In 1999 16 outbreaks of brucellosis occurred in China, affecting 765 animals. Mainly goats, and also pigs and cattle, of which, 112 died and 362 were slaughtered. The infected provinces were Hebei, Henan, Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Jilin, Shanxi and Sichuan. The disease is a notifiable and must-control disease. Comprehensive control measures of “detection, slaughtering and vaccination” with vaccination as the main action are carried out in the animal populations. Epidemiological investigations of serology and etiology are conducted annually as speculated.　　Anthrax　In 1999, there were in total 23 outbreaks of anthrax affecting 210 animals mainly pig and cattle, and also goats, with 128 died and 35 animals destroyed and buried. The affected provinces include Guangxi, Guizhou, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Qinghai, Yunnan. Anthrax is one of the notifiable, must-control and monitor-all-year-round animal diseases. It occurs sporadically or outbreaks locally, mainly in mountain areas, remote areas with poor animal health conditions and lack of medical and prevention resources. The disease is distributed mostly in draught or flood seasons and areas suffering from natural disasters. 　　Swine erysipelas occurred sporadically, endemically or broke out in 1999 in 13 provinces: Beijing, Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Henan, Heilongjiang, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Shandong, Yunnan and Chongqing, affecting 8784 animals. 1604 of them died and 783 were slaughtered.　　Swine pasteurellosis occurred in 1999 in the provinces of Anhui, Guizhou, Henan, Heilongjiang, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong, Shanghai, Sichuan and Yunnan, affecting 7233 pigs, 1728 of which died and 1361 were slaughtered.　　Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome occurred in Henan, Shanxi and Shanghai in 1999. There were one outbreak each in Henan and Shanxi and 6 outbreaks in Shanghai. Cases in Shanghai alone accounted for 87% of total infected pigs in the country. It is an exotic disease and mainly occurred in the breeding farms which had frequently introduced breeding stocks. Since there is no effective vaccine to prevent the disease, culling and destruction are the main means imposed on the affected and positive breeding pigs and the barns are thoroughly cleaned and disinfected. Meanwhile, strict entry and exit quarantine measures are implemented to prevent reintroduction of the disease.　　3 Veterinary Drug Residues Control in Animals and Animal Products　　In March 1999, The Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) laid down the Plan of the People’s Republic of Chain for the Control of Veterinary Drug Residues in Animals and Food of Animal Origin, and at the same time formulated 1999 Implementing Scheme of Residue Control and Sampling.　　From June to December 1999, MOA organized veterinary residue monitoring and control in some regions. 4174 samples were taken from domestic poultry, swine, rabbits, aquatic products and honey and tested to trace 34 kinds of pesticides, veterinary drugs, heavy metal and hormones, including Clopidol, Clenbuterol, Sulphonamides, Stilbestrol, Hexachlorocyclo-hexane, DDT etc. The results showed that 3992 sample (95.6%) were free from residues; 155 samples (3.7%) had residues but below the maximum residue limits (MRLs); 27 samples had residues above the MRLs. Meanwhile, 273 feed/water samples were collected from farms and tested, of which 257 sample (94.1%) had no residues of harmful ingredients but drug additives in 16 sample (5.9%) were above the maximum amount permitted. Unqualified products were banned and the related enterprises were punished according to concerned regulations.　　4 Animal Health Supervision　　4.1 Supervision in Animal Raising　　The animal feeding units are required to meet animal health requirements specified by MOA and are subjected to the supervision and inspection by animal epidemic prevention supervision organs. Animal health qualification certificate and production permits management systems are practiced in breeding livestock and poultry farms. All the livestock and poultry farms shall be subjected to regular and irregular inspections by MOA. If there is any problems found, they will be timely solved as relevant regulations specified. Only those breeding farms which meet the state-speculated standards are allowed to supply breeding stocks to the outside.　　4.2 Supervision in Slaughtering and Processing　　Animal slaughtering houses and processing establishments shall meet the epidemic prevent requirements set by the MOA. The slaughtered animals are subjected to ante and post mortem inspection. Animal Product Inspection Certificate will be issued and signed to the qualified products which will then be stamped and marked with inspection marks authorized by the MOA prior to sale and transportation.　　4.3 Quarantine Inspection in Market　　Prior to marketing (or prior to departure of producers or manufacturers) animals and animal products shall be subjected to quarantine inspection in the places of production by animal quarantine inspectors from animal epidemic prevention supervision organs in their administered areas and be given “Animal Quarantine Inspection Certificate” or “Animal Products Inspection Certificate” when passed the inspection. When the animals and animal products are intended to move out of the counties, the animal epidemic prevention supervision organs at county level or above shall examine “Animal Quarantine Inspection Certificate in the Place of Origin” or “Animal Products Inspection Certificate”, and issued “Animal Quarantine Inspection Certificate for Movement out of the County” or “Animal Products Inspection Certificate for Movement out of the County” only then the animals or animal products are allowed to move outside the county. 　　Animal Epidemic Prevention Supervision Organs exercise supervision and inspection over the transportation of animals and animal products in railways, high ways, water lines or airports.　　Animals and animal products for export are subjected to quarantine and inspection at the port by Entry and Exit Quarantine and Inspection Services in accordance with the concerned quarantine regulations, bilateral agreements and quarantine protocols signed between China and the importing countries or regions, and those passed inspection will be provided with quarantine certificates including “Animal Quarantine Certificate”， “Veterinary Hygiene Certificate” etc.. The customs will let the animals and animal products go through by checking the certificate.　　5　Disease Surveillance and Reporting System　　China has established a strict and effective animal disease surveillance and reporting system. It is the system of four levels (National, Provincial, Prefecture and County)，reporting the disease information level by level. The Ministry of Agriculture is responsible to announce or release disease information in China to the World.　　Animal disease reporting include emergent report, monthly report and annual report. The animal epidemic prevention supervision organs at county level shall within 24 hours report to the Ministry of Agriculture in emergency the following:　　1) Outbreak or suspected outbreak of animal diseases of category I；　　2) Fulminate epidemic diseases of categories II, III and other diseases；　　3) Newly emerging diseases；　　4) Reoccurrence of the diseases that had been eradicated.　　Provinces (Autonomous Regions, Municipalities) shall monthly and annually report the animal disease information to the Ministry of Agriculture in monthly report and annual report.　　In addition, MOA set over 300 animal disease monitoring points, monitoring animal disease situation. The monitoring points report the disease information directly to MOA.　　China is not yet the OIE member country, but she sends a copy of the Official Veterinary Bulletin to OIE every month.　　6　Animal Disease Eradication and Control Measures　　Strict prevention and control measures are imposed to the diseases of CategoriesⅠ,Ⅱand Ⅲ speculated by state.　　In case of outbreak of CategoryⅠdiseases, the local veterinary administrations at county or above level shall dispatch people to the place of outbreak, define infected point, infected area, and district in risk, collect pathologic materials, search the source of infection and timely notify and require the local government to take actions to block the affected area. The people’s governments of local county level and above shall immediately organize concerned government departments and veterinary services to take compulsory control and eliminating measures such as isolation, slaughtering, destroy, disinfection or emergent vaccination in order to eliminate the disease promptly and at the same time notify the neighboring regions. During the blockage period, no infected and susceptibly infected animals and animal products are allowed to move out of the infected area and animals from free areas are prohibited to enter into infected area. Disinfection and restriction measures will be taken for the personnel, vehicles and concerned goods moving into and out of the infected area as required by the elimination activities.　　In case of occurrence of diseases of CategoryⅡ, the local veterinary administrations at the county level or above shall define the infected points, infected area and areas in risk. The local people’s governments at county level or above shall organize concerned government departments and veterinary services to take control and eradication measures such as isolation, slaughtering, destroy, disinfecting, emergent vaccination, in-and-out movement restriction of susceptible animals, animal products and related goods as required.　　In case of occurrence of disease of Category Ⅲ, the county and township people’s governments is responsible to organize control and eliminating activities according to animal disease control program and MOA rules and regulations.Note: Statist