中国动物卫生状况报告

41/41中国动物卫生状况报告（1999年度）中华人民共和国农业部畜牧兽医局中国政府非常重视动物卫生状况的改善与提高。多年来中国政府根据国际通行动物卫生规则，结合本国实际情况，采取行政、法律、经济、技术等手段，加强动物卫生管理工作。目前，中国已建立了较为完善的动物防疫监督、进出境动物检疫、兽药监督和饲料管理等法律法规和管理体系，动物疫病监测、报告、预防和控制能力明显加强，动物产品残留监控工作日趋规范，动物疫病发生、死亡率明显降低，动物及动物产品卫生状况不断改善。中国已于1955年消灭了牛瘟、1996年消灭了牛肺疫。痒病、牛海绵状脑病、非洲马瘟、非洲猪瘟、水泡性口炎、结节性皮炎、裂谷热和小反刍兽疫等8种动物疫病从未在中国境内发生。现将1999年中国动物卫生状况报告如下：1中国动物卫生行政管理机关和动物卫生法律法规1.1动物卫生行政管理根据中华人民共和国动物卫生有关法律法规和国务院有关规定，农业部统一管理全国动物卫生工作，具体职责是起草动物防疫和检疫的法律法规，签署政府间协议、协定，制定有关标准；组织兽医医政、兽药药政药检工作；组织、监督动物防疫、检疫工作，发布疫情并组织扑灭。农业部下设畜牧兽医局具体负责动物卫生管理工作。1.2动物卫生法律法规体系中国目前涉及动物卫生管理的法律法规主要包括：《中华人民共和国动物防疫法》、《中华人民共和国进出境动植物检疫法》及其实施条例、《种畜禽管理条例》、《兽药管理条例》以及《饲料和饲料添加剂管理条例》。以上法律法规分别明确规定了农业部主管全国动物防疫、进出境动物检疫、种畜禽管理、兽药管理以及饲料和饲料添加剂管理工作。《中华人民共和国动物防疫法》是国家动物防疫工作的根本大法。该法明确规定国家对动物疫病实行预防为主的方针，对控制和扑灭动物疫病、动物检疫制度、动物防疫监督基本规范等内容作了明确规定，以加强对动物防疫工作的管理，预防和扑灭动物疫病，促进养殖业发展，保护人体健康。《中华人民共和国进出境动植物检疫法》及《中华人民共和国进出境动植物检疫法实施条例》对检疫审批、进境、出境、过境、运输工具、携带、邮寄物等有关环节和对象的检疫措施做了具体规定，以防止动植物病虫害传入、传出国境，保护农、林、牧、渔业生产和人体健康，促进对外经济贸易发展。《兽药管理条例》对兽药生产经营企业、兽医医疗单位药剂管理、新兽药审批和进出口兽药管理、兽药监督、兽药商标和广告等作了明确规定。条例规定对兽药生产企业实行生产许可证管理制度，对兽药产品实行产品批准文号管理制度。兽药生产企业必须符合我国的《兽药生产质量管理规范》即(GMP)的要求，生产的兽药产品质量必须达到《中国兽药典》及农业部颁发的兽药质量标准。严禁未领取生产许可证和产品批准文号的任何单位和个人生产、销售兽药产品，从而保证兽药质量，有效防治动物疾病，促进畜牧业发展和维护人体健康。《种畜禽管理条例》规定种畜禽生产经营单位必须具有健全的兽医卫生防疫、环境保护措施，才能向县级以上人民政府畜牧行政主管部门申领《种畜禽生产经营许可证》。《饲料和饲料添加剂管理条例》明确规定企业生产饲料、饲料添加剂，不得直接添加兽药和其他禁用药品；生产药物饲料添加剂，不得添加激素类药品。条例同时对新饲料、新饲料添加剂的审定、进口管理以及生产、经营管理、质量监督管理作了明确规定，以提高饲料、饲料添加剂质量，促进饲料工业和养殖业发展，维护人体健康。2动物疫病的发生现状及控制措施2.1中国动物疫病分类农业部规定了一二三类动物疫病病种名录。具体见附件1。2.21999年中国动物疫病发生情况1999年中国政府通过《兽医公报》向FAO、OIE及世界各国就以下20种动物疫病在中国境内的发生情况进行了通报：口蹄疫、猪水泡病、蓝舌病、绵羊痘和山羊痘、猪瘟、高致病性禽流感、新城疫、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征、猪囊尾蚴病、炭疽、兔病毒性出血病、禽霍乱、狂犬病、鸭瘟、鼻疽、猪丹毒、猪肺疫、马传染性贫血、布鲁氏菌病、鸡马立克氏病等。2.2.1口蹄疫1999年5月，中国福建省宁德市、海南省白沙县和西藏日喀则地区分别发生口蹄疫，患病及易感的牛和猪1215头，扑杀1215头。此次疫病经国家级重点实验室诊断确定病毒血清型为O型。疫情发生后，当地政府立即划定并封锁了疫区，扑杀所有病畜及同群畜，对疫区和周围受威胁地区的易感动物进行紧急免疫接种，对病畜接触和可能接触的场所、物品、设施和器具进行彻底消毒。同时加强疫区内外动物流动控制和进出疫区运输车辆的消毒。通过对疫区及周围50公里以内的易感动物进行连续6为防止从中国境外传入疫情，我国在与东南亚、南亚及北亚直接接壤但无自然或地理屏障的边界，建立口蹄疫监测带，必要时采用口蹄疫疫苗进行预防接种。猪传染性水泡病1999年度，中国未发生猪水泡病。蓝舌病1999年度，中国境内未发生蓝舌病。高致病性禽流感1999年度，中国未发生高致病性禽流感。中国每年对所有养禽单位尤其是种禽场至少进行2次以上采样监测，凡发现高致病性禽流感，均采取严厉的封锁、扑杀和消毒措施。严禁禽流感感染国家（地区）的家禽、野禽及其产品，包括种蛋、精液、禽源性产品及饲料、难以确保禽流感病毒破坏的禽源性病料和生物制品进境或过境运输。从无禽流感国家（地区）引种，必须按进出境有关规定办理。新城疫1999年度，中国发生新城疫的省份有：北京、甘肃、贵州、海南、河北、黑龙江、湖北、湖南、江苏、江西、内蒙古、宁夏、新疆、云南、重庆市。全年发病禽及同群禽数量达12万只，其中死亡近6万只，病死率约50%，扑杀37万只,占发病及同群禽数的31%。到目前为止，新城疫仍多发生于农村散养鸡群中，现代集约化养鸡场从未发生过新城疫。中国定期开展对鸡新城疫疫情监测工作，发现或疑似的新城疫病禽，按无害化处理规定立即处理。饲养曾祖代、祖代鸡的鸡场，整个饲养周期无鸡新城疫发生，集约化商品代养鸡场使用低毒力株活疫苗和灭活疫苗进行预防接种。绵羊痘和山羊痘1999年度，中国福建、甘肃、海南、河南、黑龙江、湖北、内蒙、宁夏、青海、山西、重庆市等11省（市、自治区）发生绵羊痘和山羊痘共39起，患病山羊和绵羊达3733只，死亡446只，扑杀247只。以山羊多发，青海、黑龙江的绵羊也有发生；发病无明显季节，一年四季均有发生，也无明显的区域性。猪瘟1999年度，中国有13个省发生猪瘟，这些省份包括北京、福建、甘肃、广西、贵州、河北、河南、黑龙江、湖北、江西、青海、山西和重庆市。全年累计发生次数672次，病猪41.5万头，其中死亡16.5万头，病死率约40%，扑杀8万头，占发病猪的19%。2.2.2布鲁氏菌病1999年共发生16起，发病畜765头，主要是山羊，也有猪和牛，其中死亡112头，扑杀362头，发生的省有河北、河南、黑龙江、辽宁、吉林、山西、四川。该病为法定报告和必须控制的疫病。在畜间采取以免为主的“检、杀、免”综合防治措施，并按规定每年进行流行病学调查和血清学、病原学检查。炭疽1999年共发生23起，发病畜210头，主要为猪、牛，也有山羊，其中死亡128头，深埋销毁35头，发生的省有广西、贵州、黑龙江、内蒙古、青海、云南。炭疽是中国法定报告、严格控制和常年监测的动物疫病之一，目前呈散发或局部暴发，多发生于山区和边远动物卫生条件差、医疗和预防力量较薄弱地区，且多发生于干旱、洪水等自然灾害较多季节和区域。猪丹毒呈散发、地方流行或暴发，1999年发生的省（市）有北京、福建、广东、海南、河南、黑龙江、湖北、湖南、江苏、辽宁、山东、云南、重庆等，发病猪达8784头，其中死亡1604头，扑杀783头。猪肺疫1999年发生的省（市）有安徽、贵州、河南、黑龙江、湖北、湖南、江苏、江西、山东、上海、四川、云南，发病生猪7233头，其中死亡1728头，扑杀1361头。猪繁殖与呼吸综合征1999年在河南、山西和上海三省（市）发生，其中河南、山西省分别发生一起，发病猪51头，死亡10头，而上海发生6起，发病数占全年总发病数的87%。该病为外来疫病，主要发生于引种频繁的种畜场，由于该病尚无有效疫苗预防，对病猪及阳性种猪采取了淘汰、消毁措施并对圈舍彻底消毒措施。同时采取了严格的进境检疫管理措施，严防该病再次传入。3动物和动物产品的兽药监控1999年3月农业部制定了“中华人民共和国动物及动物源性食品中兽药残留物质监控计划”，同时还制定了“1999年度残留监控抽样实施方案”。1999年6月-12月，农业部组织了对部分地区的兽药残留物质监测工作，在家禽、猪、兔、水产品和蜂蜜等动物产品中抽取了4174个样品，进行克球酚、盐酸克伦特罗、磺胺类、已烯雌酚、六六六、DDT等34种农药、兽药、重金属、激素残留项目的检测。结果显示3992个样品（占95.6%）无残留；155个样品(占3.7%)存在残留，但未超标；27个样品（占0.7%）存在残留并超过最高残留限量指标。同时还到饲养场中抽取273个饲料/饮水样品进行检测，其中257个样品（占94.1%）未检出药品，16个样品（占5.9%）药物添加量超标。对超标的产品及相关企业按有关规定进行查禁并处理。4动物卫生监督4.1饲养环节动物饲养场所要符合农业部规定的动物防疫条件，并接受动物防疫监督机构的监督检查。对种畜禽场实行动物防疫合格证和生产许可证管理制度，凡畜禽饲养场必须由农业部进行定期和不定期疫情监测，发现问题按规定及时处理。种畜禽场只有达到国家规定的标准方能对外供种。4.2屠宰加工环节动物屠宰加工场所须符合农业部规定的动物防疫条件。对屠宰动物实施宰前检疫、宰后检验，合格的由动物防疫监督机构的动物检疫员签发《动物产品检疫合格证明》并加盖或者加封农业部统一监制的检疫验讫标志方可出售和运输。4.3流通环节动物及动物产品上市（或离开产地或生产场所）之前必须由辖区动物防疫监督机构的动物检疫员进行产地检疫，经检疫合格的出具《动物产地检疫合格证明》或《动物产品检疫合格证明》。运出县境的动物及动物产品，由县级以上动物防疫监督机构查验《动物产地检疫合格证明》或《动物产品检疫合格证明》，出具《出县境动物检疫合格证明》或《出县境动物产品检疫合格证明》后，方可出县境流通。动物防疫监督机构依法在铁路、公路、水路、航空港对动物、动物产品运输进行监督检查。出口的动物及动物产品，由出入境检验检疫机关根据输入国或者地区和我国有关动物检疫规定、双边检疫协定以及贸易合同中定明的检疫要求在口岸实施检疫，合格的出具检疫证书（包括《动物检疫证书》、《兽医卫生证书》等）。海关凭检疫证书放行。5疫情监测报告系统中国建立了严格有效的的疫情监测报告系统。全国已建立了国家、省、地、县四级疫情报告系统，实行动物疫情逐级报告制度，由农业部负责对外发布动物疫情。动物疫情报告实行快报、月报和年报制度。县级动物防疫监督机构发现有下列情形之一的必须在24小时内快报至农业部：(1)发生一类或者疑似一类动物疫病；(2)二类、三类或者其他动物疫病呈暴发性流行；(3)新发现的疫病；(4)已经消灭又发生的动物疫病。各省（自治区、直辖市）每月和每年的动物疫情分别以月报、年报的形式向农业部报告。除此之外，农业部还在全国布设了300多个动物疫情测报点，进行动物疫情的监测。各测报点直接向农业部报告动物疫情。虽然中国尚不是OIE成员国，但中国每月向OIE递交《兽医公报》，通报疫情。6疫病扑灭及控制措施中国对国家规定的一二三类动物疫病采取了严格的预防和控制措施。发生一类动物疫病时，当地县级以上兽医行政管理部门立即派人到现场，划定疫点、疫区、受威胁区，采集病料，调查疫源，及时报请当地政府对疫区实行封锁。县级以上地方人民政府立即组织有关部门和单位采取隔离、扑杀、销毁、消毒、紧急免疫接种等强制性控制、扑灭措施，迅速扑灭疫病，并通报毗邻地区。在封锁期间，禁止染疫和疑似染疫的动物、动物产品流出疫区，禁止非疫区的动物进入疫区，并根据扑灭动物疫病的需要对出入封锁区的人员、运输工具及有关物品采取消毒和其他限制性措施。发生二类动物疫病时，当地县级以上兽医行政管理部门要划定疫点、疫区、受威胁区。县级以上地方人民政府根据需要组织有关部门和单位采取隔离、扑杀、销毁、消毒、紧急免疫接种、限制易感染的动物、动物产品及有关物品出入等控制、扑灭措施。发生三类动物疫病时，县级、乡级人民政府按照动物疫病预防计划和农业部的规定，组织防治和净化。注：本报告统计数据未包括台湾省、香港特别行政区和澳门特别行政区附件1：一二三类动物疫病病种名录一、一类动物疫病口蹄疫、猪水泡病、猪瘟、非洲猪瘟、非洲马瘟、牛瘟、牛传染性胸膜肺炎、牛海绵状脑病、痒病、蓝舌病、小反刍兽疫、绵羊痘和山羊痘、禽流行性感冒（高致病性禽流感）、鸡新城疫二、二类动物疫病多种动物共患病：伪狂犬病、狂犬病、炭疽、魏氏梭菌病、副结核病、布鲁氏菌病、弓形虫病、棘球蚴病、钩端螺旋体病牛病：牛传染性鼻气管炎、牛恶性卡他热、牛白血病、牛出血性败血病、牛结核病、牛焦虫病、牛锥虫病、日本血吸虫病绵羊和山羊病：山羊关节炎脑炎、梅地－维氏纳病猪病：猪乙型脑炎、猪细小病毒病、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征、猪丹毒、猪肺疫、猪链球菌病、猪传染性萎缩性鼻炎、猪支原体肺炎、旋毛虫病、猪囊尾蚴病马病：马传染性贫血、马流行性淋巴管炎、马鼻疽、巴贝斯焦虫病、伊氏锥虫病禽病：鸡传染性喉气管炎、鸡传染性支气管炎、鸡传染性法氏囊病、鸡马立克氏病、鸡产蛋下降综合征、禽白血病、禽痘、鸭瘟、鸭病毒性肝炎、小鹅瘟、禽霍乱、鸡白痢、鸡败血支原体感染、鸡球虫病兔病：兔病毒性出血病、兔粘液瘤病、野兔热、兔球虫病水生动物病：病毒性出血性败血病、鲤春病毒血症、对虾杆状病毒病蜜蜂病：美洲幼虫腐臭病、欧洲幼虫腐臭病、蜜蜂孢子虫病、蜜蜂螨病、大蜂螨病、白垩病三、三类动物疫病多种动物共患病：黑腿病、李氏杆菌病、类鼻疽、放线菌病、肝片吸虫病、丝虫病牛病：牛流行热、牛病毒性腹泻/粘膜病、牛生殖器弯曲杆菌病、毛滴虫病、牛皮蝇蛆病绵羊和山羊病：肺腺瘤病、绵羊地方性流产、传染性脓疱皮炎、腐蹄病、传染性眼炎、肠毒血症、干酪性淋巴结炎、绵羊疥癣马病：马流行性感冒、马腺疫、马鼻腔肺炎、溃疡性淋巴管炎、马媾疫猪病：猪传染性胃肠炎、猪副伤寒、猪密螺旋体痢疾禽病：鸡病毒性关节炎、禽传染性脑脊髓炎、传染性鼻炎、禽结核病、禽伤寒鱼病：鱼传染性造血器官坏死、鱼鳃霉病其它动物病：水貂阿留申病、水貂病毒性肠炎、鹿茸真菌病、蚕型多角体病、蚕白僵病、犬瘟热、利什曼病REPORTBUREAROFANIMALPRODUCTIONANDHEALTHMINISTRYOFAGRICULTUREOFP.R.CHINATheChineseGovernmenthaspaidgreatattentiontotheimprovementofanimalhealthstatus.Combinedwithlocalpracticalconditions,ithasforlongtakenvariousadministrative,legal,economicandtechnicalmeanstoenhanceanimalhealthmanagementinaccordancewithinternationallygeneralanimalhealthregulationsandpractice.Atpresent,Chinahasestablishedcomparativelysoundlegalandadministrativesystemsonanimalepidemicpreventionsupervision,entry&exitanimalquarantine,veterinarydrugsupervisionandfeedstuffmanagement.Capabilitiesinanimaldiseasemonitoring,reporting,controlanderadicationarestrengthenedmarkedly.Drugresidualcontrolinanimalproductsisgettingnormalized,diseaseincidenceandmortalityratearereducedsignificantly.Healthstatusofanimalsandanimalproductsareconstantlyimproved.Rinderpestandbovinecontagiouspleuropneumoniawereeradicatedrespectivelyin1955and1996.Scrapie,bovinespongiformencephalopathy,Africanhorsesickness,Africanswinefever,Swinevesiculardisease,lumpyskindisease,RiftValleyfeverandpestedespetitsruminantshaveneveroccurredinChina.1AnimalHealthAdministrationsandAnimalHealthLegalSysteminChina1.1AnimalHealthAdministrationsAccordingtotheChineselawsandregulationsconcerninganimalhealth,theMinistryofAgricultureofPeople’sRepublicofChina(MOA)isresponsiblefornationalanimalhealthwork.Itsdisciplinesandfunctionsincludeproposinglawsandregulationsonanimalepidemicpreventionandanimalquarantine,signinganimalhealthandquarantineagreementsandprotocolswithforeigncountries,workingouttechnicalcriteriaandstandards,conductingveterinaryadministration,managementofanimaldrugproductionandqualitycontrol,organizingandconductinganimalepidemicpreventionandquarantine,releasinganimaldiseaseinformationinChinaandcrackingdowntheoutbreakofanimaldisease.1.2AnimalHealthLegalSystemLawandregulationsinrelationwithanimalhealthmanagementinChinaincludemainly“LawofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaonAnimalEpidemicPrevention”,“LawofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaonEntry&ExitAnimalandPlantQuarantine”anditsimplementingregulations，“RegulationsonManagementofBreedingLivestockandPoultry”,“RegulationsonManagementofFeedstuffsandFeedAdditives”.Theabove-mentionedlawsandregulationsclearlyspecifythattheMinistryofAgriculturetakeschargeofnationalanimalepidemicprevention,entryandexitanimalquarantine,breedinglivestockandpoultrymanagement,veterinarydrugmanagementandfeedstuffandfeed-additivemanagement.The“LawofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaonAnimalEpidemicPrevention”isthefundamentallawofnationalanimalepidemicprevention.Thelawclearlyspecifiesthatthestatepracticestheprincipleofputtingpreventionfirstwithregardtoanimaldiseases.Italsomakesspecificspeculationsonanimaldiseasecontrolandelimination,animalquarantinesystemandanimalepidemicpreventionsupervision,soastoreinforceanimalepidemicpreventionmanagement,preventandeliminateanimaldiseasesandtopromotedevelopmentofanimalhusbandryandprotecthumanhealth.“LawofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaonEntry&ExitAnimalandPlantQuarantine”and“RegulationsforImplementationofLawofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaonEntry&ExitAnimalandPlantQuarantine”,makespecificspeculationsonquarantineproceduresandquarantinemeasuresatimport，exportandtransitstages,andquarantinefortransportationmeansandthecarryingandpostgoodssoastopreventanimalandplantdiseasesandpestsfromintroductionintoandoutofthecountry,protectplantandanimalproductionandhumanhealth,andtopromotedevelopmentoftradewithforeigncountries.“VeterinaryDrugManagementRegulation”clearlyspecifiesspeculationsformanagementofveterinarydrugmanufacturingandenterprises,veterinarypharmaceuticalapplicationandmanagementinveterinaryclinicalandtreatmentservices,newveterinarydrugapprovalandregistration,managementofimportedandexportedveterinarydrugs,veterinarydrugsupervisionandqualitycontrol,veterinarydrugtrademarksandadvertisement.Theregulationspeculatesthatproductionlicensingsystemispracticedinveterinarydrugmanufacturingandlicensecodemanagementsystemispracticedforeachveterinarydrugproduct.Theveterinarydrugmanufacturingenterprisesshallmeettherequirementsspecifiedin“VeterinaryDrugProductionandQualityControlCode”(i.e.GMP)andqualityofveterinarydrugproductsshallmeetrequirementsin“ChinaVeterinaryPharmacopoeia”andtheVeterinaryDrugQualityStandardsissuedbyMOA.Withoutproductionlicenseandproductlicensecode,nounitsorindividualsareallowedtoproduceanddealwithveterinarydrugproducts,soastoensureveterinarydrugquality,controlanimaldiseaseseffectively,promotedevelopmentofanimalhusbandryandprotecthumanhealth.“BreedingLivestockandPoultryManagementRegulations”clearlyspeculatesthatthebreedinglivestockandpoultryproducerscannotapplya“LicenseforProductionofBreedingLivestockandPoultry”untiltheyhavehadsoundveterinaryhealthandpreventionconditions,andhavetakenenvironmentprotectionmeasures.“FeedstuffandFeedAdditiveManagementRegulation”clearlyspeculatesthatwhenproducingfeedstuffsandfeedadditive,veterinarydrugsandprohibiteddrugsshallnotbeadded.Nohormonesareallowedinmedicatedfeedadditives.Theregulationalsospecifiestheapprovingofnewfeedstuffsandnewfeedadditives,managementofveterinarydrugimportation,productionandmarketmanagementandqualitycontrolmanagement,soastoensurethequalityoffeedstuffandfeedadditive,promotefeedstuffindustryandanimalhusbandrydevelopmentandprotecthumanhealth.2Thepresentsituationofanimaldiseaseoccurrenceandthecontrolmeasures2.1CategoriesofAnimalDiseasesinChinaTheMinistryofAgriculturehasspeculatedthreecategoriesofanimaldiseases.(SeeAppendixI)2.2AnimaldiseaseoccurrenceinChinain1999In1999,theChineseGovernmentnotifiedFAO,OIEandthecountriesintheworldof20animaldiseasesoccurredinChinathrough“OfficialVeterinaryBulletin”.Theyarefootandmouthdisease,swinevesiculardisease,bluetongue,sheepandgoatpox,classicalswinefever,highlypathogenicavianinfluenza,Newcastledisease,porcinereproductiveandrespiratorysyndrome,swinecysticercosis,anthrax,rabbithaemorrhagicdisease,fowlcholera,rabies,duckvirusenteritis,glanders,swineerysipelas,equineinfectiousanaemia,brucellosisandMarek’sdisease.2.2.1FootandMouthDiseaseoccurredinMay1999,respectivelyinNingdecityinFujianProvince,BaishacountryinHainanProvinceandRikezeprefectureinTibet,with1215infectedandsusceptiblecattleandpigs.Allthe1215animalswerekilled.TypeOviruswasdetectedandconfirmedbytheNationalKeyLaboratorytobethecauseofoutbreaks.Immediatelyupontheconfirmationoftheoutbreaks,thelocalgovernmentdefinedandblockedtheinfectedareas,slaughteredalltheinfectedanimalsandherds.Andemergentvaccinationwasconductedforallthesusceptibleanimalsintheinfectedareaanditssurroundingareas.Thecontaminatedandpossiblycontaminatedsites,articles,facilitiesandequipmentwerethoroughlydisinfected.Movementcontrolofanimalsin-and-outsidetheinfectedareawasimposedandvehiclesmovinginandoutofinfectedareaweredisinfected.6successivemonthsofmonitoringthesusceptibleanimalsintheinfectedareaandtheareawithina50-kmradiusshowedthatnonewoutbreakshadoccurred,andtheblockagewasthenliftedaccordingly.Topreventtheintroductionofthediseasefromoutsideintothecountry,ChinahasestablishedfootandmouthdiseasesurveillancezoneinareasdirectlyborderingwiththecountriesinSoutheastAsia,SouthAsiaandNorthAsiabutwithoutnaturalorgeologicalbarriers.Vaccinationagainstfootandmouthdiseasewillbeconductedinthesesareaswhennecessary.SwinevesiculardiseasedidnotoccurinChinain1999.BluetonguedidnotoccurinChinain1999.Highlypathogenicavianinfluenza(HPAI)NooutbreakofHPAIoccurredinChinain1999.Samplesaretakenanddetectedtwiceannuallyinallthepoultrykeepingestablishmentsandpoultrybreedingfarmsinparticular.Strictblockage,slaughteringanddisinfectingshallbeimposedupontheconfirmationofHPAI.Domesticandwildpoultryandtheirproductsincludinghatchingeggs,semen,poultry-derivedproductsandfeed,poultry-derivedpathologicmaterialsandbiologicalproductswhichcannotbeassuredtodestroyavianinfluenzavirusarestrictlyprohibitedtobeimportedandtransitedthroughourterritoryfromtheHPAIinfectedcountries(orzones).Importationfromavianinfluenzafreecountries(orzones)shallbeconductedinconformitywithconcernedentry-exitlawsandregulations.NewcastlediseaseIn1999,outbreaksofNewcastlediseaseoccurredinthefollowingprovincesinChina:Beijing,Gansu,Guizhou,Hainan,Hebei,Heilongjiang,Hubei,Hunan,Jiangsu,Jiangxi,InnerMongolia,Ningxia,Xinjiang,YunnanandChongqing.Thetotalnumberofcasesandbirdsintheinfectedflocksamountedto120000,andnearly60000died,themortalityratewas50%.37000birdswereslaughtered,accountingfor31%ofthecasesandbirdsintheinfectedflocks.Uptonow,outbreaksofNewcastlediseasemainlyoccurredinloose-raisingchickenflocksinthecountrysideandnoNDoutbreakshaveeveroccurredinthemodernintensivechickenfarms.RegularNDmonitoringisconductedinChina.WhenNDisdiagnosedorsuspected,immediateactionswillbetakeninconformitywithbio-safetytreatmentregulations.NoSheepandgoatpoxIn1999,39outbreaksofsheepandgoatpoxoccurredin11provinces(municipalitiesandautonomousregions):Fujian,Gansu,Hainan,Henan,Heilongjiang,Hubei,InnerMongolia,Ningxia,Qinghai,ShanxiandChongqing,affecting3733goatsandsheepwith446casesdiedand247slaughtered.Mainlygoatswereaffected,butsheepwereaffectedtooinQinghaiandHeilongjiang.Thediseaseoccurredalltheyearroundwithoutsignificantseasonalandregionaldifference.ClassicalswinefeverIn1999,13provincesinChinahadoutbreaksofclassicalswinefever,includingFujian,Gansu,Guangxi,Guizhou,Hebei,Henan,Heilongjiang,Hubie,Jiangxi,Qinghai,ShanxiandChongqing.Thetotaloutbreaksamountedto672intheyearwith415000cases;165000died(40%mortality)and80000slaughtered(19%ofthecases).2.2.2BrucellosisIn199916outbreaksofbrucellosisoccurredinChina,affecting765animals.Mainlygoats,andalsopigsandcattle,ofwhich,112diedand362wereslaughtered.TheinfectedprovinceswereHebei,Henan,Heilongjiang,Liaoning,Jilin,ShanxiandSichuan.Thediseaseisanotifiableandmust-controldisease.Comprehensivecontrolmeasuresof“detection,slaughteringandvaccination”withvaccinationasthemainactionarecarriedoutintheanimalpopulations.Epidemiologicalinvestigationsofserologyandetiologyareconductedannuallyasspeculated.AnthraxIn1999,therewereintotal23outbreaksofanthraxaffecting210animalsmainlypigandcattle,andalsogoats,with128diedand35animalsdestroyedandburied.TheaffectedprovincesincludeGuangxi,Guizhou,Heilongjiang,InnerMongolia,Qinghai,Yunnan.Anthraxisoneofthenotifiable,must-controlandmonitor-all-year-roundanimaldiseases.Itoccurssporadicallyoroutbreakslocally,mainlyinmountainareas,remoteareaswithpooranimalhealthconditionsandlackofmedicalandpreventionresources.Thediseaseisdistributedmostlyindraughtorfloodseasonsandareassufferingfromnaturaldisasters.Swineerysipelasoccurredsporadically,endemicallyorbrokeoutin1999in13provinces:Beijing,Fujian,Guangdong,Hainan,Henan,Heilongjiang,Hubei,Hunan,Jiangsu,Liaoning,Shandong,YunnanandChongqing,affecting8784animals.1604ofthemdiedand783wereslaughtered.Swinepasteurellosisoccurredin1999intheprovincesofAnhui,Guizhou,Henan,Heilongjiang,Hubei,Hunan,Jiangsu,Jiangxi,Shandong,Shanghai,SichuanandYunnan,affecting7233pigs,1728ofwhichdiedand1361wereslaughtered.PorcinereproductiveandrespiratorysyndromeoccurredinHenan,ShanxiandShanghaiin1999.TherewereoneoutbreakeachinHenanandShanxiand6outbreaksinShanghai.CasesinShanghaialoneaccountedfor87%oftotalinfectedpigsinthecountry.Itisanexoticdiseaseandmainlyoccurredinthebreedingfarmswhichhadfrequentlyintroducedbreedingstocks.Sincethereisnoeffectivevaccinetopreventthedisease,cullinganddestructionarethemainmeansimposedontheaffectedandpositivebreedingpigsandthebarnsarethoroughlycleanedanddisinfected.Meanwhile,strictentryandexitquarantinemeasuresareimplementedtopreventreintroductionofthedisease.3VeterinaryDrugResiduesControlinAnimalsandAnimalProductsInMarch1999,TheMinistryofAgriculture(MOA)laiddownthePlanofthePeople’sRepublicofChainfortheControlofVeterinaryDrugResiduesinAnimalsandFoodofAnimalOrigin,andatthesametimeformulated1999ImplementingSchemeofResidueControlandSampling.FromJunetoDecember1999,MOAorganizedveterinaryresiduemonitoringandcontrolinsomeregions.4174samplesweretakenfromdomesticpoultry,swine,rabbits,aquaticproductsandhoneyandtestedtotrace34kindsofpesticides,veterinarydrugs,heavymetalandhormones,includingClopidol,Clenbuterol,Sulphonamides,Stilbestrol,Hexachlorocyclo-hexane,DDTetc.Theresultsshowedthat3992sample(95.6%)werefreefromresidues;155samples(3.7%)hadresiduesbutbelowthemaximumresiduelimits(MRLs);27sampleshadresiduesabovetheMRLs.Meanwhile,273feed/watersampleswerecollectedfromfarmsandtested,ofwhich257sample(94.1%)hadnoresiduesofharmfulingredientsbutdrugadditivesin16sample(5.9%)wereabovethemaximumamountpermitted.Unqualifiedproductswerebannedandtherelatedenterpriseswerepunishedaccordingtoconcernedregulations.4AnimalHealthSupervision4.1SupervisioninAnimalRaisingTheanimalfeedingunitsarerequiredtomeetanimalhealthrequirementsspecifiedbyMOAandaresubjectedtothesupervisionandinspectionbyanimalepidemicpreventionsupervisionorgans.Animalhealthqualificationcertificateandproductionpermitsmanagementsystemsarepracticedinbreedinglivestockandpoultryfarms.AllthelivestockandpoultryfarmsshallbesubjectedtoregularandirregularinspectionsbyMOA.Ifthereisanyproblemsfound,theywillbetimelysolvedasrelevantregulationsspecified.Onlythosebreedingfarmswhichmeetthestate-speculatedstandardsareallowedtosupplybreedingstockstotheoutside.4.2SupervisioninSlaughteringandProcessingAnimalslaughteringhousesandprocessingestablishmentsshallmeettheepidemicpreventrequirementssetbytheMOA.Theslaughteredanimalsaresubjectedtoanteandpostmorteminspection.AnimalProductInspectionCertificatewillbeissuedandsignedtothequalifiedproductswhichwillthenbestampedandmarkedwithinspectionmarksauthorizedbytheMOApriortosaleandtransportation.4.3QuarantineInspectioninMarketPriortomarketing(orpriortodepartureofproducersormanufacturers)animalsandanimalproductsshallbesubjectedtoquarantineinspectionintheplacesofproductionbyanimalquarantineinspectorsfromanimalepidemicpreventionsupervisionorgansintheiradministeredareasandbegiven“AnimalQuarantineInspectionCertificate”or“AnimalProductsInspectionCertificate”whenpassedtheinspection.Whentheanimalsandanimalproductsareintendedtomoveoutofthecounties,theanimalepidemicpreventionsupervisionorgansatcountyleveloraboveshallexamine“AnimalQuarantineInspectionCertificateinthePlaceofOrigin”or“AnimalProductsInspectionCertificate”,andissued“AnimalQuarantineInspectionCertificateforMovementoutoftheCounty”or“AnimalProductsInspectionCertificateforMovementoutoftheCounty”onlythentheanimalsoranimalproductsareallowedtomoveoutsidethecounty.AnimalEpidemicPreventionSupervisionOrgansexercisesupervisionandinspectionoverthetransportationofanimalsandanimalproductsinrailways,highways,waterlinesorairports.AnimalsandanimalproductsforexportaresubjectedtoquarantineandinspectionattheportbyEntryandExitQuarantineandInspectionServicesinaccordancewiththeconcernedquarantineregulations,bilateralagreementsandquarantineprotocolssignedbetweenChinaandtheimportingcountriesorregions,andthosepassedinspectionwillbeprovidedwithquarantinecertificatesincluding“AnimalQuarantineCertificate”，“VeterinaryHygieneCertificate”etc..Thecustomswilllettheanimalsandanimalproductsgothroughbycheckingthecertificate.5DiseaseSurveillanceandReportingSystemChinahasestablishedastrictandeffectiveanimaldiseasesurveillanceandreportingsystem.Itisthesystemoffourlevels(National,Provincial,PrefectureandCounty)，reportingthediseaseinformationlevelbylevel.TheMinistryofAgricultureisresponsibletoannounceorreleasediseaseinformationinChinatotheWorld.Animaldiseasereportingincludeemergentreport,monthlyreportandannualreport.Theanimalepidemicpreventionsupervisionorgansatcountylevelshallwithin24hoursreporttotheMinistryofAgricultureinemergencythefollowing:1)OutbreakorsuspectedoutbreakofanimaldiseasesofcategoryI；2)FulminateepidemicdiseasesofcategoriesII,IIIandotherdiseases；3)Newlyemergingdiseases；4)Reoccurrenceofthediseasesthathadbeeneradicated.Provinces(AutonomousRegions,Municipalities)shallmonthlyandannuallyreporttheanimaldiseaseinformationtotheMinistryofAgricultureinmonthlyreportandannualreport.Inaddition,MOAsetover300animaldiseasemonitoringpoints,monitoringanimaldiseasesituation.ThemonitoringpointsreportthediseaseinformationdirectlytoMOA.ChinaisnotyettheOIEmembercountry,butshesendsacopyoftheOfficialVeterinaryBulletintoOIEeverymonth.6AnimalDiseaseEradicationandControlMeasuresStrictpreventionandcontrolmeasuresareimposedtothediseasesofCategoriesⅠ,ⅡandⅢspeculatedbystate.IncaseofoutbreakofCategoryⅠdiseases,thelocalveterinaryadministrationsatcountyorabovelevelshalldispatchpeopletotheplaceofoutbreak,defineinfectedpoint,infectedarea,anddistrictinrisk,collectpathologicmaterials,searchthesourceofinfectionandtimelynotifyandrequirethelocalgovernmenttotakeactionstoblocktheaffectedarea.Thepeople’sgovernmentsoflocalcountylevelandaboveshallimmediatelyorganizeconcernedgovernmentdepartmentsandveterinaryservicestotakecompulsorycontrolandeliminatingmeasuressuchasisolation,slaughtering,destroy,disinfectionoremergentvaccinationinordertoeliminatethediseasepromptlyandatthesametimenotifytheneighboringregions.Duringtheblockageperiod,noinfectedandsusceptiblyinfectedanimalsandanimalproductsareallowedtomoveoutoftheinfectedareaandanimalsfromfreeareasareprohibitedtoenterintoinfectedarea.Disinfectionandrestrictionmeasureswillbetakenforthepersonnel,vehiclesandconcernedgoodsmovingintoandoutoftheinfectedareaasrequiredbytheeliminationactivities.IncaseofoccurrenceofdiseasesofCategoryⅡ,thelocalveterinaryadministrationsatthecountyleveloraboveshalldefinetheinfectedpoints,infectedareaandareasinrisk.Thelocalpeople’sgovernmentsatcountyleveloraboveshallorganizeconcernedgovernmentdepartmentsandveterinaryservicestotakecontrolanderadicationmeasuressuchasisolation,slaughtering,destroy,disinfecting,emergentvaccination,in-and-outmovementrestrictionofsusceptibleanimals,animalproductsandrelatedgoodsasrequired.IncaseofoccurrenceofdiseaseofCategoryⅢ,thecountyandtownshippeople’sgovernmentsisresponsibletoorganizecontrolandeliminatingactivitiesaccordingtoanimaldiseasecontrolprogramandMOArulesandregulations.Note:Statist