高考英语二轮复习语法专练专题十一构词法课件 (含解析)

专题十一构词法考向分析构词法包括合成法、派生法、转化法、缩写和简写,名列高考大纲的语

法项目表之中,其中合成法和派生法是重点,特别是派生法,是每年高考

的高频考点之一,例如,形容词的副词形式、动词的名词形式、名词的

形容词形式等。考点清单一、合成法单句改错1.(2017课标全国Ⅲ)Butunlikeherschoolfriends,16-years-oldSarahis

notspendinghalf-termresting.

16-years-old→16-year-old

答案

16-years-old→16-year-old在带有连字符的复合形容词中,名词

应用单数形式,故16-years-old改为16-year-old。语境运用2.(2016课标全国Ⅰ)Onmyrecentvisit,Iheldalivelythree-months-old

twinthathadbeenrejectedbyitsmother.three-months-old→three-month-old答案

three-months-old→three-month-old复合形容词three-months-old

使用错误,名词应用单数形式。3.StephenFrancisobservedeighteen-years-oldShellyAnnatatrackmeet

andwasconvincedthathehadseenthebeginningsoftruegreatness.

eighteen-years-old→eighteen-year-old

答案

eighteen-years-old→eighteen-year-old在题干中,eighteen-years-

old错误,中间的名词years应用单数形式。合成法是两个或两个以上的词按一定的规则合成一个新词的方法。这

样的词被称为合成词。1.合成形容词用法精讲构成方式典例数词+单数名词two-hour两小时的,one-child独生子女的数词+单数名词+形容词atwo-meter-longruler一把两米长的尺子,aten-year-oldboy一个10岁的男孩数词+名词+-edfour-footed四只脚的,three-legged三条腿的形容词+名词part-time业余的,high-class高级的形容词/副词+形容词dark-blue深蓝的,light-green浅绿的形容词+名词+-edkind-hearted好心肠的,cold-blooded冷血的形容词/副词+现在分词hard-working勤奋的,ugly-looking长相丑陋的形容词/副词+过去分词ready-made现存的,newly-built新建的名词+名词X-rayX光的,English-language英国语言的名词+形容词world-wide世界范围的,ice-cold冰冷的名词+现在分词world-shaking震惊世界的,man-eating吃人的名词+过去分词hand-made手工制作的,man-made人造的2.合成名词构成方式典例名词+名词powerplant发电厂,chairman主席,postman邮递员形容词+名词blackboard黑板,highchair高脚椅,supermarket超市动名词+名词swimmingpool游泳池,sewingmachine缝纫机动词+副词take-off起飞,cut-off截止点,breakdown故障类别典例合成动词safeguard保卫,underline在……下面画线,sleepwalk梦游合成代词everybody每人,everything每件事,anyone任何人合成副词sometimes有时,outdoors在户外,meanwhile同时合成介词throughout遍及,inside在里面,within在……之内3.其他形式的合成词二、派生法(一)形容词转换为副词单句填空1.(2017课标全国Ⅱ)Steamengineswereusedtopullthecarriagesandit

musthavebeen

fairly

(fair)unpleasantforthepassengers,withallthe

smokeandnoise.答案

fairly空格处在句中作状语,修饰形容词unpleasant,故填提示词

的副词形式。语境运用2.Dr.BaronewasmydoctorwhenIwasakid,andeventhoughIwas

proba-bly

(probable)justanotherpatienttoher,tomeshewasmorethanjustmy

doctor.答案

probably空格处在句中作状语,故空格处填副词probably。3.(2015广东)

Luckily

(lucky),healsohadacowwhichproducedmilkev-

eryday.答案

Luckily空格处作状语,用于修饰整个句子,故空格处填提示词

的副词形式。单句改错4.(2016课标全国Ⅰ)Instead,hehopesthathisbusinesswillgrowsteady.steady→steadily

答案

steady→steadily句尾的词在句中作状语,用于修饰动词,故

steady改为steadily。1.派生法是在词根上添加后缀或前缀来变成新单词的方法,这样构成的

单词被称为派生词。添加后缀往往改变词性,而添加前缀往往改变词义。2.形容词转换为副词的常用后缀:用法精讲常用后缀构成例词一般情况加-lyquick—quickly,brave—bravely,immediate—immediately辅音字母+y结尾将y改为i再加-lyeasy—easily,happy—happily,heavy—heavily,busy—busilyle结尾去e加-ysimple—simply,gentle—gently元音字母+e结尾去e加-lytrue—trulyll结尾只加-yfull—fully,dull—dullyic结尾加-allybasic—basically,scientific—scientifically[温馨提示]1.注意以下形容词变副词的拼写whole—wholly完全地shy—shyly害羞地dry—dryly干燥地good—well好地2.注意以-ly结尾的形容词friendly友好的lovely可爱的lively生动的lonely孤独的deadly致命的monthly每月的yearly每年的daily每日的weekly每周的(二)形容词转换为名词单句填空1.Inadditiontotheirsimplebeauty,whatmakestheadobedwellingsad-

mirableistheir

ability

(able)to“aircondition”ahousewithoutusing

electricequipment.答案

ability结合空前的形容词性物主代词their可知,空格处应填名

词ability。2.Thelinehasa

length

(long)of174kmasadoubletrackedpassenger

dedicatedline,withtenstationssituatedalongitsroute.答案

length根据空前的冠词可知,空格处应该填提示词的名词形

式。语境运用3.(2017河北衡水中学高三小二调)Nowthereisaresurgence(复苏)inits

popularity

(popular)intheUKanditisavailabletoanyonewhocanaffordit.答案

popularity根据空前的形容词性物主代词its可知,空格处填名

词popularity。4.(2017黑龙江哈尔滨师大附中高三月考)Onlyinthiswaycanweenjoy

thepleasureand

convenience

(convenient)ofonlineshoppingwithouttheconcernofbeingcheated.答案

convenience空格处在句中作宾语,结合空前的pleasure可知,空

格处填名词convenience。形容词变名词的常用后缀:用法精讲常用后缀例词-ageshort→shortage不足;短缺-cyefficient→efficiency效率;功效fluent→fluency流利;流畅accurate→accuracy准确性private→privacy隐私;私密-domfree→freedom自由;自主wise→wisdom明智;智慧-encedifferent→difference

差异silent→silence沉默-nessweak→weakness虚弱;弱点kind→kindness仁慈;好意careless→carelessness粗心大意-thstrong→strength力气;优点warm→warmth温暖;热情-y-ty-ityhonest→honesty诚实difficult→difficulty困难cruel→cruelty残酷;残暴safe→safety安全disable→disability伤残responsible→responsibility责任(三)动词转换为名词单句填空1.(2017课标全国Ⅲ)Sheisdeterminedtocarryonwithher

education

(educate).答案

education空格处在句中作宾语,结合空前的定语her可知,空格

处应填写提示词的名词形式。2.(2017课标全国Ⅱ)Thisdevelopmentwasonlypossiblewiththeintroduction

(introduce)ofelectric-poweredenginesandlifts.答案

introduction根据空前的定冠词the和空后的介词of可知,空格处

应该填名词introduction。语境运用3.Magically,thatshowremainstheGreatJason’sbest

performance

(perform)tothisday.答案

performance根据空前的定语best可知,空格处应该填写名词

performance。4.(2016课标全国Ⅱ)Then,handlethemostimportanttasksfirstsoyou’ll

feelarealsenseof

achievement

(achieve).答案

achievement根据空前的of和语境可知,此处为常用短语“a

senseofachievement”,意为“成就感”,故空格处填提示词的名词形

式。动词变名词的常用后缀:常用后缀例词-ion/-tion/-sion/-ationcorrect→correction改正celebrate→celebration庆祝;庆祝会conclude→conclusion结论;结束discuss→discussion讨论;辩论decide→decision决定admit→admission接纳;准许入学attract→attraction吸引invite→invitation邀请explain→explanation解释graduate→graduation毕业expect→expectation期望用法精讲常用后缀例词-er/-ordrive→driver司机;驾驶员gather→gatherer收集者;采集者conduct→conductor指挥;售票员teach→teacher老师announce→announcer播音员-mentpunish→punishment惩罚achieve→achievement成绩;成就argue→argument辩论;论据treat→treatment对待;治疗equip→equipment装备;设备govern→government政府-ance/-enceappear→appearance出现;外貌guide→guidance指引;指导perform→performance表演;节目exist→existence存在;生活prefer→preference偏爱refer→reference参考;查阅-inghear→hearing听力;听觉begin→beginning开始-ure/-turefail→failure失败press→pressure压力mix→mixture混合;混合物depart→departure离开;出发-yrecover→recovery恢复;痊愈discover→discovery发现其他choose→choice选择vary→variety多样化;种类tend→tendency趋向;趋势(四)动词转换为形容词单句填空1.(2017课标全国Ⅰ)However,be

careful

(care)nottogotoextremes.答案

careful空格处作表语,结合空后的不定式可知,空格处填形容

词。故填careful。2.Igavehimaquickhugandwentbackintotheseatingarea,leavinghim

witha

surprised

(surprise)smile.答案

surprised空格处在句中作名词smile的定语,结合语境可知,空

格处填surprised。语境运用3.Whilethereare

amazing

(amaze)storiesofinstanttransformation,for

mostofusthechangesaregradualandrequirealotofeffortandwork,like

cleaningupapollutedriver.答案

amazing空格处在句中作定语,用于修饰名词stories,故填amaz-

ing。1.动词转换为形容词的常用后缀:2.分词形容词化:annoy,disappoint,frighten,terrify,worry等使役性动词的

现在分词和过去分词可作为形容词使用。现在分词构成的形容词常用

于物,过去分词构成的形容词常用于人,而修饰与人有关的表情、眼

神、声音等时,常用过去分词构成的形容词。用法精讲常用后缀例词-ing,-ed,-able,-ful,-less,-iveamazed,confusing,reliable,enjoyable,forgetful,careful,careless,attractive(五)名词转换为形容词单句填空1.(2017课标全国Ⅱ)TheCentralLondonRailwaywasoneofthemost

successful

(success)ofthesenewlines,andwasopenedin1900.答案

successful根据空前的themost和语境可知,此处为形容词最高

级,故填提示词的形容词形式。语境运用2.(2015课标全国Ⅱ)As

natural

(nature)architects,thePuebloIndiansfig-

uredoutexactlyhowthicktheadobewallsneededtobetomakethecycle

workonmostdays.答案

natural空格处在句中作定语,修饰名词architects,由此结合语境

可知,空格处填形容词natural。单句改错3.(2017课标全国Ⅲ)Ienjoyedstudyingdifferencekindsofcarsandplanes,

playingpopmusic,andcollectingthelatestmusicalbums.

difference→different

答案

difference→different根据后面的kindsof和语境可知,此处应用

形容词作定语,故difference改为different。名词转换为形容词的常用后缀:用法精讲常用后缀例词-able,-ful,-ous,-al,-y,-ivevaluable,comfortable,successful,dangerous,medical,lucky,expensive三、转化法转换法指的是单词在词形不变的情况下,由一种词性直接转换为另外一

种词性的方法。用法精讲转化方式例词名词↔动词milk(n.牛奶;v.挤奶),name(n.名字;v.命名),water(n.水;v.浇水)