专题16科普类说明文三年高考(20162018)英语试题分项解析(原卷)

专题16科普类说明文-三年高考(2016-2018)英语试题分项版剖析(原卷版)专题16科普类说明文-三年高考(2016-2018)英语试题分项版剖析(原卷版)专题16科普类说明文-三年高考(2016-2018)英语试题分项版剖析(原卷版)2018高考题D【2018·全国I】Wemaythinkwe'reaculturethatgetsridofourworntechnologyatthefirstsightofsomethingshinyandnew,butanewstudyshowsthatwekeepusingourolddevices(装置)wellaftertheygooutofstyle.That’sbadnewtheenvironment—andourwallets—astheseoutdateddevicesconsumemuchmoreenergythantheneweronesthatdothesamethings.Tofigureouthowmuchpowerthesedevicesareusing,CallieBabbittandhercolleaguesattheRochesterInstituteofTechnologyinNewYorktrackedtheenvironmentalcostsforeachproductthroughoutitslife—fromwhenitsmineralsareminedtowhenwestopusingthedevice.Thismethodprovidedareadoutforhowhomeenergyusehasevolvedsincetheearly1990s.Devicesweregroupedbygeneration—Desktopcomputers,basicmobilephones,andbox-setTVsdefined1992.Digitalcamerasarrivedonthescenein1997.AndMP3players,smartphones,andLCDTVsenteredhomesin2002,beforetabletsande-readersshowedupin2007.Asweaccumulatedmoredevices,however,wedidn'tthrowoutouroldones."Theliving-roomtelevisionisreplacedandgetsplantedinthekids'room,andsuddenlyoneday,youhaveaTVineveryroomofthehouse,"saidoneresearcher.Theaveragenumberofelectronicdevicesrosefromfourperhouseholdin1992to13in2007.We'renotjustkeepingtheseolddevices—wecontinuetousethem.AccordingtotheanalysisofBabbitt'steam,olddesktopmonitorsandboxTVswithcathoderaytubesaretheworstdeviceswiththeirenergyconsumptionandcontributiontogreenhousegasemissions（排放）morethandoublingduringthe1992to2007window.Sowhat'sthesolution（解决方案）?Theteam'sdataonlywentupto2007,buttheresearchersalsoexploredwhatwouldhappenifconsumersreplacedoldproductswithnewelectronicsthatservemorethanonefunction,suchasatabletforwordprocessingandTVviewing.Theyfoundthatmoreon-demandentertainmentviewingontabletsinsteadofTVsanddesktopcomputerscouldcutenergyconsumptionby44%.32.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofnewdevices?A.Theyareenvironment-friendly.B.Theyarenobetterthantheold.C.Theycostmoretouseathome.D.Theygooutofstylequickly.WhydidBabbitt'steamconducttheresearch?A.Toreducethecostofminerals.B.Totestthelifecycleofaproduct.C.Toupdateconsumersonnewtechnology.D.Tofindoutelectricityconsumptionofthedevices.34.Whichofthefollowingusestheleastenergy?A.Thebox-setTV.B.Thetablet.C.TheLCDTV.D.Thedesktopcomputer.35.Whatdoesthetextsuggestpeopledoaboutoldelectronicdevices?A.Stopusingthem.B.Takethemapart.C.Upgradethem.D.Recyclethem.B【2018·浙江】StevenSteinlikestofollowgarbagetrucks.Hisstrangehabitmakessensewhenyouconsiderthatheenvironmentalscientistwhostudieshowtoreducelitter,includingthingsthatfalloffgarbagetrucksastheydrivedowntheroad.WhatisevenmoreinterestingisthatoneofStein'sjobsisdefendinganindustrybehindtheplasticshoppingbags.Americansusemorethan100billionthinfilmplasticbagseveryyear.Somanyendupintreebranchesoralong

highwaysthatagrowingnumberofcitiesdonotallowthematcheckouts(收银台).Thebagsareprohibitedinsome90citiesinCalifornia,includingLosAngeles.Eyeingtheseheadwinds,plastic-bagmakersarehiringscientistslikeSteintomakethecasethattheirproductsarenotasbadfortheplanetasmostpeopleassume.Amongthebagmakers'argument:manycitieswithbansstillallowshopperstopurchasepaperbags,whichareeasilyrecycledbutrequiremoreenergytoproduceandtransport.Andwhileplasticbagsmaybeuglytolookat,theyrepresentasmallpercentageofallgarbageonthegroundtodayTheindustryhasalsotakenaimattheproductthathasappearedasitsreplacement:reusableshoppingbags.Thestrongerareusablebagis,thelongeritslifeandthemoreplastic-baguseitcancelsout.However,longer-lastingreusablebagsoftenrequiremoreenergytomake.Onestudyfoundthatacottonbagmustbeusedatleast131timestobebetterfortheplanetthanplastic.Environmentalistsdon'tdispute（思疑）thesepoints.Theyhopepaperbagswillbebannedsomedaytooandwantshopperstousethesamereusablebagsforyears.24.WhathasStevenSteinbeenhiredtodo?A.Helpincreasegrocerysales.B.Recyclethewastematerial.C.Stopthingsfallingofftrucks.D.Arguefortheuseofplasticbags.Whatdoestheword“headwinds”inparagraph2referto?A.Bansonplasticbags.B.Effectsofcitydevelopment.C.Headachescausedbygarbage.D.Plasticbagshungintrees.Whatisadisadvantageofreusablebagsaccordingtoplastic-bagmakers?A.Theyarequiteexpensive.B.Replacingthemcanbedifficult.C.Theyarelessstrongthanplasticbags.D.Producingthemrequiresmoreenergy.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.Plastic,PaperorNeitherB.Industry,PollutionandEnvironmentC.RecycleorThrowAwayD.GarbageCollectionandWasteControlC【2018·天津卷】There

’sanewfrontierin3Dprintingthat

’sbeginningtocomeintofocus:food.Recentdevelopmenthasmpossiblemachinesthatprint,cook,andservefoodsonamassscale.Andtheindustryisn

’tstoppingthere.FoodproductionWitha3Dprinter,acookcanprintcomplicatedchocolatesculpturesandbeautifulpiecesfordecorationonaweddingcake.Noteverybodycandothat—ittakesyearsofexperience,butaprintermakesiteasy.ArestaurantinSpainusesaFoodinito-create“formsreandpieces”offoodthatare“exactlythesame,othertasks.Inanotherrestaurant,allofthedishesanddessertsitservesare3D-printed,ratherthanfarmtotable.

”freeingcookstSustainability(可连续性）Theglobalpopulationisexpectedtogrowto9.6billionby2050,andsomeanalystsestimatethatfoodproductionwillneedtoberaisedby50percenttomaintaincurrentlevels.Sustainabilityisbecominganecessity.3Dfoodprintingcouldprobablycontributetothesolution.Someexpertsbelieveprinterscouldusehydrocolloids(水解胶体)fromplentifulrenewableslikealgae(藻类)andgrasstoreplacethefamiliaringredients(烹饪原料).3Dprintingcanreducefueluseandemissions.Grocerystoresofthefuturemightstock"food"thatlastsyearsonend,freeingupshelfspaceandreducingtransportationandstoragerequirements.NutritionFuture3Dfoodprinterscouldmakeprocessedfoodhealthier.HodLipson,aprofessoratColumbiaUniversity,said,“Foodprintingcouldallowconsumerstoprintfoodwithcustomizednutritionalcontent,likevitamins.Soinsteadofeatingapieceofyesterday’sbreadfromthesupermarket,you’deatsomethingbakedjustfdemand.”ChallengesDespiterecentadvancementsin3Dfoodprinting,theindustryhasmanychallengestoovercome.Currently,mostingredientsmustbechangedtoapaste(糊状物)beforeaprintercanusethem,andtheprintingprocessisquitetime-consuming,becauseingredientsinteractwitheachotherinverycomplexways.Ontopofthat,mostofthe3Dfoodprintersnowarerestrictedtodryingredients,becausemeatandmilkproductsmayeasilygobad.Someexpertsareskepticalabout3Dfoodprinters,believingtheyarebettersuitedforfastfoodrestaurantsthanhomesandhigh-endrestaurants.Whatbenefitdoes3Dprintingbringtofoodproduction?A.Ithelpscookstocreatenewdishes.B.Itsavestimeandeffortincooking.C.Itimprovesthecookingconditions.D.Itcontributestorestaurantdecorations.Whatcanwelearnabout3DfoodprintingfromParagraphs3?A.Itsolvesfoodshortageseasily.AccordingtoParagraph4,3D-printedfood________.A.ismoreavailabletoconsumersB.canmeetindividualnutritionalneedsC.ismoretastythanfoodinsupermarketsD.cankeepallthenutritioninrawmaterialsWhatisthemainfactorthatprevents3Dfoodprintingfromspreadingwidely?A.Theprintingprocessiscomplicated.B.3Dfoodprintersaretooexpensive.C.Foodmaterialshavetobedry.D.Someexpertsdoubt3Dfoodprinting.Whatcouldbethebesttitleofthepassage?A.3DFoodPrinting:DeliciousNewTechnologyB.ANewWaytoImprove3DFoodPrintingC.TheChallengesfor3DFoodProductionD.3DFoodPrinting:FromFarmtoTableC[2018?北京卷

]Plastic-EatingWormsHumansproducemorethan300million

tonsofplasticeveryyear.Almosthalfofthatwindsupinlandfills(垃圾填埋场),andupto12milliontonspollutetheoceans.Sofarthereisnoeffectivewaytogetridofit,butanewstudysuggestsananswermaylieinthestomachsofsomehungryworms.ResearchersinSpainandEnglandrecentlyfoundthatthewormsofthegreaterwaxmothcanbreakdownpolyethylene,whichaccountsfor40%ofplastics.Theteamleft100waxwormsonacommercialpolyethyleneshoppingbagfor12hours,andthewormsconsumedandbrokedownabout92milligrams,oralmost3%ofit.Toconfirmthattheworms

’

chewnotresponsibleforthepolyethylenebreakdown,theresearchersmadesomewormsintopaste(

糊状物)andappliedittoplasticfilms.14hourslaterthefilmshadlost13%oftheirmass

—apparentlybrokendownbyenzymes(

酶)fromtheworms

’stomachs.TheirfindingswerepublishedCurrentinBiology

in2017.FedericaBertocchini,co-authorofthestudy,saystheworms

’abilitytobreakdowntheireverydayfood—beeswax

—

alsoallows

themtobreakdown

plastic.

＂Waxis

acomplex

mixture,

butthebasicbondinpolyethylene,

thecarbon-carbonbond,isthereaswell,

＂sheexplains,＂Thewaxwormevolvedamethodorsystemtobreakthisbond.＂JenniferDeBruyn,amicrobiologistattheUniversityofTennessee,whowasnotinvolvedinthestudy,saysitisnotsurprisingthatsuchwormscanbreakdownpolyethylene.Butcomparedwithpreviousstudies,shefindsthespeedofbreakingdowninthisoneexciting.Thenextstep,DeBruynsays,willbetoidentifythecauseofthebreakdown.Isitanenzymeproducedbythewormitselforbyitsgutmicrobes(肠道微生物)?Bertocchiniagreesandhopesherteam’findingsmightonedayhelpemploytheenzymetobreakdownplasticsinlandfills.Butsheexpectsusingthechemicalinsomekindofindustrialprocess—notsimply＂millionsofwormsthrownontopoftheplastic.＂43.Whatcanwelearnaboutthewormsinthestudy?A.Theytakeplasticsastheireverydayfood.B.Theyarenewlyevolvedcreatures.C.Theycanconsumeplastics.D.Theywindupinlandfills.44.AccordingtoJenniferDeBruyn,thenextstepofthestudyisto

.A.identifyothermeansofthebreakdownB.findoutthesourceoftheenzymeC.confirmtheresearchfindingsD.increasethebreakdownspeed45.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatthechemicalmight

.A.helptoraisewormsB.helpmakeplasticbagsC.beusedtocleantheoceansD.beproducedinfactoriesinfuture46.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A.Toexplainastudymethodonworms.B.Tointroducethedietofaspecialworm.C.Topresentawaytobreakdownplastics.D.Toproposenewmeanstokeepeco-balance.2017高考题科普知识类[2017北·京卷]DHollywood'stheorythatmachineswithevil(邪恶的)mindswilldrivearmiesofkillerrobotsisjustsilly.Therealproblemrelatestothepossibilitythatartificialintelligence(AI)maybecomeextremelygoodatachievingsomethingotherthanwhatwereallywant.In1960awell-knownmathematicianNorbertWiener,whofoundedthefieldofcybernetics(控制论),putitthisway:“Ifweuse,toachieveourpurposes,amechanicalagencywithwhoseoperationwecannoteffectivelyinterfere(干预),wehadbetterbequitesurethatthepurposeputintothemachineisthepurposewhichwereallydesire.”Amachinewithaspecificpurposehasanotherquality,onethatweusuallyassociatewithlivingthings:awishtopreserveitsownexistence.Forthemachine,thisqualityisnotin-born,norisitsomethingintroducedbyhumans;itisalogicalconsequenceofthesimplefactthatthemachinecannotachieveitsoriginalpurposeifitisdead.Soifwesendoutarobotwiththesingleinstructionoffetchingcoffee,itwillhaveastrongdesiretosecuresuccessbydisablingitsownoffswitchorevenkillinganyonewhomightinterferewithitstask.Ifwearenotcareful,then,wecouldfaceakindofglobalchessmatchagainstverydetermined,superintelligentmachineswhoseobjectivesconflictwithourown,withtherealworldasthechessboard.Thepossibilityofenteringintoandlosingsuchamatchshouldconcentratethemindsofcomputerscientists.Someresearchersarguethatwecansealthemachinesinsideakindoffirewall,usingthemtoanswerdifficultquestionsbutneverallowingthemtoaffecttherealworld.Unfortunately,thatplanseemsunlikelytowork:wehaveyettoinventafirewallthatissecureagainstordinaryhumans,letalonesuperintelligentmachines.SolvingthesafetyproblemwellenoughtomoveforwardinAIseemstobepossiblebutnoteasy.Thereareprobablydecadesinwhichtoplanforthearrivalofsuperintelligentmachines.Buttheproblemshouldnotbedismissedoutofhand,asithasbeenbysomeAIresearchers.Somearguethathumansandmachinescancoexistaslongastheyworkinteams—yetthatisnotpossibleunlessmachinessharethegoalsofhumans.Otherssaywecanjust“switchthemoff”asifsuperintelligentmachinesaretoostupidnktoofthithatpossibility.StillothersthinkthatsuperintelligentAIwillneverhappen.OnSeptember11,1933,famousphysicistErnestRutherfordstated,withconfidence,

“Anyonewhoexpectsasourceofpowerinthetransformationoftheseatomsistalkingmoonshine.

”However,onSeptember12,1933,physicistLeoSzilardinventedtheneutron-induced(中子引诱)nuclearchainreaction.67．Paragraph1mainlytellsusthatartificialintelligencemay________．A．runoutofhumancontrolB．satisfyhuman'srealdesiresC．commandarmiesofkillerrobotsD．workfasterthanamathematician68．Machineswithspecificpurposesareassociatedwithlivingthingspartlybecausetheymightbeableto________．A．preventthemselvesfrombeingdestroyedB．achievetheiroriginalgoalsindependentlyC．doanythingsuccessfullywithgivenordersD．beathumansininternationalchessmatches69．Accordingtosomeresearchers,wecanusefirewallsto________．A．helpsuperintelligentmachinesworkbetterB．besecureagainstevilhumanbeingsC．keepmachinesfrombeingharmedD．avoidrobots'affectingtheworld70．Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthesafetyproblemofsuperintelligentmachines?A．ItwilldisappearwiththedevelopmentofAI.B．Itwillgetworsewithhumaninterference.C．Itwillbesolvedbutwithdifficulty.D．Itwillstayforadecade.[2017江·苏卷]BBeforebirth，babiescantellthedifferencebetweenloudsoundsandvoices.Theycanevendistinguishtheirmother'svoicefromthatofafemalestranger.Butwhenitcomestoembryoniclearning(胎教)，birdscouldruletheroost.AsrecentlyreportedinTheAuk：OrnithologicalAdvances，somemotherbirdsmayteachtheiryoungtosingevenbeforetheyhatch(孵化).New-bornchickscanthenimitatetheirmum'scallwithinafewdaysofenteringtheworld.Thiseducationalmethodwasfirstobservedin2012bySoniaKleindorfer，abiologistatFlindersUniversityinSouthAustralia，andhercolleagues.FemaleAustraliansuperbfairywrenswerefoundtorepeatonesoundoverandoveragainwhilehatchingtheireggs.Whentheeggswerehatched，thebabybirdsmadethesimilarchirptotheirmothers—asoundthatservedastheirregular“feedme！”call.Tofindoutifthespecialqualitywasmorewidespreadinbirds，theresearcherssoughtthered-backedfairywren，anotherspeciesofAustraliansongbird.Firsttheycollectedsounddatafrom67nestsinfoursitesinQueenslandbeforeandafterhatching.Thentheyidentifiedbeggingcallsbyanalysingtheorderandnumberofnotes.Acomputeranalysisblindlycomparedcallsproducedbymothersandchicks，rankingthembysimilarity.Itturnsoutthatbabyred-backedfairywrensalsoemergechirpingliketheirmums.Andthemorefrequentlymothershadcalledtotheireggs，themoresimilarwerethebabies'beggingcalls.Inaddition，theteamsetupaseparateexperimentthatsuggestedthatthebabybirdsthatmostcloselyimitatedtheirmum'svoicewererewardedwiththemostfood.Thisobservationhintsthateffectiveembryoniclearningcouldsignalneurological(

神经系统的

)strengthsofchildrentoparents.Anevolutionaryinferencecanthenbedrawn.

“Asaparent，doyouinvestinqualitychildren

，ordoyouinvestinchildrenthatareinneed

？”

Kleindorferasks.

“Ourresultssuggestthattheymightbegoingforquality.

”58．TheunderlinedphraseinParagraph1means

．“________

”A．betheworst

B．bethebestC．bejustasbad

D．bejustasgood59．WhatareKleindorfer'sfindingsbasedon?A．Similaritiesbetweenthecallsofmumsandchicks.B．TheobservationoffairywrensacrossAustralia.C．ThedatacollectedfromQueensland'slocals.D．Controlledexperimentsonwrensandotherbirds.60．Embryoniclearninghelpsmotherbirdstoidentifythebabybirdswhich________．A．canreceivequalitysignalsB．areinneedoftrainingC．fittheenvironmentbetterD．maketheloudestcall[2017·苏卷江]DOldproblem，newapproachesWhilecleanenergyisincreasinglyusedinourdailylife，globalwarmingwillcontinueforsomedecadesafterCO2emissions(排放)peak.Soevenifemissionsweretobegintodecreasetoday，wewouldstillfacethechallengeofadaptingtoclimatechange.HereIwillstresssomesmarterandmorecreativeexamplesofclimateadaptation.Whenitcomestoadaptation，itisimportanttounderstandthatclimatechangeisaprocess.Wearethereforenottalkingaboutadaptingtoanewstandard，buttoaconstantlyshiftingsetofconditions.Thisiswhy,inpartatleast，theUSNationalClimateAssessmentsaysthat：“Thereisno‘one-sizefitsall’adaptation.”Nevertheless，therearesomeactionsthatoffermuchandcarrylittleriskorcost.Aroundtheworld,peopleareadaptinginsurprisingways，especiallyinsomepoorcountries.FloodshavebecomemoredamaginginBangladeshinrecentdecades.MohammedRezwansawopportunitywhereotherssawonlydisaster.Hisnot-for-profitorganizationruns100riverboatsthatserveasfloatinglibraries

，schools，andhealthclinics，andareequippedwith

solarpanelsandothercommunicating

facilities.

Rezwaniscreatingfloatingconnectivity(连接)toreplacefloodedroadsandhighways.Butheisalsoworkingatafarmorefundamentallevelhisstaffshowpeoplehowtomakefloatinggardensandfishpondstopreventstarvationduringthewetseason.ElsewhereinAsiaevenmoreastonishingactionsarebeingtaken.ChewangNorphellivesinamountainous

：regioninIndia,whereheisknownastheIceMan.Thelossofglaciers(冰川)thereduetoglobalwarmingrepresentsanenormousthreattoagriculture.Withouttheglaciers,waterwillarriveintheriversattimeswhenitcandamagecrops.Norphel'sinspirationcamefromseeingthewasteofwateroverwinter,whenitwasnotneeded.Hedirectedthewastedwaterintoshallowbasinswhereitfroze,andwasstoreduntilthespring.Hisfieldsoficesupplyperfectlytimedirrigation(灌溉)water.Havingcreatedninesuchicereserves,Norphelcalculatesthathehas3storedabout200，000mofwater.Climatechangeisacontinuingprocess,soNorphel'sicereserveswillnotlastforever.Warmingwillovertakethem.Butheisprovidingafewyearsduringwhichthefarmerswill,perhaps,beabletofindothermeansofadapting.IncreasingEarth'sreflectivenesscancooltheplanet.InsouthernSpainthesuddenincreaseofgreenhouses(whichreflectlightbacktospace)haschangedthewarmingtrendlocally,andactuallycooledtheregion.WhileSpainasawholeisheatingupquickly,temperaturesnearthegreenhouseshavedecreased.Thisexampleshouldactasaninspirationforallcities.Bypaintingbuildingswhite,citiesmayslowdownthewarmingprocess.InPeru,localfarmersaroundamountainwithaglacierthathasalreadyfallenvictimtoclimatechangehavebegunpaintingtheentiremountainpeakwhiteinthehopethattheaddedreflectivenesswillrestorethelife-givingice.Theoutcomeisstillfarfromclear.ButtheWorldBankhasincludedtheprojectonitslistoftheplanet．”Moreordinaryformsofadaptationarehappeningeverywhere.AfriendofmineownsanareaoflandinwesternVictoria.Overfivegenerationsthelandhasbeentoowetforcropping.Butduringthepastdecadedecliningrainfallhasallowedhimtoplanthighlyprofitablecrops.Farmersinmanycountriesarealsoadaptinglikethis—eitherbygrowingnewproduce,orbygrowingthesamethingsdifferently.Thisiscommonsense.Butsomesuggestionsforadaptingarenot.Whenthepollutingindustriesarguethatwe'velostthebattletocontrolcarbonpollutionandhavenochoicebuttoadapt,it'sanonsensedesignedtomakethecaseforbusinessasusual.Humanbeingswillcontinuetoadapttothechangingclimateinbothordinaryandastonishingways.Butthemostsensibleformofadaptationissurelytoadaptourenergysystemstoemitlesscarbonpollution.Afterall,ifweadaptinthatway,wemayavoidtheneedtochangeinsomanyothers.65．TheunderlinedpartinParagraph2implies________．A．adaptationisanever-changingprocessB．thecostofadaptationvarieswithtimeC．globalwarmingaffectsadaptationformsD．adaptationtoclimatechangeischallenging66．WhatisspecialwithregardtoRezwan'sproject?A．Theprojectreceivesgovernmentsupport.B．Differentorganizationsworkwitheachother.C．Hisorganizationmakesthebestofabadsituation.D．Theprojectconnectsfloodedroadsandhighways.67．WhatdidtheIceMandotoreducetheeffectofglobalwarming?A．Storingiceforfutureuse.B．Protectingtheglaciersfrommelting.C．Changingtheirrigationtime.D．Postponingthemeltingoftheglaciers.68．WhatdowelearnfromthePeruexample?A．Whitepaintisusuallysafeforbuildings.B．Theglobalwarmingtrendcannotbestopped.C．Thiscountryisheatinguptooquickly.D．Sunlightreflectionmayrelieveglobalwarming.69．Accordingtotheauthor,pollutingindustriesshould________．A．adapttocarbonpollutionB．planthighlyprofitablecropsC．leavecarbonemissionaloneD．fightagainstcarbonpollution70．What'stheauthor'spreferredsolutiontoglobalwarming?A．Settingupanewstandard.B．Reducingcarbonemission.C．Adaptingtoclimatechange.D．Monitoringpollutingindustries.[2017全·国卷Ⅰ]DAbuild-it-yourselfsolarstill(蒸馏器)isoneofthebestwaystoobtaindrinkingwaterinareaswheretheliquidisnotreadilyavailable.DevelopedbytwodoctorsintheUSDepartmentofAgriculture,it'sanexcellentwatercollector.Unfortunately,youmustcarrythenecessaryequipmentwithyou,sinceit'sallbutimpossibletofindnaturalsubstitutes.Theonlycomponentsrequired,though,area5

×5′

sheetofclear′orslightlymilkyplastic,sixfeetofplastictube,andacontainer—perhapsjustadrinkingcup—tocatchthewater.Thesepiecescanbefoldedintoaneatlittlepackandfastenedonyourbelt.Toconstructaworkingstill,useasharpstickorrocktodigaholefourfeetacrossandthreefeetdeep.Trytomaketheholeinadampareatoincreasethewatercatcher'sproductivity.Placeyourcupinthedeepestpartofthehole.Thenlaythetubeinplacesothatoneendrestsallthewayinthecupandtherestofthelinerunsup

—andout—thesideofthehole.Next,covertheholewiththeplasticsheet,securingtheedgesoftheplasticwithdirtandweightingthesheet'scentredownwitharock.Theplasticshouldnowformacone(圆锥体)with45-degree-angledsides.Thelowpointofthesheetmustbecentereddirectlyover,andnomorethanthreeinchesabove,thecup.Thesolarstillworksbycreatingagreenhouseundertheplastic.Groundwaterevaporates(蒸发)andcollectsonthesheetuntilsmalldropsofwaterform,rundownthematerial,andfalloffintothecup.Whenthecontainerisfull,youcansucktherefreshmentoutthroughthetube,andwon'thavetobreakdownthestilleverytimeyouneedadrink.32．Whatdoweknowaboutthesolarstillequipmentfromthefirstparagraph?A．It'sdelicate.

B．It'sexpensive.C．It'scomplex.

D．It'sportable.33．Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase

“thewatercatcher

”

inParagraph2referto?A．Thetube.

B．Thestill.C．Thehole.

D．Thecup.34．Whatisthelaststepofconstructingaworkingsolarstill?A．Digaholeofacertainsize.B．Putthecupinplace.C．Weightthesheet'scentredown.D．Covertheholewiththeplasticsheet.35．Whenasolarstillworks,dropsofwatercomeintothecupfrom________．A．theplastictube

B．outsidetheholeC．theopenair

D．beneaththesheet[2017

全·国卷Ⅱ

]CTerrafugiaInc.saidMondaythatitsnewflyingcarhascompleteditsfirstflight

，bringingthecompanyclosertoitsgoalofsellingtheflyingcarwithinthenextyear.Thevehicle

—namedtheTransition

—hastwoseats,fourwheelsandwingsthatfoldupsoitcanbedrivenlikeacar.TheTransition，whichflewat1，400feetforeightminuteslastmonth,canreacharound70milesperhourontheroadand115intheair.Itfliesusinga23-gallontankofgasandburns5gallonsperhourintheair.Ontheground,itgets35milespergallon.Around100peoplehavealreadyputdowna$10，000deposittogetaTransitionwhentheygoonsale,andthosenumberswilllikelyriseafterTerrafugiaintroducestheTransitiontothepubliclaterthisweekattheNewYorkAutoShow.Butdon'texpectittoshowupintoomanydriveways.It'sexpectedtocost$279，000.Anditwon'thelpifyou'restuckintraffic.Thecarneedsarunway.Inventorshavebeentryingtomakeflyingcarssincethe1930s,accordingtoRobertMann,anairlineindustryexpert.ButMannthinksTerrafugiahascomecloserthananyonetomakingtheflyingcarareality.Thegovernmenthasalreadypermittedthecompanytousespecialmaterialstomakeiteasierforthevehicletofly.TheTransitionisnowgoingthroughcrashteststomakesureitmeetsfederalsafetystandards.MannsaidTerrafugiawashelpedbytheFederalAviationAdministration'sdecisionfiveyearsagotocreateaseparatesetofstandardsforlightsportaircraft,whicharelowerthanthoseforpilotsoflargerplanes.Terrafugiasaysanownerwouldneedtopassatestandcomplete20hoursofflyingtimetobeabletoflytheTransitionrequirementpilotswouldfindrelativelyeasytomeet.

，a28．Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A．ThebasicdataoftheTransition.B．Theadvantagesofflyingcars.C．Thepotentialmarketforflyingcars.C．ThedesignersoftheTransition.29．WhyistheTransitionunlikelytoshowupintoomanydriveways?A．Itcausestrafficjams.B．Itisdifficulttooperate.C．Itisveryexpensive.D．Itburnstoomuchfuel.30．Whatisthegovernment'sattitudetothedevelopmentoftheflyingcar?A．Cautious.

B．Favourable.C．Ambiguous.

D．Disapproving.31．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．FlyingcaratAutoShowB．TheTransition'sfirstflightC．Pilots'dreamcomingtrueD．Flyingcarclosertoreality[2017全·国卷Ⅲ]DTheIntelligentTransportteamatNewcastleUniversityhaveturnedanelectriccarintoamobilelaboratorynamed“DriveLAB”inordertounderstandthechallengesfacedbyolderdriversandtodiscoverwherethekeystresspointsare.Researchshowsthatgivingupdrivingisoneofthekeyreasonsforafallinhealthandwell-beingamongolderpeople,leadingtothembecomingmoreisolated(间隔)andinactive.LedbyProfessorPhilBlythe,theNewcastleteamaredevelopingin-vehicletechnologiesforolderdriverswhichtheyhopecouldhelpthemtocontinuedrivingintolaterlife.Theseincludecustom-madenavigation(导航)tools,nightvisionsystemsandintelligentspeedadaptations.PhilBlytheexplains:“Formanyolderpeople,particularlythoselivingaloneorinthecountry,drivingisimportantforpreservingtheirindependence,givingthemthefreedomtogetoutandaboutwithouthavingtorelyonothers.“Butweallhavetoacceptthataswegetolderourreactionsslowdownandthisoftenresultsinpeopleavoidinganypotentiallychallengingdrivingconditionsandlosingconfidenceintheirdrivingskills.Theresultisthatpeoplestopdrivingbeforetheyreallyneedto.”DrAmyGuo,theleadingresearcherontheolderdriverstudy,explains:“TheDriveLABishelpingustounderstandwhatthekeystresspointsanddifficultiesareforolderdriversandhowwemightusetechnologytoaddresstheseproblems.“Forexample,mostofuswouldexpectolderdriversalwaysgoslowerthaneveryoneelsebutsurprisingly,wefoundthatin30mphzonestheystruggledtokeepataconstantspeedandsoweremorelikelytobreakthespeedlimitandbeatriskofgettingfined.We'relookingatthebenefitsofsystemswhichcontroltheirspeedasawayofpreventingthat.“Wehopethatourworkwillhelpwithtechnologicalsolutions(解决方案)toensurethatolderdriversstaysaferbehindthewheel.”32．WhatisthepurposeoftheDriveLAB?A．Toexplorenewmeansoftransport.B．Todesignnewtypesofcars.C．Tofindoutolderdrivers'problems.D．Toteachpeopletrafficrules.33．WhyisdrivingimportantforolderpeopleaccordingtoPhilBlythe?A．Itkeepsthemindependent.B．Ithelpsthemsavetime.C．Itbuildsuptheirstrength.D．Itcurestheirmentalillnesses.34．Whatdoresearchershopetodoforolderdrivers?A．Improvetheirdrivingskills.B．Developdriver-assisttechnologies.C．Providetipsonrepairingtheircars.D．Organizeregularphysicalcheckups.35．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．AnewmodelelectriccarB．AsolutiontotrafficproblemsC．DrivingservicesforeldersD．Keepingolderdriversontheroad[2017·江卷浙6月考]BGettinglesssleephasbecomeabadhabitformostAmericankids.Accordingtoanewsurvey(检查)bytheNationalSleepFoundation,51%ofkidsaged10to18gotobedat10pmorlateronschoolnights,eventhoughtheyhavetogetupearly.LastyeartheFoundationreportedthatnearly60%of7-to12-year-oldssaidtheyfelttiredduringtheday,and15%saidtheyhadfallenasleepatschool.Howmuchsleepyouneeddependsalotonyourage.Babiesneedalotofrest:Mostofthemsleepabout18hoursaday!Adultsneedabouteighthours.Formostschool-agechildren,tenhoursisideal(理想的).ButthenewNationalSleepFoundationsurveyfoundthat35%of10-to12-year-oldsgetonlysevenoreighthours.Andguesswhatalmosthalfofthesurveyedkidssaidtheydobeforebedtime?WatchTV.“MorechildrenaregoingtobedwithTVson,andtherearemoreopportunities(

机遇)tostayawake,withmorehomework,theInternetandthephone，”saysDrMaryCarskadon,asleepresearcheratBrownUniversityMedicalSchool.Shesaystheseactivitiesatbedtimecangetkidsallexcitedandmakeithardforthemtocalmdownandsleep.Otherexpertssaypartoftheproblemischemical.Changinglevelsofbodychemicalscalledhormonesnotonlymaketeenagers'bodiesdevelopadultcharacteristics,butalsomakeithardforteenagerstofallasleepbefore11pm.Becausesleepinessissuchaproblemforteenagers,someschooldistrictshavedecidedtostarthighschoolclasseslaterthantheyusedto.Threeyearsago,schoolsinEdina,Minnesota,changedthestarttimefrom7：25amto8：30am.Students,parentsandteachersarepleasedwiththeresults.25．WhatisthenewNationalSleepFoundationsurveyon?A.Americankids'sleepinghabits.B.Teenagers'sleep-relateddiseases.C.Activitiestopreventsleeplessness.D.Learningproblemsandlackofsleep.26．Howmanyhoursofsleepdo11-year-oldsneedeveryday?A.7hou