大学英语六级考试真题及答案

12月大学英语六级考试真题及答案PartIWriting(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledShouldParentsSendTheirKidstoArtClasses?Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow.现在有不少家长送孩子参加各种艺术班对这种做法有人表示支持，也有人并不赞成我认为 ShouldParentsSendTheirKidstoArtClasses?PartnReadingComprehension(SkimmingandSeanning)(15minutes)Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions-17,ehoosethebestanswerfromthefourehoieesmarked,B),C)andD).Forquestions8-10,eompletethesenteneeswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.BossesSay“Yes〞toHomeWorkRisingeostsofoffieespaee,timelosttostressfuleommuting,andaslowreeognitionthatworkershavelivesbeyondtheoffiee—allarestrongargumentsforlettingstaffworkfromhome.Forthesmallbusiness,thereareadditionalbenefitstoo—staffaremoreproduetive,andhappier,enablingfirmstokeeptheirheadeounts员(工数)andtheirreeruitmenteoststoaminimum.Iteanalsoprovideeompetitiveadvantage,espeeiallywhensmallbusinesseswanttoattraetnewstaffbutdon'thavethebudgettoofferhugesalaries.Whileeompanymanagershaveknownaboutthebenefitsforalongtime,manyhavedonelittleaboutit,scepticalofwhethertheycouldtrusttheiremployeestoworktofullcapacitywithoutsupervision,orconcernedabouttheadditionalexpensesteleworkingpoliciesmightincurasstaffstartchargingtheirhomephonebillstothebusiness.Yetthisisnowchanging.WhencommunicationsproviderInter-Telresearchedtheuseofremoteworkingsolutionsamongsmall-and-medium-sizedUKbusinessesinAprilthisyear,itfoundthat28%morecompaniesclaimedtohaveintroducedflexibleworkingpracticesthanayearago.TheUKnetworkofBusinessLinksconfirmsthatittoohasseenagrowinginterestinremoteworkingsolutionsfromsmallbusinessesseekingitsadvice,andclaimsthatasmanyas60-70%ofthebusinessesthatcomethroughitsdoorsnowoffersomeformofremoteworkingsupporttotheirworkforces.Technologyadvances,includingthewidespreadavailabilityofbroadband,aremakingtheintroductionofremoteworkingapieceofcake.“Ifsystemsaresetupproperly,staffcanhaveaccesstoalltheresourcestheyhaveintheofficewherevertheyhaveaninternetconnection,〞saysAndyPoulton,e-businessadvisoratBusinessLinkforBerkshireandWiltshire.“Therearesomeveryexciitngdevelopmentswhichhaveenabledthis.Oneistheavailabilityofbroadbandeverywhere,whichnowcoversalmostallofthecountry(BTclaimsthat,byJuly,99.8%ofitsexchangeswillbebroadbandenabled,withalternativeplansinplaceforeventhemostremoteexchanges).“Thisistheenabler,〞Poultonsays.Yetwhilebroadbandhascomedowninpricetoo,thoseserviceproviderstargetingthebusinessmarketwarnagainstconsumerservicesmasqueradin伪装)asbusiness-friendlybroadband.Broadbandisavailableforaslittleas£15amonth,butmanybusinessesfailtoappreciatethehiddencostsofsuchaservice〞,saysNeilStephenson,salesandmarketingdirectoratOnyxInternet,aninternetserviceproviderbasedinthenorth-eastofEngland.“Providersofferingbroadbandforrock-bottompricesarenotoriousforpoorservice,withregularbreakdownsandheavilycongested(拥堵的)networks.Itisalwaysadvisableforbusinessestolookbeyondthepricetagandlookforabusiness-onlyproviderthatcanoffermorereliability,withgoodsupport.〞Suchservicesdon'tcosttoomuch—qualityservicescanbefoundforupwardsof£30amonth.Thebenefitsofbroadbandtotheoccasionalhomeworkerarethattheycanaccessemailinrealtime,andtakefulladvantageofservicessuchasinternet-basedbackuporeveninternet-basedphoneservices.Internet-basedtelecoms,orVoIP(VoiceoverIP)togiveititstechnicaltitle,isaninterestingtooltoanybusinesssupportingremoteworking.Notnecessarilybecauseofthepromiseoffreeorreducedpricephonecalls(whichexpertspointoutismisleadingfortheaveragebusiness),butbecauseofthesophisticatedvoiceservicesthatcanbeexploitedbytheremoteworker—facilitiessuchasvoicemailandcallforwarding,whichprovideacontinuityofthecompanyimageforcustomersandbusinesspartners.Bylaw,companiesmust“considerseriousqlyuests〞towreorkflexiblymadebyaparentwithachildundertheageofsix,oradisabledchildunder18.ItwastheneedtoaccommodateemployeeswithyoungchildrenthatmotivatedaccountancyfirmWrightVigartobeginpromotingteleworkingrecently.Thecompany,whichneededtoupgradeitsITinfrastructure(根底设施)toprovideconnectivitywithanew,secondoffice,decidedtointroducesupportforremoteworkingatthesametime.MarketingdirectorJackO'Hernexplainsthatthecompanyhasarelativelyyoungworkforce,manyofwhomareparents:“Oneofthetriggerswaswhenoneofourtaxmanagersreturnedfrommaternityleave.Shewasintendingtoworkparttime,butcouldonlymanageonedayaweekintheofficeduetochildcare.Byofferinghertheabilitytoworkfromhome,wehavedoubledhercapacity—nowsheworksadayaweekfromhome,andadayintheoffice.Thisisgreatforher,andforusasweretainsomeonehighlyqualified.〞ForWrightVigar,whichhasnowequippedallofitsfee-earnerstobeabletoworkatmaximumproductivitywhenawayfromtheoffices(whetherthat'sfromhome,orwhileontheroad),thisstrategyisnotjustaboutsavingoncommutetimeorcuttingthemloosefromtheoffice,butenablingthemtoworkmoreflexiblehoursthatfitaroundtheirhomelife.O'Hernsays:“Althoughmostofourworkisclient-basedandmustfitaroundthis,wecan'tseeanyreasonwhyaparentcan'tbeonhandtodealwithsomethingimportantathome,iftheyhavetheabilitytocompleteaprojectlaterintheday〞.Supportingthisnewwayofworkingcamewithaprice,though.Althoughthefirmwasupdatingitssystemsanyway,thecompanyspent10-15%moreperusertoequipthemwithalaptopratherthanaPC,andaboutthesametoupgradetoaserverthatwouldenableremotestafftoconnecttothecompanynetworksandaccessalltheirusualresources.AlthoughWrightVigarhasn'tyetquantifiedthebusinessbenefits,itclaimsthat,inadditiontobeingabletoretainkeystaffwithyoungfamilies,itisabletosavefee-earnersasubstantialamountof“dead〞timeintheirworkingdays.Thatstaffcandothiswithoutneedingafixedtelephonelineprovidesevenmoreefficiencysavings.“WithWi-Fi(fast,wirelessinternetconnections)poppingupallovertheplace,evenontrains,ourfee-earnerscanbeproductiveastheytravel,andbetweenmeetings,insteadofhavingtokilltimeattheshops,〞headds.Thecompanywillalsobeabletoavoidtheexpenseofhavingtorelocatestafftotemporaryofficesforseveralweekswhenitbeginsdisruptiveofficerenovationssoon.FinancialrecruitmentspecialistLynneHargreavesknowsexactlyhowmuchherfirmhassavedbyadoptingateleworkingstrategy,whichhasinvolvedhandinghercompan'ysdatamanagementovertoaremotehostingcompany,Datanet,soitcanbeaccessiblebyallthecompany'sconsultantsoverbroadbandinternetconnections.Ithasenabledthecompanytodispensewithitsbusinesspremisesaltogether,followingtherealisationthatitjustdidn'tneedthemanymore.“Themainmotivationbehindadoptinghomeworkingwastoincreasemyownproductivity,asasinglemumtoan11-year-old〞,saysHargreaves.“ButIsoonrealisedthat,asmostofourbusinessisdoneonthephone,emailandatoff-sitemeetings,wedidn'tneedourofficesatall.We'renowsaving£16,000ayearonrent,plusthecostofutilities,nottomentionwhatwouldhavebeenspentoncommuting.〞Whatisthemaintopicofthispassage?Howbusinessmanagersviewh-itech.Relationsbetweenemployersandemployees.Howtocutdownthecostsofsmallbusinesses.Benefitsofthepracticeofteleworking.FromtheresearchconductedbythecommunicationsproviderInter-Tel,welearnthat.moreemployeesworktofullcapacityathomeemployeesshowagrowinginterestinsmallbusinessesmorebusinesseshaveadoptedremoteworkingsolutionsattitudestowardITtechnologyhavechangedWhatdevelopmenthasmadeflexibleworkingpracticespossibleaccordingtoAndyPoulton?Reducedcostoftelecommunications.Improvedreliabilityofinternetservice.AvailabilityoftheVoIPservice.Accesstobroadbandeverywhere.WhatisNeilStephenson'sadvicetofirmscontractinginternetservices?Theylookforreliablebusiness-onlyproviders.Theycontactproviderslocatednearesttothem.Theycarefullyexaminethecontract.Theycontractthecheapestprovider.Internet-basedtelecomsfacilitatesremoteworkingby .offeringsophisticatedvoiceservicesgivingaccesstoemailinginrealtimehelpingclientsdiscussbusinessathomeprovidingcallscompletelyfreeofchargeTheaccountancyfirmWrightVigarpromotedteleworkinginitiallyinorderto .presentapositiveimagetoprospectivecustomerssupportitsemployeeswithchildrentotakecareofattractyoungpeoplewithITexpertisetoworkforitreduceoperationalexpensesofasecondofficeAccordingtomarketingdirectorJackO'Hern,teleworkingenabledthecompanyto .enhanceitsmarketimagereducerecruitmentcostskeephighlyqualifiedstaffminimiseitsofficespaceWrightVigar'spracticeofallowingformoreflexibleworkinghoursnotonlybenefitsthecompanybuthelpsimproveemployees'.Withfast,wirelessinternetconnections,employeescanstillbe whiletraveling.SinglemotherLynneHargreavesdecidedtoworkathomemainlyto .Part川ListeningComprehension(35minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD),anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.A)Theywouldrathertravelaroundthanstayathome.Theyprefertocarrycashwhentravelingabroad.Theyusuallycarrymanythingsaroundwiththem.Theydon'tliketospendmuchmoneyontraveling.A)Theselectionprocesswasalittleunfair.Hehadlongdreamedofthedean'sposition.Rodwaseliminatedintheselectionprocess.Rodwasinchargeoftheadmissionsoffice.A)Applauseencouragesthesinger.Sheregretspayingfortheconcert.Almosteveryonelovespopmusic.Theconcertisveryimpressive.A)Theyhaveknowneachothersincetheirschooldays.TheywerebothchairpersonsoftheStudents 'Union.Theyhavebeeninclosetouchbyemail.Theyaregoingtoholdareunionparty.A)Cooktheirdinner.Restforawhile.Gettheircarfixed.Stopforthenight.A)Newly-launchedproducts.Consumerpreferences.Surveyresults.Surveymethods.A)Hewouldratherthewomandidn'tbuytheblouse.Thewomanneedsblousesinthecolorsofarainbow.Theinformationinthecatalogisnotalwaysreliable.Hethinkstheblueblouseisbetterthantheredone.A)Thecourseisopentoallnextsemester.Thenoticemaynotbereliable.Thewomanhasnottoldthetruth.Hewilldrophiscourseinmarketing.Questions19to22arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.A)Adirectorofasalesdepartment.Amanageratacomputerstore.Asalesclerkatashoppingcenter.Anaccountantofacomputerfirm.A)Handlingcustomercomplaints.Recruitingandtrainingnewstaff.Dispatchingorderedgoodsontime.Developingcomputerprograms.A)Shelikessomethingmorechallenging.Shelikestobenearertoherparents.Shewantstohaveabette-rpaidjob.Shewantstobewithherhusband.A)Rightaway.Intwomonths.Earlynextmonth.Inacoupleofdays.Questions23to25arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.A)Itwillfacechallengesunprecedentedinitshistory.Itisaresoluteadvocateoftheant-iglobalmovement.Itisboundtoregainitsfullgloryofahundredyearsago.Itwillbeamajoreconomicpowerbythemid-21stcentury.A)Thelackofoverallurbanplanning.Thehugegapbetweenthehavesandha-vneots.Theinadequatesupplyofwaterandelectricity.Theshortageofhi-techpersonnel.A)Theyattachgreatimportancetoeducation.Theyareabletograspgrowthopportunities.Theyaregoodatlearningfromothernations.Theyhavemadeuseofadvancedtechnologies.SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions26to29arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.A)Shetaughtchemistryandmicrobiologycoursesinacollege.Shegavelecturesonhowtobecomeapublicspeaker.Shehelpedfamiliesmoveawayfromindustrialpolluters.Sheengagedinfieldresearchonenvironmentalpollution.A)Thejobrestrictedherfromrevealingherfindings.Thejobposedapotentialthreattoherhealth.Shefoundtheworkingconditionsfrustrating.Shewasofferedabetterjobinaminoritycommunity.A)Somegiantindustrialpollutershavegoneoutofbusiness.Moreenvironmentalorganizationshaveappeared.ManytoxicsitesinAmericahavebeencleanedup.Morebranchesofhercompanyhavebeensetup.A)HerwidespreadinfluenceamongmembersofCongress.Herabilitytocommunicatethroughpublicspeaking.Herrigoroustrainingindeliveringeloquentspeeches.Herlifelongcommitmenttodomesticandglobalissues.PassageTwoQuestions30to32arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.A)Thefiercecompetitioninthemarket.Thegrowingnecessityofstafftraining.Theacceleratedpaceofglobalisation.Theurgentneedofadiverseworkforce.A)Gainadeepunderstandingoftheirownculture.Takecoursesofforeignlanguagesandcultures.Sharetheexperiencesofpeoplefromothercultures.Participateininternationalexchangeprogrammes.A)Reflectivethinkingisbecomingcritical.Labormarketisgettingglobalised.Knowingaforeignlanguageisessential.Globalisationwilleliminatemanyjobs.PassageThreeQuestions33to35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.A)Red-hairedwomenwereregardedasmorereliable.Brown-hairedwomenwereratedasmorecapable.Golden-hairedwomenwereconsideredattractive.Black-hairedwomenwerejudgedtobeintelligent.A)Theyaresmartandeloquent.Theyareambitiousandarrogant.Theyareshrewdanddishonest.Theyarewealthyandindustrious.A)Theyforcepeopletofollowtheculturalmainstream.Theyexaggeratetherolesofcertaingroupsofpeople.Theyemphasizediversityattheexpenseofuniformity.Theyhinderourperceptionofindividualdifferences.SectionCDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblanksnumberedfrom36to43withtheexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Forblanksnumberedfrom44to46youarerequiredtofillinthemissinginformation.Fortheseblanks,youcaneitherusetheexactwordsyouhavejustheardorwritedownthemainpointsinyourownwords.Finally,whenthepassageisreadforthethirdtime,youshouldcheckwhatyouhavewritten.TheancientGreeksdevelopedbasicmemorysystemscalledmnemonics.Thenameis大36家fromtheirGoddessofmemory“MnemosyngIntheancientworld,atrainedmemorywasan大37家asset,particularlyinpubliclife.Therewereno大38家devicesfortakingnotes,andearlyGreekorators演说家)deliveredlongspeecheswithgreat大39家becausetheylearnedthespeechesusingmnemonicsystems.TheGreeksdiscoveredthathumanmemoryis大40家anassociativeproces—thatitworksbylinkingthingstogether.Forexample,thinkofanapple.The大41家 yourbrainregisterstheword“appleit,大42家theshape,color,taste,smelland大43家ofthatfruit.Allthesethingsareassociatedinyourmemorywiththeword “apple〞.大44家.Anexamplecouldbewhenyouthinkaboutalectureyouhavehad.Thiscouldtriggeramemoryaboutwhatyouretalkingaboutthroughthatlecture,whichcanthentriggeranothermemory.大45家.AnexamplegivenonawebsiteIwaslookingatfollows:DoyouremembertheshapeofAustria,Canada,Belgium,orGermany?Probablynot.WhataboutItaly,though?大46家.Youmadeanassociationwithsomethingalreadyknown,theshapeofaboot,andItaly'sshapecouldnotbeforgottenonceyouhadmadetheassociation.PartIVReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(25minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisashortpassagewith5questionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.PleasewriteyouranswersonAnswerSheet2.Questions47to51arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Manycountrieshavemadeitillegaltochatintoahand-heldmobilephonewhiledriving.Butthelatestresearchfurtherconfirmsthatthedangerlieslessinwhatamotoristshandsdowhenhetakesacallthaninwhattheconversationdoestohisbrain.Evenusingahands-free"devicecandivertadriversattentiontoanalarmingextent.MelinaKunaroftheUniversityofWarwick,andToddHorowitzoftheHarvardMedicalSchoolranaseriesofexperimentsinwhichtwogroupsofvolunteershadtopayattentionandrespondtoaseriesofmovingtasksonacomputerscreenthatwerereckonedequivalentindifficultytodriving.Onegroupwasleftundistractedwhiletheotherhadtoengageinaconversationusingaspeakerphone.AsKunarandHorowitzreport,thosewhoweremakingtheequivalentofahands-freecallhadanaveragereactiontime212millisecondsslowerthanthosewhowerenot.That,theycalculate,wouldadd5.7metrestothebrakingdistanceofacartravellingat100kph.Theyalsofoundthatthegroupusingthehands-freekitmade83%moreerrorsintheirtasksthanthosewhowerenottalking.Totrytounderstandmoreaboutwhythiswas,theytriedtwofurthertests.Inone,membersofagroupwereaskedsimplytorepeatwordsspokenbythecaller.Intheother,theyhadtothinkofawordthatbeganwiththelastletterofthewordtheyhadjustheard.Thoseonlyrepeatingwordsperformedthesameasthosewithnodistraction,butthosewiththemorecomplicatedtaskshowedevenworsereactiontimes—anaverageof480millisecondsextradelay.Thisshowsthatwhenpeoplehavetoconsidertheinformationtheyhearcarefully,itcanimpairtheirdrivingabilitysignificantly.Punishingpeopleforusinghand-heldgadgetswhiledrivingisdifficultenough,eventhoughtheycanbeseenfromoutsidethecar.Persuadingpeopletoswitchtheirphonesoffaltogetherwhentheygetbehindthewheelmightbetheonlyanswer.Whoknows,theymightevencometoenjoynothavingtotakecalls.Carryingonamobilephoneconversationwhileoneisdrivingisconsidereddangerousbecauseitseriouslydistracts.Intheexperiments,thetwogroupsofvolunteerswereaskedtohandleaseriesofmovingtaskswhichwereconsidered.Resultsoftheexperimentsshowthatthosewhoweremakingtheequivalentofahands-freecalltooktoreactthanthosewhowerenot.Furtherexperimentsrevealthatparticipantstendtorespondwithextradelayiftheyarerequiredtodo.Theauthorbelievespersuasion,ratherthan,mightbetheonlywaytostoppeoplefromusingmobilephoneswhiledriving.SectionBDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions52to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Thereisnothinglikethesuggestionofacancerrisktoscareaparent,especiallyoneoftheover-educated,eco-conscioustype.SoyoucanimaginethereactionwhenarecentUSATodayinvestigationofairqualityaroundthenation'sschoolssingledoutthoseinthesmugl(y自鸣得意的)greenvillageofBerkeley,Calif.,asbeingamongtheworstinthecountry.Thecit'yspublichighschool,aswellasanumberofdaycarecenters,preschools,elementaryandmiddleschools,fellinthelowest10%.Industrialpollutioninourtownhadsupposedlyturnedstudentsintolivingscienceexperimentsbreathinginalaboratory'sworthofheavymetalslikemanganese,chromiumandnickeleachday.Thisinacitythatrequiresschoolcafeteriastoserveorganicmeals.Great,Ithought,organiclunch,toxiccampus.SineeDecember,whenthereportcameout,themayor,neighborhoodactivists(活泼分子)andvariousparent-teacherassociationshaveengagedinafiercebattleoveritsvalidity:overtheguiltofthesteel-castingfactoryonthewesternedgeoftown,overunionjobsversuschildren'shealthandoverwhat,ifanything,oughttobedone.Withallsidespresentingtheirownexpertsarmedwithconflictingscientificstudies,whomshouldparentsbelieve?Istheretrulyathreathere,weaskedoneanotheraswedroppedoffourkids,andifso,howgreatisit?Andhowdoesitcomparewiththeother,seeminglyperpetualhealthscaresweconfront,likepanicoverleadinsyntheticathleticfields?Ratherthanjustanotherweirdepisodeinthetownthatbroughtyouprotestingenvironmentalists,thislatestdramaisatrialforhowtoday'sparentsperceiverisk,howwetrytokeepourkidssafe—whetherit'spossibletokeepthemsafe—inwhatfeelslikeanincreasinglythreateningworld.Itraisesthequestionofwhat,inourtime, “safe〞couldevenmean.“There'snowayaroundtheuncertainty,〞saysKimberlyThompson,presidentofKidRisk,anonprofitgroupthatstudieschildren'shealth.“Thatmeansyourchoicescanmatter,butitalsomeansyouaren'tgoingtoknowiftheydo.〞A2004reportinthejournalPediatricsexplainedthatnervousparentshavemoretofearfromfire,caraccidentsanddrowningthanfromtoxicchemicalexposure.TowhichIsay:Well,obviously.Butsuchconcretehazardsarebesidethepoint.It'sthedangersparentscan't—andmaynever—quantifythatoccurallofsudden.That'swhyI'veridmycupboardofmicrowavefoodpackedinbagscoatedwithapotentialcancer-causingsubstance,butalthoughI'velivedblocksfromamajorfaultline(地质断层)formorethan12years,Istillhaven'boltedourbookcasestothelivingroomwall.WhatdoesarecentinvestigationbyUSATodayreveal?Heavymetalsinlabteststhreatenchildren 'shealthinBerkeley.Berkeleyresidentsarequitecontentedwiththeirsurroundings.TheairqualityaroundBerkeley 'sschoolcampusesispoor.ParentsinBerkeleyareover-sensitivetocancerriskstheirkidsface.WhatresponsedidUSAToday'sreportdraw?Aheateddebate.Popularsupport.Widespreadpanic.Strongcriticism.Howdidparentsfeelinthefaceoftheexperts'studies?Theyfeltverymuchrelieved.Theywerefrightenedbytheevidence.Theydidn'tknowwhotobelieve.Theyweren'tconvincedoftheresults.Whatistheviewofthe2004reportinthejournalPediatrics?Itisimportanttoquantifyvariousconcretehazards.Dailyaccidentsposeamoreseriousthreattochildren.Parentsshouldbeawareofchildren'shealthhazards.Attentionshouldbepaidtotoxicchemicalexposure.Ofthedangersineverydaylife,theauthorthinksthatpeoplehavemosttofearfrom .theuncertainthequantifiableanearthquakeunhealthyfoodPassageTwoQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Cripplinghealthcarebills,longemergency-roomwaitsandtheinabilitytofindaprimarycarephysicianjustscratchthesurfaceoftheproblemsthatpatientsfacedaily.Primarycareshouldbethebackboneofanyhealthcaresystem.Countrieswithappropriateprimarycareresourcesscorehighlywhenitcomestohealthoutcomesandcost.TheU.S.takestheoppositeapproachbyemphasizingthespecialistratherthantheprimarycarephysician.ArecentstudyanalyzedtheproviderswhotreatMedicarebeneficiarie(s老年医保受惠人).ThestartlingfindingwasthattheaverageMedicarepatientsawatotalofsevendoctor—stwoprimarycarephysiciansandfivespecialists—inagivenyear.Contrarytopopularbelief,themorephysicianstakingcareofyoudon'tguaranteebettercare.Actually,increasingfragmentationofcareresultsinacorrespondingriseincostandmedicalerrors.Howdidweletprimarycareslipsofar?Thekeyishowdoctorsarepaid.Mostphysiciansarepaidwhenevertheyperformamedicalservice.Themoreaphysiciandoes,regardlessofqualityoroutcome,thebetterhe'sreimbursed(返还费用).Moreover,theamountaphysicianreceivesleansheavilytowardmedicalorsurgicalprocedures.Aspecialistwhoperformsaprocedureina30-minutevisitcanbepaidthreetimesmorethanaprimarycarephysicianusingthatsame30minutestodiscussapatient'sdisease.Combinethisfactwithannualgovernmentthreatstoindiscriminatelycutreimbursements,physiciansarefacedwithnochoicebuttoincreasequantitytoboostincome.Primarycarephysicianswhorefusetocompromisequalityareeitherdrivenoutofbusinessortocash-onlypractices,furthercontributingtothedeclineofprimarycare.Medicalstudentsarenotblindtothisscenario.Theyseehowheavilythereimbursementdeckisstackedagainstprimarycare.Therecentnumbersshowthatsince1997,newlygraduatedU.S.medicalstudentswhochooseprimarycareasacareerhavedeclinedby50%.Thistrendresultsinemergencyroomsbeingoverwhelmedwithpatientswithoutregulardoctors.Howdowefixthisproblem?Itstartswithreformingthephysicianreimbursementsystem.Removethepressureforprimarycarephysicianstosqueezeinmorepatientsperhour,andrewardthemforoptimally(最正确地)managingtheirdiseasesandpracticingevidence-basedmedicine.Makeprimarycaremoreattractivetomedicalstudentsbyforgivingstudentloansforthosewhochooseprimarycareasacareerandreconcilingthemarkeddifferencebetweenspecialistandprimarycarephysiciansalaries.We'reatapointwhereprimarycareisneededmorethanever.Within