XML之运用-知识管理工具课件

XML之運用知識管理工具

TopicMaps(ISO/13250)飛資得資訊有限公司溫達茂中華民國91年8月22日

XML之運用知識管理工具

TopicMaps(I1WhatisXMLXMLisamethodfordefiningspecialmarkersor‘tags’thatcanbeinsertedintotexttoindicateitslogicalstructureandtomakeexplicitthemeaningorrhetoricalroleofitscomponentpartsWhatisXMLXMLisamethodfor2WhyXML?HTML:Containinginformationonlyaboutapage’sappearance.<H1>Thefutureoftheelectronicscientificliterature</H1><H3>byJohnSmith</H3>XML:Documenttobetaggedwithmachine-readable‘metadata’<articletitle>Thefutureoftheelectronicscientificliterature</articletitle><author><firstname>John</firstname><lastname>Smith</lastname></author>WhyXML?HTML:Containinginfor3HTMLVS.XMLLatinphrase"Quidproquo"inHTML<i>Quidproquo</i>USBattleShipinHTML<i>USSConstitution</i>Latinphrase"Quidproquo"inSGML<foreignlang="latin">Quidproquo</foreign>USBattleShipTitle<nametype="ship">USSConstitution</name>HTMLVS.XMLLatinphrase"Quid4XMLIntelligenceGeorgeWashington--華盛頓總統<nametype=person>GeorgeWashington</name>Washington,D.C.--地名<nametype=place>Washington,D.C.</name>Washington'sArmy--華盛頓的軍隊<nametype=org>Washington'sArmy</name>USSWashington--華盛頓號戰艦<nametype=ship>USSWashington</name>XMLIntelligenceGeorgeWashing5XMLStructurefor

JournalArticleXMLStructurefor

JournalArt6XML-StructuredDocument

for

JournalArticleXML-StructuredDocument

for

Jo7Whatdoesthatmean?(I)Everypartofthedocumentisnotjustdisplayable,butalsodefinable,includingtablesand/orcharts.Forexample,inascientificarticle,XMLtagscanbeusedtodistinguishthetitleofthearticlefromthenamesofitsauthorsorthecellsinatableWhatdoesthatmean?(I)Every8Whatdoesthatmean?(II)AnalyticalStructuralWhatdoesthatmean?(II)Analy9XML--AnalyticalTag(Marker)--standardize--metadata:DataInterchange--DublinCoreSystemCommunication--OpenUrlXML--AnalyticalTag(Marker)10XML--Analytical--ApplicationDataInterchange數位典藏計劃聯合目錄(OAI標準)MARC的XML化MachineCommunicationOpenUrlResolverXML--Analytical--Applica11XML--StructuralLogicalStructureLogicalRelationshipXML--StructuralLogicalStr12XML--Structural--ApplicationXMLinHierarchicalandStructuralContextMetadataWithinXMLKnowledgeStructureKnowledgeOrganizationToolsXML--Structural--Applica13ThreeGeneralCategoriesof

KnowledgeOrganizationTermList:EmphasizinglistsoftermswithdefinitionsClassificationandCategorizationEmphasizingthecreationofsubjectsetsRelationshipList:EmphasizingtheconnectionsbetweentermsandconceptsThreeGeneralCategoriesof

K14TermListsAuthorityfilesGlossariesDictionariesGazetteersTermListsAuthorityfiles15ClassificationandCategorizationSubjectheadingsClassificationschemes,taxonomies,andcategorizationschemesClassificationandCategorizat16RelationshipListsThesauriTopicMapsSemanticnetworkOntologiesRelationshipListsThesauri17PrinciplesofKnowledgeOrganizationGroupByAssociationPrinciplesofKnowledgeOrgani18KeyIssuesinthePrincipleTerms--Subjects--ConceptsSubjectRelationship--Concept與Concept之間的關係KeyIssuesinthePrincipleTer19WhatisConcept(概念)?定義:概念是知識基本單位，也是思維最小單位概念是人類斯為的重要組成部分,是反映事務特有屬性的思維方式屬性:概念的內涵:事務反映到概念的特有屬性,亦即構成此一概念的屬性總和汽車的內涵是下列屬性的總和:“車”,“由發動機驅動”,“有駕駛”.外延─概念的外延是事物反映到概念的數量範圍該概念所包括的各個個體的總和，稱同類外延大象此一概念的外延是印度象,非洲象.構成整體的各部分的總和，稱成分外延“化學元素系統”此一概念的外延是指氫,氧,硫….WhatisConcept(概念)?定義:20概念的邏輯暨語義關係(I)同一關係兩個概念的外延一樣。例如：「機器翻譯」和「自動翻譯」，都表示用機器進行的翻譯。屬種關係一個概念的外延把另一個概念的外延完全包含。屬概念：例如：交通工具。外延較大，包含另一個概念全部外延的概念。種概念：例如：汽車。被屬概念包含，外延較小的概念。概念的邏輯暨語義關係(I)同一關係21概念的邏輯暨語義關係(II)交叉關係兩個概念外延有一部份相同，另一部份不同。例如：作家、教授。有部分作家是教授，也有部分作家不是教授。全異關係並列的全異關係：例如：鋼鐵工人、紡織工人，「工人」共同的鄰近屬概念。非並列的全異關係：無共同的鄰近屬概念。例如：茶杯、水果概念的邏輯暨語義關係(II)交叉關係22概念的邏輯暨語義關係(III)否定關係一個概念的否定關係構成了另一個概念的屬性。例如：加壓、減壓概念的邏輯暨語義關係(III)否定關係23概念的邏輯關係暨

語義關係概念的邏輯關係暨

語義關係24概念的屬性--邏輯--語義關係如何定義及運用於K.O.?概念的屬性--邏輯--語義關係如何定義及運用於K.25WhatisTopicMap？WhatisTopicMap？26TopicMap之定義Definition:(T.A.O.)AsetofTopics,Associations,Occurrence,Facet,andAddedThemeElementsthatareusedtoManageasetofTermsrelevanttoaparticularKnowledgeDomain.TopicMap之定義Definition:(T.A27TopicMapsaTopicMapisacollectionoftopicsand(semanticallymeaningful)relationshipsbetweenthesetopicsTopicMapslinkthesetopicswithexternalreferences,suchasresourcesbehindURLsXTMservesasXML-basedinterchangeformatfortopicmapsTopicMapsaTopicMapisacol28TopicMaps(cont’d)TMsarea“superimposedsemanticlayer”connectionbetweentopicsandresourcesareURLsTMscapturereal-worldsubjects/objectsbutalsoconcepts,like“TCP”or“love”thesearedefinednotabsolutebutrelativetoeachotherTopicMaps(cont’d)TMsarea“29TopicMaps(cont’d)candealwithincompleteknowledge:IknowthatPrinceCharleswasmarriedbutIdonotknowthenameofhiswife.canbemerged:Maybesomeoneelseknowsthatsomeonecalled‘Dianna’wasmarriedtoaBritishPrincemergingmapsbyidentifyingcommontopicsTopicMaps(cont’d)candealwi30TopicMaps(cont’d)aresupposedtodealwithmanythousandtopicsarebuilttodenoteinformation,notknowledge(nosemanticnetwork)arenotbuiltforaspecificapplicationbutwillbereusedinmanydifferentcontextsTopicMaps(cont’d)aresuppose31XML之运用知识管理工具课件32XML之运用知识管理工具课件33XML之运用知识管理工具课件34XML之运用知识管理工具课件35XML之运用知识管理工具课件36XML之运用知识管理工具课件37XML之运用知识管理工具课件38XML之运用知识管理工具课件39WhatisTopicMapInformationconnectionisnotjustwebhyperlinks,insteadastructuredsemanticlinknetworkovertheresources--easyandselectivenavigationtotherequestedinformation.WhatisTopicMapInformationc40ElementsofTopicMapTopicsAssociationOccurrenceandResourcesScopeElementsofTopicMapTopics41XML之运用知识管理工具课件42XML之运用知识管理工具课件43Reification(Definition)creationand/oridentificationofasubjectthistopic‘standsforthesubject’(proxy)inthisprocess,atopicwillbecreatedandcharacteristics(name,...)willbeassignedReification(Definition)creati44TopicsAtopiccanbeanything.Regardlesswhetheritexistsornot,whetheritisofphysicalnatureorjustanideaorexpressionWebresources(StockQuotes,Documents)realworld(someone,people,countries,)Atopiccanbeanyconcept.Abstractidea(Happiness,Effectiveness)Eachtopichasaninternalidentification(id),anexternalrepresentation(baseName),canhaveanynumberofexternalreferences(occurrence)andanynumberofclassification(instanceOf)Topicsareonlyrepresentants:theyrepresent(proxy)thesubject;thesubjectitselfexistsoutsidethetopicmap--ThisiswhatasubjectisreifiedbyatopicmeansandwhysubjectIdentityelementisproposed.TopicsAtopiccanbeanything45Topic(Example)Topic(Example)46XML之运用知识管理工具课件47TopicNameseverytopichasanuniqueidwithinamapthisidisforinternaluseonlyeverytopiccanhave(oneormore)names:thisnameisvisibleto‘endusers’TopicNameseverytopichasan48TopicName--BaseNameThe<baseName>elementspecifiesatopicnameAtopicnameisrepresentedbyonestring:thecontentofthe<baseNameString>childof<baseName>Thecontextwithinwhichtheassignmentofanametoatopicisvalidmaybeexpressedusinga<scope>childelement.Atopicmayhavemultiplebasenamesinthesameand/ormultiplescopes.TopicName--BaseNameThe<ba49TopicName--VariantThe<variant>elementisanalternateformofatopic'sbasenameappropriateforaprocessingcontextspecifiedbythevariant's<parameters>childelementAvariantnamewhoseparametersincludethe“display”or“sort”publishedsubjects,whichissemanticallyequivalenttodisplaynamesandsortnames(respectively)asdefinedinISO13250.TopicName--VariantThe<var50Variantsvariantsarenamesforaspecificpurposeand/orinaspecificformat:name,asitshouldappearonamobiledisplaylogoonblack&whitescreenhighresolutionlowresolutionbeusedforsortingVariantsvariantsarenamesfor51Variants(cont’d)externalrepresentationsorganizedasatreeparameterscontrolwhichvariantwillbeusedVariants(cont’d)externalrepr52TopicTypesTopicTypes53TopicTypes(cont’d)topictypesintroduceatypehierarchyeverytopicmaphasitsowntypehierarchythereisNOglobaltypesystem(ontology)TopicTypes(cont’d)topictype54Topic--instanceOfThe<instanceOf>elementspecifiestheclasstowhichitsparentbelongs,viaa<topicRef>or<subjectIndicatorRef>childelement.The<instanceOf>elementisasyntacticshortcutforanassociationofaspecialtypedefinedbytheclass-instancepublishedsubject.Topic--instanceOfThe<insta55TopicTypes(Example)TopicTypes(Example)56Topic--SubjectIdentityThe<subjectIdentity>elementspecifiesthesubjectthatisreifiedbyatopic,via<resourceRef>,<subjectIndicatorRef>,and/or<topicRef>childelements.Whenatopichasanaddressablesubject,thesubjectcanbeaddresseddirectlyviaa<resourceRef>element.Inthatcase,itistheresourceitselfwhichisconsideredthesubjectofthetopic,notwhattheresourcemeansorindicates.Therecanbeonlyonesuchresourcepertopic.Resourcesmayalsobesubjectindicators,asopposedtosubjectsinandofthemselves.Resourcesareusedtoindicatesubjectsvia<subjectIndicatorRef>elements,ofwhichtheremaybemorethanonepertopic.Atopicmayalsoindicatethatithasthesamesubjectasanothertopicbyaddressingthattopicviaa<topicRef>element.Topic--SubjectIdentityThe<57Associationstopicscanparticipateinrelationships,calledassociation,inwhichtopicsplayrolesasmembersAmongtheassociations,whichrelationshiptwoormoretopicshavetoeachother.Itmustbeexplicitlydefined.topicsplaythereMembers:thetopicsinvolvedintheassociationarecalledmembersRole:andthemembersplaytherole.typicalassociationsis-located-in,lived-in,written-byis-facillity-provided-by,requires-to-haveAssociationstopicscanpartici58Association(Example)Association(Example)59Associations(cont’d)allnewlyintroducedtopicshastobedefined:is-located-in,building,locationalsothesetopicscanbelinkedwithassociationsassociationscanhaveanynumberofmembers(1,2,3,...)Associations(cont’d)allnewly60TopicOccurrencesTopicOccurrences61TopicOccurrences(cont’d)TopicOccurrences(cont’d)62ScopesnotalltopiccharacteristicsarevalidinallcontextsscopeslimitacharacteristicscopesaretopicsthemselvesScopesnotalltopiccharacteri63Scopes(cont’d)occurrences:awebdocumentcouldbewritteningermanthedocumentisnotforabeginner,butan expertavisatovisitacountryisnotrelevantforresidents,onlyfornon-residentsnamesthedocumentwritesabouttreesincomputersciencebutnotabouttreesinagricultureScopes(cont’d)occurrences:64Scopes(cont’d)associations“SantaClausebringsthepresents”isgoodenoughforchildren,butnotforadultsScopes(cont’d)associations65Scopes(cont’d)ifnoscopewasdefined,thenthecharacteristicisvalidinALLscopesunconstrainedscopeScopes(cont’d)ifnoscopewas66Scopes(Example)Scopes(Example)67mergeMapA<mergeMap>elementreferencesanexternal<topicMap>elementthroughanxlink:hrefattributecontainingaURI.<!ELEMENTmergeMap(topicRef|resourceRef|subjectIndicatorRef)*><topicRef>

mergeMapA<mergeMap>elementr68XML之运用知识管理工具课件69TopicMap-DTDTopicMap-DTD70TopicMap-XMLTopicMap-XML71TopicMap-XSLTopicMap-XSL72XML之运用知识管理工具课件73XML之运用知识管理工具课件74XML之运用知识管理工具课件75XML之运用知识管理工具课件76XML之运用知识管理工具课件77XML之运用知识管理工具课件78XML之运用知识管理工具课件79XML之运用知识管理工具课件80XML之运用知识管理工具课件81XML之运用知识管理工具课件82XML之运用知识管理工具课件83XML之运用知识管理工具课件84XML之运用知识管理工具课件85XML之运用知识管理工具课件86XML之运用知识管理工具课件87XML之运用知识管理工具课件88XML之运用知识管理工具课件89XML之运用知识管理工具课件90XML之运用知识管理工具课件91XML之运用知识管理工具课件92XML之运用知识管理工具课件93XML之运用知识管理工具课件94XML之运用知识管理工具课件95XML之运用知识管理工具课件96TopicMapsLimitationXML-enabledDatabaseandSearchEngine AssociationisonlyPartofRelationship(Non-directionalRelationship)TopicMapsLimitationXML-enabl97XML之运用知识管理工具课件98XML之运用知识管理工具课件99Database-supportedTopicMapsDatabase-supportedTopicMaps100WhatisanontologyPhilosophy:TheoryofexistenceAnontologyisanexplicitspecificationofobjectsandrelationsinthetargetworldintendedtosharewiththecommunityandtouseforbuildingamodelofthetargetworldItisataxonomyofconceptsWhatisanontologyPhilosophy:101OntologyTosupportthesharingandreuseofformallyrepresentedknowledge,itisusefultodefinethecommonvocabularyinwhichsharedknowledgeisrepresented.Aspecificationofarepresentationalvocabularyforashareddomainofdiscourse--definitionsofclasses,relations,functions,andotherobjects--iscalledanontology.OntologyTosupportthesharing102OntologyOntologyisaSpecificationofaConceptualizationOntology:aformalexplicitdescriptionofconceptsandrelationshipinadomainofknowledgeClass--ConceptsSlot(roles,properties)--Features&attributesofConceptsFacet(rolerestriction)SubjectDescription&Analysis:Relationship:Vertical&HorizonHierarchical&StructuredSemanticandConceptualRelationshipOntologyOntologyisaSpecifi103OntologyClassesdescribeconceptsinthedomainAclasscanhavesubclassesthatrepresentconceptsthataremorespecificthanthesuperclassAnontologytogetherwithasetofindividualinstancesofclassesconstitutesaknowledgebaseOntologyendsandtheknowledgebasebeginsOntologyClassesdescribeconce104ComponentsofanontologyConceptsTaxonomyoftheconceptsRelationsamongconceptsFormalspecificationoftheconceptsandrelationsComponentsofanontologyConce105Ontologyhas:AcommonvocabularyAnexplicitrepresentationofthing(conceptualization)usuallyleftimplicitbehindasystemAnexplicitrepresentationofasharedunderstandingofthetargetworldOntologyhas:Acommonvocabula106OntologyEngineeringOntologyEngineering:

DefiningtermsinthedomainandrelationsamongthemDefiningconceptsinthedomain(classes)Arrangingtheconceptsinahierarchy(subclass-superclasshierarchy)--(taxonomy)Definingwhichattributesandproperties

(slots)classescanhaveandconstraintsontheirvaluesDefiningindividualsandfillinginslotvaluesOntologyEngineeringOntologyE107OntologyWhatis“Ontology”?利用定義好的字彙來描述目前已存在之實體以樹狀結構勾畫出實體間彼此之關係進而建構專業領域中可解釋並利用之知識架構提供一致性的相關“詞彙”解釋與定義資訊呈現的單一化資料分類與註解的標準化OntologyWhatis“Ontology”?108ontologyConceptRelation

InstancessubConceptOfrelationdomaininstancedomainrelationdomainontology109conceptResearchProjectFullProfessor(AcademicStaff)PhDStudentontologyconceptResearchProject110RelationworksAtProjectSupervisesSupervisorontologyRelation111InstancesRudiConcept:FullProfessorRelation1.Supervises:York2.Name:RudiStuderYorkConcept:PhDStudentRelation1.worksAtProject:On-To-Knowledge2.Name:YorkSure3.Supervisor:RudiOn-To-KnowledgeConcept:ResearchProjectR:On-To-KnowledgeontologyInstancesRudi112RudiYorkOn-To-KnowledgesupervisessupervisorworksAtProjectworksAtProjectontologyRudiYorkOn-To-Knowledgesupervi113XML之运用知识管理工具课件114XML之运用知识管理工具课件115XML之运用知识管理工具课件116GeneOntologyGeneOntology的形成LifeScienceis“Knowledgebase”insteadof“Axiombase”Knowledgeofthebiologicalroleofproteinsinoneorganismcanoftenbetransferredtootherorganisms.當資料累積至一定程度,就必須以“Ontology”的方式來呈現例如:新發現Protein或DNA時,會利用已知的資料來推論其功能GeneOntologyGeneOntology的形成117GeneOntologyGeneOntology三大主體結構Biologicalprocess生物過程Molecularfunction分子功能Cellularcomponent細胞元件GeneOntologyGeneOntology三大主118GeneOntologyCellularComponentBiologicalProcessMolecularFunction基因或蛋白質GeneOntologyCellularComponen119XML之运用知识管理工具课件120XML之运用知识管理工具课件121XML之运用知识管理工具课件122XML之运用知识管理工具课件123XML之运用知识管理工具课件124XML之运用知识管理工具课件125UpgradingtheApplicationofXMLinKnowledgeOrganizationHTML:WebContentDisplayXML:DataInterchangeWebContentRepresentationElementsfortheObjectAttributesElementsfortheObjectAttributeswithStructureElementsfortheObjectAttributeswithStructureandSemanticmeaningUpgradingtheApplicationofX126XML之运用知识管理工具课件127

XML之運用知識管理工具

TopicMaps(ISO/13250)飛資得資訊有限公司溫達茂中華民國91年8月22日

XML之運用知識管理工具

TopicMaps(I128WhatisXMLXMLisamethodfordefiningspecialmarkersor‘tags’thatcanbeinsertedintotexttoindicateitslogicalstructureandtomakeexplicitthemeaningorrhetoricalroleofitscomponentpartsWhatisXMLXMLisamethodfor129WhyXML?HTML:Containinginformationonlyaboutapage’sappearance.<H1>Thefutureoftheelectronicscientificliterature</H1><H3>byJohnSmith</H3>XML:Documenttobetaggedwithmachine-readable‘metadata’<articletitle>Thefutureoftheelectronicscientificliterature</articletitle><author><firstname>John</firstname><lastname>Smith</lastname></author>WhyXML?HTML:Containinginfor130HTMLVS.XMLLatinphrase"Quidproquo"inHTML<i>Quidproquo</i>USBattleShipinHTML<i>USSConstitution</i>Latinphrase"Quidproquo"inSGML<foreignlang="latin">Quidproquo</foreign>USBattleShipTitle<nametype="ship">USSConstitution</name>HTMLVS.XMLLatinphrase"Quid131XMLIntelligenceGeorgeWashington--華盛頓總統<nametype=person>GeorgeWashington</name>Washington,D.C.--地名<nametype=place>Washington,D.C.</name>Washington'sArmy--華盛頓的軍隊<nametype=org>Washington'sArmy</name>USSWashington--華盛頓號戰艦<nametype=ship>USSWashington</name>XMLIntelligenceGeorgeWashing132XMLStructurefor

JournalArticleXMLStructurefor

JournalArt133XML-StructuredDocument

for

JournalArticleXML-StructuredDocument

for

Jo134Whatdoesthatmean?(I)Everypartofthedocumentisnotjustdisplayable,butalsodefinable,includingtablesand/orcharts.Forexample,inascientificarticle,XMLtagscanbeusedtodistinguishthetitleofthearticlefromthenamesofitsauthorsorthecellsinatableWhatdoesthatmean?(I)Every135Whatdoesthatmean?(II)AnalyticalStructuralWhatdoesthatmean?(II)Analy136XML--AnalyticalTag(Marker)--standardize--metadata:DataInterchange--DublinCoreSystemCommunication--OpenUrlXML--AnalyticalTag(Marker)137XML--Analytical--ApplicationDataInterchange數位典藏計劃聯合目錄(OAI標準)MARC的XML化MachineCommunicationOpenUrlResolverXML--Analytical--Applica138XML--StructuralLogicalStructureLogicalRelationshipXML--StructuralLogicalStr139XML--Structural--ApplicationXMLinHierarchicalandStructuralContextMetadataWithinXMLKnowledgeStructureKnowledgeOrganizationToolsXML--Structural--Applica140ThreeGeneralCategoriesof

KnowledgeOrganizationTermList:EmphasizinglistsoftermswithdefinitionsClassificationandCategorizationEmphasizingthecreationofsubjectsetsRelationshipList:EmphasizingtheconnectionsbetweentermsandconceptsThreeGeneralCategoriesof

K141TermListsAuthorityfilesGlossariesDictionariesGazetteersTermListsAuthorityfiles142ClassificationandCategorizationSubjectheadingsClassificationschemes,taxonomies,andcategorizationschemesClassificationandCategorizat143RelationshipListsThesauriTopicMapsSemanticnetworkOntologiesRelationshipListsThesauri144PrinciplesofKnowledgeOrganizationGroupByAssociationPrinciplesofKnowledgeOrgani145KeyIssuesinthePrincipleTerms--Subjects--ConceptsSubjectRelationship--Concept與Concept之間的關係KeyIssuesinthePrincipleTer146WhatisConcept(概念)?定義:概念是知識基本單位，也是思維最小單位概念是人類斯為的重要組成部分,是反映事務特有屬性的思維方式屬性:概念的內涵:事務反映到概念的特有屬性,亦即構成此一概念的屬性總和汽車的內涵是下列屬性的總和:“車”,“由發動機驅動”,“有駕駛”.外延─概念的外延是事物反映到概念的數量範圍該概念所包括的各個個體的總和，稱同類外延大象此一概念的外延是印度象,非洲象.構成整體的各部分的總和，稱成分外延“化學元素系統”此一概念的外延是指氫,氧,硫….WhatisConcept(概念)?定義:147概念的邏輯暨語義關係(I)同一關係兩個概念的外延一樣。例如：「機器翻譯」和「自動翻譯」，都表示用機器進行的翻譯。屬種關係一個概念的外延把另一個概念的外延完全包含。屬概念：例如：交通工具。外延較大，包含另一個概念全部外延的概念。種概念：例如：汽車。被屬概念包含，外延較小的概念。概念的邏輯暨語義關係(I)同一關係148概念的邏輯暨語義關係(II)交叉關係兩個概念外延有一部份相同，另一部份不同。例如：作家、教授。有部分作家是教授，也有部分作家不是教授。全異關係並列的全異關係：例如：鋼鐵工人、紡織工人，「工人」共同的鄰近屬概念。非並列的全異關係：無共同的鄰近屬概念。例如：茶杯、水果概念的邏輯暨語義關係(II)交叉關係149概念的邏輯暨語義關係(III)否定關係一個概念的否定關係構成了另一個概念的屬性。例如：加壓、減壓概念的邏輯暨語義關係(III)否定關係150概念的邏輯關係暨

語義關係概念的邏輯關係暨

語義關係151概念的屬性--邏輯--語義關係如何定義及運用於K.O.?概念的屬性--邏輯--語義關係如何定義及運用於K.152WhatisTopicMap？WhatisTopicMap？153TopicMap之定義Definition:(T.A.O.)AsetofTopics,Associations,Occurrence,Facet,andAddedThemeElementsthatareusedtoManageasetofTermsrelevanttoaparticularKnowledgeDomain.TopicMap之定義Definition:(T.A154TopicMapsaTopicMapisacollectionoftopicsand(semanticallymeaningful)relationshipsbetweenthesetopicsTopicMapslinkthesetopicswithexternalreferences,suchasresourcesbehindURLsXTMservesasXML-basedinterchangeformatfortopicmapsTopicMapsaTopicMapisacol155TopicMaps(cont’d)TMsarea“superimposedsemanticlayer”connectionbetweentopicsandresourcesareURLsTMscapturereal-worldsubjects/objectsbutalsoconcepts,like“TCP”or“love”thesearedefinednotabsolutebutrelativetoeachotherTopicMaps(cont’d)TMsarea“156TopicMaps(cont’d)candealwithincompleteknowledge:IknowthatPrinceCharleswasmarriedbutIdonotknowthenameofhiswife.canbemerged:Maybesomeoneelseknowsthatsomeonecalled‘Dianna’wasmarriedtoaBritishPrincemergingmapsbyidentifyingcommontopicsTopicMaps(cont’d)candealwi157TopicMaps(cont’d)aresupposedtodealwithmanythousandtopicsarebuilttodenoteinformation,notknowledge(nosemanticnetwork)arenotbuiltforaspecificapplicationbutwillbereusedinmanydifferentcontextsTopicMaps(cont’d)aresuppose158XML之运用知识管理工具课件159XML之运用知识管理工具课件160XML之运用知识管理工具课件161XML之运用知识管理工具课件162XML之运用知识管理工具课件163XML之运用知识管理工具课件164XML之运用知识管理工具课件165XML之运用知识管理工具课件166WhatisTopicMapInformationconnectionisnotjustwebhyperlinks,insteadastructuredsemanticlinknetworkovertheresources--easyandselectivenavigationtotherequestedinformation.WhatisTopicMapInformationc167ElementsofTopicMapTopicsAssociationOccurrenceandResourcesScopeElementsofTopicMapTopics168XML之运用知识管理工具课件169XML之运用知识管理工具课件170Reification(Definition)creationand/oridentificationofasubjectthistopic‘standsforthesubject’(proxy)inthisprocess,atopicwillbecreatedandcharacteristics(name,...)willbeassignedReification(Definition)creati171TopicsAtopiccanbeanything.Regardlesswhetheritexistsornot,whetheritisofphysicalnatureorjustanideaorexpressionWebresources(StockQuotes,Documents)realworld(someone,people,countries,)Atopiccanbeanyconcept.Abstractidea(Happiness,Effectiveness)Eachtopichasaninternalidentification(id),anexternalrepresentation(baseName),canhaveanynumberofexternalreferences(occurrence)andanynumberofclassification(instanceOf)Topicsareonlyrepresentants:theyrepresent(proxy)thesubject;thesubjectitselfexistsoutsidethetopicmap--ThisiswhatasubjectisreifiedbyatopicmeansandwhysubjectIdentityelementisproposed.TopicsAtopiccanbeanything172Topic(Example)Topic(Example)173XML之运用知识管理工具课件174TopicNameseverytopichasanuniqueidwithinamapthisidisforinternaluseonlyeverytopiccanhave(oneormore)names:thisnameisvisibleto‘endusers’TopicNameseverytopichasan175TopicName--BaseNameThe<baseName>elementspecifiesatopicnameAtopicnameisrepresentedbyonestring:thecontentofthe<baseNameString>childof<baseName>Thecontextwithinwhichtheassignmentofanametoatopicisvalidmaybeexpressedusinga<scope>childelement.Atopicmayhavemultiplebasenamesinthesameand/ormultiplescopes.TopicName--BaseNameThe<ba176TopicName--VariantThe<variant>elementisanalternateformofatopic'sbasenameappropriateforaprocessingcontextspecifiedbythevariant's<parameters>childelementAvariantnamewhoseparametersincludethe“display”or“sort”publishedsubjects,whichissemanticallyequivalenttodisplaynamesandsortnames(respectively)asdefinedinISO13250.TopicName--VariantThe<var177Variantsvariantsarenamesforaspecificpurposeand/orinaspecificformat:name,asitshouldappearonamobiledisplaylogoonblack&whitescreenhighresolutionlowresolutionbeusedforsortingVariantsvariantsarenamesfor178Variants(cont’d)externalrepresentationsorganizedasatreeparameterscontrolwhichvariantwillbeusedVariants(cont’d)externalrepr179TopicTypesTopicTypes180TopicTypes(cont’d)topictypesintroduceatypehierarchyeverytopicmaphasitsowntypehierarchythereisNOglobaltypesystem(ontology)TopicTypes(cont’d)topictype181Topic--instanceOfThe<instanceOf>elementspecifiestheclasstowhichitsparentbelongs,viaa<topicRef>or<subjectIndicatorRef>childelement.The<instanceOf>elementisasyntacticshortcutforanassociationofaspecialtypedefinedbytheclass-instancepublishedsubject.Topic--instanceOfThe<insta182TopicTypes(Example)TopicTypes(Example)183Topic--SubjectIdentityThe<subjectIdentity>elementspecifiesthesubjectthatisreifiedbyatopic,via<resourceRef>,<subjectIndicatorRef>,and/or<topicRef>childelements.Whenatopichasanaddressablesubject,thesubjectcanbeaddresseddirectlyviaa<resourceRef>element.Inthatcase,itistheresourceitselfwhichisconsideredthesubjectofthetopic,notwhattheresourcemeansorindicates.Therecanbeonlyonesuchresourcepertopic.Resourcesmayalsobesubjectindicators,asopposedtosubjectsinandofthemselves.Resourcesareusedtoindicatesubjectsvia<subjectIndicatorRef>elements,ofwhichtheremaybemorethanonepertopic.Atopicmayalsoindicatethatithasthesamesubjectasanothertopicbyaddressingthattopicviaa<topicRef>el