托福真题(老师)

PAGEPAGE17SectionTwo:StructureandWrittenExpression1.crumblesreadilywhenexposedtoamoist,acidatmosphere,butthestoneisdurableinadryatmosphere.(A)Thesurfaceofmarbleis(B)Thesurfaceofmarble,which(C)Althoughthesurfaceofmarble(D)Thesurfaceofmarble2.Byusingtheirtrunks,elephantscantelltheshapeofanobjectandisroughorsmooth,orhotorcold.(A)it(B)whetherit(C)how(D)sinceit3.In1989CarretHongowaschosenasforthePulitzerPrizeinpoetry.(A)hisbeingoneofthefinalists(B)tobeoneofthefinalists(C)oneofthefinalists(D)theonefinalistwho4.TheMoonismuchclosertoEarthistheSun,andthusithadgreaterinfluenceonthetides.(A)unlike(B)than(C)but(D)where5.Thebrainofanaverageadultisoneofthelargestorgansofthebody,aboutthreepounds.(A)weighs(B)isweighed(C)weighing(D)toweighit6.Throughouthistorydifferentrepresentationsfornumbersandforthebasicprocessofcounting.(A)havebeenmany(B)therehavebeenmany(C)many(D)whenmany7.Democraticgovernmentsconstantlyfacetheproblemofbalancingtheindividualwiththeneedsofsociety.(A)therightsof(B)totherightsfor(C)fortherightsto(D)withtherightsby8.ConnecticutwasthefifthoftheoriginalthirteenstatestheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates.(A)ratified(B)ratify(C)toratify(D)haveratified9.Thechemicalcompositionofsandstoneisthesameas(A)thatofsand(B)thatsandis(C)sandisthat(D)whatofsand10.Hydrofoilscanexceed75milesperhour,ascomparedwithconventionalwatercraft,whosemaximumspeedsapproach50milesperhour.(A)arerarely(B)rarely(C)ofrarely(D)theyrarely11.Itwasnovelistandpoetin1968foundedJacksonStateUniversity'sInstitutefortheStudyoftheHistory,Life,andCultureofBlackPeople.(A)MargaretWalkerdid(B)MargaretWalker(C)MargaretWalkerwho(D)MargaretWalkerand12.BeforetheEuropeansarrived,AmericanIndianswereusingvirgincopperintoornaments,knives,andotherartifacts.(A)Whichwashammering(B)whichhammered(C)washammered(D)hammered13.InwesternNorthAmerica,formtheGreatDivide,whichseparatestheareasfromwhichwatersfloweithereastwardtotheAtlanticorwestwardtothePacific.(A)theRockyMountains(B)wheretheRockyMountains(C)theRockyMountainsinwhich(D)therearetheRockyMountains14.Someecologistsbelievemorethan50percentofexistingspecieswillbelostinthenext100years.(A)because(B)that(C)whilethereis(D)thatthereare15.Almostsubstancesexpandinvolumewhenheatedandcontractwhencooled.(A)all(B)theyall(C)allof(D)allare16.Achildren'slibrarianoftenconductsstoryhoursandotheractivitiestohelpchildrenABenjoyherselfwhiledevelopinganinterestinreadingandthelibrary'sresources.CD17.Titaniumhasthestrengthofsteelbutweighshalfonlyasmuch,henceitsadvantageABCforuseinaircraft.D18.ProtectivebehaviorsofamphibiansincludehidinginthepresenceofdangerandABhavingcolorationsuchcloselymatchingtheenvironmentthattheanimalisnotCDobvious.19.Asthehighest-paidstarofthesilentscreen,earningareputedlyincomeof$20,000ABCaweek,GloriaSwansonepitomizedtheglamourofHollywoodinthe1920's.D20.Candlesmaybemadebyrepeatedlydippingwicksintallow,bymolding,norbyABpouringmeltedwaxoverthewicksandrollingthemintoshape.CD21.Whilemodelsofautomobilesdatebackasfarasthelate1600's,the1880'sABseenthefirstcommercialinterestinthevehicle.CD22.TheconceptualofmusicalharmonyisgenerallytracedtotheninthcenturybecauseABCitisfirstmentionedintreatisesofthatperiod.D23.PalcontologistshaveexaminedfossilembryosandhatchlingsfromthreetypeofABCduck-billeddinosaurstofigureouthowtheymatured.D24.Lightningtendstostrikethenearestgoodconductor,andhenceoftenstrikesABinsameplacemorethanonce.CD25.Whenstudydifferentculturesandsocieties,anthropologistsoftenfocusonmarriageABasacontractualagreementbetweendifferentparties.CD26.ThefirstpilotedballoonflightacrosstheAtlanticOceantookplaceat1978.ABCD27.TheArtsandCraftsMovementofthelatenineteenthcenturystrovetorevitalizingAhandicraftsandappliedartsduringaneraofincreasingmassproduction.BCD28.Whencannedusingpropermethods,foodsuffersnolossinvitaminsoranotherABCDnutritiveelements.29.Heatexhaustioniscausingbyexcessivelossofbodyfluidsandbodysalts.ABCD30.PrimitivehumansprobablydidnotdeliberatelycookfooduntillongaftertheyhadABlearnedtousefireforlightandwarm.CD31.ThepoorconditionofprisonersarewhatconcernedDorotheaDix,anAmericanABCsocialworkeranddirectorofaschoolinBoston.D32.Foundintheshellsoflobsters,shrimp,andcrabs,glucosamineisalsopresentABCinhumancartilage,whichcoveringthebonesinjoints.D33.Between1871until1891,thepopulationofTorontomorethantripled,increasingABCfrom56,000to181,000.D34.Inthenineteenthcentury,MontrealgrewintoanimportanttransportationandABindustrialcenter,aidedbyitsmanynaturalresourcesandanabundantofCDhydroelectricpower.35.Intheinitialplanningfortheaters,auditoriums,butanyroomintendedprimarilyABCforlistening,acousticsisamajorconsideration.D36.Thepulsethatmaybefeltwhereveranarterypassesoverasolidstructure,suchasABCaboneorcartilage.D37.Throughhisessays,poems,andlectures,RalphWaldoEmersonestablishedhimselfABasamajorthinkerofhistimeandasafigureleadingofAmericanliterature.CD38.The"method",whichisbothastyleofactingasystemoftrainingfortheactor,ABstressesinnermotivationandpsychologicaltruth.CD39.OnSeptember6,1996,civilrightsactivistRosaParkswasawardedthePresidentialABMedalofFreedom,thehighesthonortheUnitedStatesgovernmentgivestocivilian.CD40.Basalt,whichcomposesmostoftheoceanfloor,isadark-greyrockrichinironABCDandmagnesiumthanmostsurfacerocks.SectionThree:ReadingComprehensionQuestion1-10ByfarthemostimportantUnitedStatesexportproductintheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturieswascotton,favoredbytheEuropeantextileindustryoverflaxorwoolbecauseitwaseasytoprocessandsofttotiletouch.MechanizationofspinningLineandweavingallowedsignificantcentralizationandexpansioninthetextileindustryduring5thisperiod,andatthesametimethedemandforcottonincreaseddramatically.AmericanproducerswereabletomeetthisdemandlargelybecauseoftileinventionofthecottonginbyEliWhitneyin1793.CottoncouldbegrownthroughouttheSouth,butseparatingthefiberorlint--fromtheseedwasalaboriousprocess.Seaislandcottonwasrelativelyeasytoprocessbyhand,becauseitsfiberswerelongandseedswereconcentratedatthe10baseoftheflower,butitdemandedalonggrowingseason,availableonlyalongthenation'seasternseacoast.Short-staplecottonrequiredamuchshortergrowingseason,buttheshortnessofthefibersandtheirmixturewithseedsmeantthataworkercouldhand-processonlyaboutonepoundperday.Whitney'sginwasahand-poweredmachinewithrevolvingdrumsandmetalteethtopullcottonfibersawayfromseeds.Usingthegin,15aworkercouldproduceupto'50poundsoflintaday.Thelaterdevelopmentoflargergins,poweredbyhorses,water,orsteam,multipliedproductivityfurther.Theinteractionofimprovedprocessingandhighdemandledtotherapidspreadofthecultivationofcottonandtoasurgeinproduction.ItbecamethemainAmericanexport,dwarfingallothers.In1802,cottoncomposed14percentoftotalAmerican20exportsbyvalue.Cottonhada36percentshareby1810andovera50percentsharein1830.In1860,61percentofthevalueofAmericanexportswasrepresentedbycotton.Incontrast,wheatandwheatflourcomposedonly6percentofthevalueofAmericanexportsinthatyear.Clearly,cottonwaskinginthetradeoftheyoungrepublic.ThegrowingmarketforcottonandotherAmericanagriculturalproductsledtoan25unprecedentedexpansionofagriculturalsettlement,mostlyintheeasternhalfoftheUnitedStateswestoftheAppalachianMountainsandeastoftheMississippiRiver.1.Themainpointofthepassageisthattheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturieswereatimewhen(A)theEuropeantextileindustryincreaseditsdemandforAmericanexportproducts(B)mechanizationofspinningandweavingdramaticallychangedthetextileindustry(C)cottonbecameaprofitablecropbutwasstilltime-consumingtoprocess(D)cottonbecamethemostimportantAmericanexportproduct2.Theword"favored"inline2isclosestinmeaningto(A)preferred(B)recommended(C)imported(D)included3.AllofthefollowingarementionedinthepassageasreasonsfortheincreaseddemandforcottonEXCEPT(A)cotton'ssoftness(B)cotton'seaseofprocessing(C)ashortageofflaxandwool(D)thegrowththatoccurredinthetextileindustry.4.Theword"laborious"inline8isclosestinmeaningto(A)unfamiliar(B)primitive(C)skilled(D)difficult5.Accordingtothepassage,oneadvantageofseaislandcottonwasits(A)abundanceofseeds(B)longfibers(C)longgrowingseason(D)adaptabilitytodifferentclimates6.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassageaboutcottonproductionintheUnitedStatesaftertheintroductionofWhitney'scottongin?(A)Morecottoncamefromseaislandcottonplantsthanbefore.(B)Morecottoncamefromshort-staplecottonplantsthanbefore.(C)Mostcottonproducedwassolddomestically.(D)MostcottonproducedwasexportedtoEngland.7.Theword"surge"inline18isclosestinmeaningto(A)sharpincrease(B)suddenstop(C)importantchange(D)excessamount8.Theauthormentions"wheatandwheatflour"inline22inorderto(A)showthatAmericansexportedmoreagriculturalproductsthantheyimported.(B)showtheincreaseintheamountofwheatproductsexported.(C)demonstratetheimportanceofcottonamongAmericanexportproducts.(D)demonstratethatwheatfarmingwasbecomingmoreprofitable.9.Theword"unprecedented"inline25isclosestinmeaningto(A)slow(B)profitable(C)notseenbefore(D)neverexplained10.Accordingtothepassage,theMississippiRiverwas(A)oneoftheboundariesofaregionwherenewagriculturalsettlementtookplace(B)amajorsourceofwaterforagriculturalcrops(C)theprimaryroutebywhichagriculturalcropsweretransported(D)amainsourceofpowerformostagriculturalmachineryQuestion11-19Theoriginsofnest-buildingremainobscure,butcurrentobservationofnest-buildingactivitiesprovideevidenceoftheirevolution.Cluestothisevolutionaryprocesscanbefoundintheactivitiesofplayandinthebehaviorandmovementsofbirdsduringmating,Linesuchasincessantpullingatstripsofvegetationorscrapingofthesoil.Duringtheearly5daysofthereproductivecycle,thebirdsseemonlytoplaywiththebuildingmaterials.Inpreparationformating,theyengageinactivitiesthatresemblenest-building,andcontinuetheseactivitiesthroughoutandevenafterthematingcycle.Effectiveattemptsatconstructionoccuronlyaftermating.Althoughnest-buildingisaninstinctiveability,thereisconsiderableadaptabilityin10bothsiteselectionanduseofmaterials,especiallywiththosespecieswhichbuildquiteelaborateconstructions.Furthermore,someelementoflearningisoftenevidentsinceyoungerbirdsdonotbuildaswellastheirpracticedelders.Youngravens,forexample,firstattempttobuildwithsticksofquiteunsuitablesize,whileajackdaw'sfirstnestincludesvirtuallyanymovableobject.ThenovelistJohnSteinbeckrecordedthecontents15ofayoungospreynestbuiltinhisgarden,whichincludedthreeshirts,abathtowel,andonearrow.Birdsalsodisplayremarkablebehaviorincollectingbuildingmaterials.Crowshavebeenseentotearoffstoutgreentwigs,andsparrowhawkswilldivepurposefullyontoabranchuntilitsnapsandthenhangupsidedowntobreakitoff.Goldeneagles,over20generationsofwork,constructenormousnests.Oneofthese,examinedafterithadbeendislodgedbyhighwinds,weighedalmosttwotonsandincludedfoundationbranchesalmosttwometerslong.Thecarryingcapacityoftheeagles,however,isonlyrelativetotheirsizeant1mostbirdsareabletocarryanextraloadofjustovertwentypercentoftheirbodyweight.11.Theword"obscure"inline1isclosestinmeaningto(A)interesting(B)unclear(C)imperfect(D)complex12.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingactivitiesischaracteristicoftheearlypartofthereproductivecycleofbirds?(A)Selectingamate(B)Collectingnest-buildingmaterials(C)Playingwithnest-buildingmaterials(D)Buildinganest13.Theword"display"inline17isclosestinmeaningto(A)communicate(B)imitate(C)initiate(D)exhibit14.ThenovelistJohnSteinbeckismentionedinline14becausehe(A)conductedascientificstudyonthebehaviorofospreys(B)wasthefirsttodescribewhereospreysbuilttheirnests(C)describedthematerialsospreyscanusetobuildtheirnests(D)comparedthesizeofospreynestswiththenestsofotherspecies15.Whichofthefollowingbirdsarementionedasthosethatbuildneststhatincludeunusualobjects?(A)Ravens(B)Ospreys(C)Crows(D)Sparrowhawks16.Accordingtothepassage,whengatheringmaterialstobuildtheirnests,sparrowhawksdowhichofthefollowing?(A)Hangupsidedown(B)Selectonlygreentwigs(C)Useobjectsblowinginthewind(D)Collectmorebranchesthannecessary17.Theword"these"inline20refersto(A)goldeneagles(B)generations(C)winds(D)nests18.Theword"load"inline23isclosestinmeaningto(A)weight(B)number(C)section(D)level19.Theauthormentionstwentypercentinline23toindicatethat(A)eaglesaretwentypercentbiggerthanmostbirds(B)twentypercentofallnestsincludefoundationbranches(C)thenestsofeaglesaretwentypercentoflargerthanthoseofotherbirds(D)birdscancarrytwentypercentoftheirownweightQuestion20-30Asurveyisastudy,generallyintheformofanintervieworaquestionnaire,thatprovidesinformationconcerninghowpeoplethinkandact.IntheUnitedStates,thebest-knownsurveysaretheGalluppollandtheHarrispoll.AsanyonewhowatchesthenewsduringLinepresidentialcampaignsknows,thesepollshavebecomeanimportantpartofpoliticallifein5theUnitedStates.NorthAmericansarefamiliarwiththemany"persononthestreet?interviewsonlocaltelevisionnewsshows.Whilesuchinterviewscanbehighlyentertaining,theyarenotnecessarilyanaccurateindicationofpublicopinion.First,theyreflecttheopinionsofonlythosepeoplewhoappearatacertainlocation.Thus,suchsamplescanbebiasedinfavor10ofcommuters,middle-classshoppers,orfactoryworkers,dependingOnwhichareathenewspeopleselect.Second,televisioninterviewstendtoattractoutgoingpeoplewhoarewillingtoappearontheair,whiletheyfrightenawayotherswhomayfeelintimidatedbyacamera.Asurveymustbebasedonaprecise,representativesamplingifitistogenuinelyreflectabroadrangeofthepopulation.15Inpreparingtoconductasurvey,sociologistsmustexercisegreatcareinthewordingofquestions.Aneffectivesurveyquestionmustbesimpleandclearenoughforpeopletounderstandit.Itmustalsobespecificenoughsothattherearenoproblemsininterpretingtheresults.Evenquestionsthatarelessstructuredmustbecarefullyphrasedinordertoelicitthetypeofinformationdesired.Surveyscanbeindispensablesourcesofinformation,but20onlyifthesamplingisdoneproperlyandthequestionsarewordedaccurately.Therearetwomainformsofsurveys:theinterviewandthequestionnaire.Eachoftheseformsofsurveyresearchhasitsadvantages.Aninterviewercanobtainahighresponseratebecausepeoplefinditmoredifficulttoturndownapersonalrequestforaninterviewthantothrowawayawrittenquestionnaire.Inaddition,aninterviewercangobeyondwritten25questionsandprobeforasubject'sunderlyingfeelingsandreasons.However,questionnaireshavetheadvantageofbeingcheaperandmoreconsistent.20.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?(A)ThehistoryofsurveysinNorthAmerica(B)Theprinciplesofconductingsurveys(C)Problemsassociatedwithinterpretingsurveys(D)TheimportanceofpollsinAmericanpoliticallife21.Theword"they"inline8refersto(A)NorthAmericans(B)newsshows(C)interviews(D)opinions22.Accordingtothepassage,themaindisadvantageofperson-on-the-streetinterviewsisthatthey(A)arenotbasedonarepresentativesampling(B)areusedonlyontelevision(C)arenotcarefullyworded(D)reflectpoliticalopinions23.Theword"precise"inline13isclosestinmeaningto(A)planned(B)rational(C)required(D)accurate24.Accordingtoparagraph3,whichofthefollowingismostimportantforaneffectivesurvey?(A)Ahighnumberofrespondents(B)Carefullywordedquestions(C)Aninterviewer'sabilitytomeasurerespondents'feelings(D)Asociologistwhoisabletointerprettheresults25.Theword"exercise"inline15isclosestinmeaningto(A)utilize(B)consider(C)design(D)defend26.Theword"elicit"inline18isclosestinmeaningto(A)compose(B)ruleout(C)predict(D)bringout27.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatonereasonthatsociologistsmaybecomefrustratedwithquestionnairesisthat(A)respondentsoftendonotcompleteandreturnquestionnaires(B)questionnairesareoftendifficulttoread(C)questionnairesareexpensiveanddifficulttodistribute(D)respondentsaretooeagertosupplementquestionswiththeirownopinions28.Accordingtothepassage,oneadvantageofliveinterviewsoverquestionnairesisthatliveinterviews(A)costless(B)canproducemoreinformation(C)areeasiertointerpret(D)minimizetheinfluenceoftheresearcher29.Theword"probe"inline25isclosestinmeaningto(A)explore(B)influence(C)analyze(D)apply30.Whichofthefollowingtermsisdefinedinthepassage?(A)Survey(line1)(B)Publicopinion(line8)(C)Representativesampling(line13)(D)Responserate(line22)Question31-39PerhapsoneofthemostdramaticandimportantchangesthattookplaceintheMesozoiceraoccurredlateinthatera,amongthesmallorganismsthatpopulatetheuppermost,sunlitportionoftheoceans--theplankton.Theterm"plankton"isabroadLineone,designatingallofthesmallplantsandanimalsthatfloataboutorweaklypropel5themselvesthroughthesea.InthelatestagesoftheMesozoicera.duringtheCretaceousperiod,therewasagreatexpansionofplanktonthatprecipitatedskeletonsorshellscomposedoftwotypesofmineral:silicaandcalciumcarbonate.Thisdevelopmentradicallychangedthetypesofsedimentsthataccumulatedontheseafloor,because,whiletheorganicpartsoftheplanktondecayedaftertheorganismsdied,theirmineralized10skeletonsoftensurvivedandsanktothebottom.ForthefirsttimeintheEarth'slonghistory,verylargequantitiesofsilicaskeletons,whichwouldeventuallyhardenintorock,begantopileupinpartsofthedeepsea.Thickdepositsofcalcareousoozemadeupofthetinyremainsofthecalciumcarbonate-secretingplanktonalsoaccumulatedasneverbefore.ThefamouswhitechalkcliffsofDover,inthesoutheastofEngland,arejustone15exampleofthehugequantitiesofsuchmaterialthatamassedduringtheCretaceousperiod;therearemanymore.JustwhythecalcareousplanktonweresoprolificduringthelatterpartoftheCretaceousperiodisnotfullyunderstood.Suchmassiveamountsofchalkysedimentshaveneversincebeendepositedoveracomparableperiodoftime.ThehighbiologicalproductivityoftheCretaceousoceansalsoledtoidealconditions20foroilaccumulation.Oilisformedwhenorganicmaterialtrappedinsedimentsisslowlyburiedandsubjectedtoincreasedtemperaturesandpressures,transformingitintopetroleum.SedimentsrichinorganicmaterialaccumulatedalongthemarginsoftheTethysSeaway,thetropicaleast-westoceanthatformedwhenEarth'ssinglelandmass(knownasPangaea)splitapartduringtheMesozoicera.Manyoftoday'simportantoil25fieldsarefoundinthosesediments--inRussia,theMiddleEast,theGulfofMexico,andinthestatesofTexasandLouisianaintheUnitedStates.31.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?(A)HowsedimentswerebuiltupinoceansduringtheCretaceousperiod(B)HowpetroleumwasformedintheMesozoicera(C)TheimpactofchangesinoceanicanimalandplantlifeintheMesozoicera(D)ThedifferencesbetweenplanktonfoundinthepresenteraandCretaceousplankton32.ThepassageindicatesthattheCreiaceousperiodoccurred(A)intheearlypartoftheMesozoicera(B)inthemiddlepartoftheMesozoicera(C)inthelaterpartoftheMesozoicera(D)aftertheMesozoicera33.ThepassagementionsallofthefollowingaspectsofplanktonEXCEPT(A)thelengthoftheirlives(B)theleveloftheoceanatwhichtheyarefound(C)theirmovement(D)theirsize34.Theword"accumulated"inline8isclosestinmeaningto(A)depended(B)matured(C)dissolved(D)collected35.Accordingtothepassage,themostdramaticchangetotheoceanscausedbyplanktonduringtheCretaceousperiodconcerned(A)thedepthofthewater(B)themakeupofthesedimentontheoceanfloor(C)thedecreaseinpetroleum-producingsediment(D)adeclineinthequantityofcalcareousoozeontheseafloor36.The"whitechalkcliffsofDover"arementionedinline14ofthepassageto(A)showwheretheplanktonsedimentfirstbegantobuildup(B)provideanexampleofaplanktonbuildupthatscientistscannotexplain(C)provideanexampleofthebuildupofplanktonsediment(D)indicatethelargestsingleplanktonbuilduponEarth37.Theword"prolific"inline16isclosestinmeaningto(A)fruitful(B)distinct(C)determined(D)energetic38.Theword"ideal"inline19isclosestinmeaningto(A)common(B)clear(C)perfect(D)immediate39.Theword"it"inline21refersto(A)biologicalproductivity(B)oil(C)organicmaterial(D)petroleumQuestion40-50Ofallmoderninstruments,theviolinisapparentlyoneofthesimplest.Itconsistsinessenceofahollow,varnishedwoodensoundbox,orresonator,andalongneck,coveredwithafingerboard,alongwhichfourstringsarestretchedathightension.ThebeautyofLinedesign,shape,anddecorationisnoaccident:theproportionsoftheinstrumentare5determinedalmostentirelybyacousticalconsiderations.Itssimplicityofappearanceisdeceptive.About70partsareinvolvedintheconstructionofaviolin,Itstoneanditsoutstandingrangeofexpressivenessmakeitanidealsoloinstrument.Nolessimportant.however,isitsroleasanorchestralandchamberinstrument.Incombinationwiththelargeranddeeper-soundingmembersofthesamefamily,theviolinsformthenucleus10ofthemodernsymphonyorchestra.Theviolinhasbeeninexistencesinceabout1550.Itsimportanceasaninstrumentinitsownrightdatesfromtheearly1600's,whenitfirstbecamestandardinItalianoperaorchestras.Itsstatureasanorchestralinstrumentwasraisedfurtherwhenin1626LouisXIIIofFranceestablishedathiscourttheorchestraknownasLesvingt-quatre15violonsduRoy(TheKing's24Violins),whichwastobecomewidelyfamouslaterinthecentury.Initsearlyhistory,theviolinhadadullandratherquiettoneresultingfromthefactthatthestringswerethickandwereattachedtothebodyoftheinstrumentveryloosely.Duringtheeighteenthandnineteenthcentury,excitingtechnicalchangeswereinspired20bysuchcomposer-violinistsasVivaldiandTartini.Theirinstrumentalcompositionsdemandedafuller,clearer,andmorebrillianttonethatwasproducedbyusingthinnerstringsandafarhigherstringten