英国文学史复习资料

英国文学史资料BritishWritersandWorksI.OldEnglishLiterature&TheLateMedievalAges<Beowulf>贝奥武夫:thenationalepicoftheAnglo-SaxonsEpic:longnarrativepoemsthatrecordtheadventuresorheroicdeedsofaheroenactedinvastIandscapes.Thestyleofepicisgrandandelevated.e.g.Homer?sIliadandOdysseyArtisticfeatures:UsingalliterationDefinitionofalliteration:arhetoricaldevice,meaningsomewordsinasentencebeginwiththesameconsonantsound头韵）SomeexamplesonP5UsingmetaphorandunderstatementDefinitionofunderstatement:expressingsomethinginacontrolledwayUnderstatementisatypicalwayforEnglishmentoexpresstheirideasGeofferyChaucer杰弗里？乔叟1340（?）~1400（首创双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。约翰德莱顿（JohnDryden）称其为英国诗歌之父”。代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。）ThefatherofEnglishpoetry.writingstyle:wisdom,humor,humanity.<TheCanterburyTales坎特伯雷故事集：firsttimetouse,heroiccouplet?双韵体）bymiddleEnglishvTroilusandCriseyde>t^罗伊拉斯和克莱希德<TheHouseofFame：声誉之宫MedievalAgespopularLiteraryform:Romanee传奇故事）FamousthreeKingArthurSirGawainandtheGreenKnightBeowulfTheRenaissancePeriodAperiodofdramaandpoetry.TheElizabethandramaistherealmainstreamoftheEnglishRenaissanee.Renaissaneetheactivity,spirit,ortimeofthegreatrevivalofart,literature,andlearninginEuropebeginninginthe14thcenturyandextendingtothe17thcentury,markingthetransitionfromthemedievaltothemodernworld.ThreehistoricaleventsoftheRenaissanc-rebirthorrevival:newdiscoveriesingeographyandastrologythereligiousreformationandeconomicexpansionrediscoveryofancientRomanandGreekcultureThemostfamousdramatists:ChristopherMarloweWilliamShakespeareBenJohnson.EdmundSpenser埃德蒙？斯宾塞1552~1599（后人称之为诗人的诗人”。）ThepoetS?poet.ThefirsttobeburiedinthePoet?scornerofWesterminsterAbbey＜The_Faerie_Queene仙后（forQueenElizabeth）ThethemeisnotArmsandtheman”，butsomethingmoreromanticFiercewarsandfaithfullloves”.Artisticfeatures:UsingSpenserianStanzaDefinitionofSpenserianStanza:astanzaofninelinesababbcbcc.Eightlinesiniambicpentameter,andlastlineiniambichexameter.＜TheShepherdsCalendar牧人日历ThethemeistolamentoverthelossofRosalind.＜Amoretti＞爱情小唱ThomasMore托马斯？莫尔1478~1535OneofthegreatestEnglishhumanists＜Utopia＞乌托邦FrancisBacon弗兰西斯？培根1561~1626（哲学家、散文家；在论述探究知识的著作中提出了知识就是力量这一著名论断；近代唯物主义哲学的奠基人和近代实验科学的先驱。）Philosopher,scientist,laythefoundationformodernscienee.ThefirstEnglishessayist.Writingstyle:brevity,compactness&powerfulness,well-arrangingandenrichingbyBiblicalallusions,metaphorsandphilosophytomansreason.vTheAdvancementofLearning＞学术的推进＜Essays＞随笔（famousquotas:_＜Of_studies＞）ThethemeofOfStudiesusesandbenefitsofstudyanddifferentwaysadoptedbydifferentpeopletopursuestudies.BenJonsonvComedyofHumours〉vVolpone,orthefox＞狐狸ChristopherMarlowe柯里斯托弗？马洛1564~1595UniversityWits”，thepioneerofEnglishdrama（完善了无韵体诗。）Blankverse:writteninunrhymediambicpentameter.vTheTragicalHistoryofDoctorFaustus＞浮士德博士的悲剧（根据德国民间故事书写成）vTamburlaine＞帖木耳大帝vTheJewofMalta〉马耳他的犹太人WilliamShakespeare威廉？莎士比亚1564~1616Historicalplays:HenryV;HenryIV:Richard山;HenryV；RichardII；HenryVIIIFourComedies:＜AsYouLikelt＞皆大欢喜；vTwelfthNight〉第十二夜；＜AMidsummerNight?SDream＞仲夏夜之梦；vMerchantOfVenice＞威尼斯商人FourTragedies:＜Hamlet＞哈姆莱特；＜Othello＞奥赛罗；＜KingLear＞李尔王；＜Macbeth＞麦克白ShakespeareSonnet154＜TheSonnets＞Threequatrainandonecouplet,ababcdcdefefggAsonnetisalyricconsistingof14lines,usuallyiniambicpentameterrestrictedtoadefinitionrhymescheme.The17thCenturyJohnMilton约翰？弥尔顿1608~1674（诗人、政论家；失明后写《失乐园》、《复乐园》、《力士参孙》。）Epics:vParadiseLost次乐园vParadiseRegained^乐园Dramaticpoem:＜SamsonAgonistes力士参孙＜Areopagitica＞论出版自由＜TheDefenceoftheEnglishPeople为英国人民声辩＜OnHisBlindness＞我的失明Thissonnetiswritteniniambicpentameterrhymedinabbaabbacdecde,typicalofItaliansonnet.ItsthemeisthatpeopleusetheirtalentforGod,andtheyservehimbestshocanendurethesufferingbest.JohnBunyan约翰？班扬1628~1688（代表作《天路历程》，宗教寓言，被誉为具有永恒意义的百科全书”，是英国文学史上里程碑式著作。与但丁的《神曲》、奥古斯丁的《忏悔录》并列为世界三大宗教题材文学杰作。）Puritanpoet（清教徒派诗人）ReligionaryAllegory:vThePilgrim?sProgres＞天路历程JohnDonnetheMetaphysicalpoet玄学派诗人）.MetaphysicalPoetry（玄学诗）：（用语）thedictionissimple,theimageryisfromtheactual,（形式）theformisfrequentlyanargumentwiththepoet'sbeloved,withgod,orwithhimself.（主题:love,religious,thought）Artisticfeatures:conceitsorimagery奇思妙喻syllogism三段论Meditations沉（思录TheFlea虱子SongsAndSonnetsHoly_SonnetsValediction:＜Forbidding_Mourning＞The18thCenturyArevivalofinterestintheoldclassicalworks,order,logic,restrainedemotion（抑制情感）andaccuracyTheAgeofEnlightenment/Reason:themovementwasafurtheraneeoftheRenaissaneeofthe15thand16thcentries,aprogressiveintellectualmovement,reason（rationality）,equality&science（thel8hcentury）小说崛起:Inthemid-century,thenewlyliteraryform,modernEnglishnovelrised（realisticnovel现实主义小说）Gothicnovel（哥特式小说）:mystery,horror,castles（frommiddleparttotheendofcentury）AlexanderPope亚历山大？蒲柏1688~仃44（18世纪英国最伟大的诗人，其诗多用 英雄双韵体”’heroiccouplets'0词句工整、精练、富有哲理性。）OneofthefirsttointroducerationalismtoEngland.vAnEssayonCriticism〉批评论Artisticfeatures:I.Usingheroiccouplets'vTheRapeoftheLock〉卷发遇劫记vMoralEssays〉道德论vEssayonMan〉人论<TheDunciad>愚人记SamuelJohnson塞缪尔？约翰逊仃09T784Dictionary=<ADictionaryofEnglishLanguage〉英语大词典JonathanSwift乔纳森？斯威夫特1667~1745（十八世纪杰出的政论家和讽刺小说家 amastersatirist）<Gulliver?sTraveQ格列佛游记（fictionalwork）Fourparts:Lilliput小人国 Brobdingnag大人国FlyingIsland飞岛 Houyhnhnm马岛<AModestProposal〉一个小小的建议vTheBattleofBooks〉书战<ATaleofaTub〉木桶的故事<TheDrapper?sLetter〉一个麻布商的书信DanielDefoe丹尼尔？笛福1660~1731（小说家，新闻记者，小册子作者；十八世纪英国现实主义小说的奠基人。）Heisthefirstwriterstudyofthelower-classpeople,hislanguageissmooth,easy,colloquialandmostlyvernacular,andheisthefounderofrealisticnovel.vRobinsonCrusoe〉鲁宾逊漂流记ItpraisethefortitudeofthehumanlaborandthePuritan.Robinsongrewfromanaiveandartlessyouthintoashrewdandhardenedman‘temperedbynumeroustrialsinhiseventfullife.Itisanadventurestory,Robinson,narrateshowhegoestosea,getsshipwreckedandmaroonedonaIonelyisland,strugglestolivefor24-yearsthereandfinallygetsrelievedandreturnstoEngland.vMollFlanders>vColonelJacque><Captainsingleton>HenryFielding亨利？菲尔丁仃07~1754（英国小说家，戏剧家，被誉为 英国小说之父”。）Heiscalled“FatherofEnglishnovel”.Hewasthefirsttowritea“Comicepicinprose”（散文体史诗）,andthefirsttogivethemodernnovelitsstructureandstyle.novels:<TheHistoryofTomJones,aFoundling寿婴汤姆？琼斯<TheHistoryoftheAdventuresofJosephAndrews约瑟夫？安德鲁<TheLifeofMrJonathanWild,theGreat〉大诗人江奈生？威尔德<Amelia>爱米禾U亚plays:<TheHistoricalRegisterfor1736>—七三六年历史记事<DonQuixoteinEngland>堂吉柯德在英国OliverGoldsmith奥利弗？格尔德斯密斯仃30~1774poems:<TheTraveller〉旅游人<TheDesertedVillage〉荒村novel:<TheVicarofWakefield〉威克菲尔德牧师传RichardBrinsleySheridan理查德？布林斯利？施莱登仃51T816vTheRivals〉情敌vTheSchoolforScandal>造谣学校&WilliamBlake威廉？布莱克仃57~1827vSongsofInnocence>天真之歌Ahappyandinnocentworldfromchildren@eye.vSongsofExperience>经验之歌Awordofmisery,poverty,disease,warandrepressionwithamelancholytonefrommeneyes.Include:<TheChimneySweeper〉vLondon〉vTheTyger〉LambisasymbolofpeaceandpurityTygerisasymbolofdreadandoiolenee<TheMarriageofHeavenandHell〉天堂与地狱的婚姻9.RobertBurns罗伯特？彭斯仃59~1796ThegreatestScottishpoetinthelate18century.PoemsChieflyintheScottishDialect主要用苏格兰方言写的诗_<JohnAnderson，一My_Jo：约翰？安德生，我的爱人—_vA_Red,_Red_Rose一朵红红的玫瑰_<AuldLong Syne^昔时光<AMan?saManforA?Tha>不管那一套<MyHeart?sintheHighlands>我的心在那高原上<BruceAtBannockburn><TheTreeOfLiberty〉TheRomanticPeriodTheromanticperiodbeganin1798thepublicationofWordsworthandColeridge'svLyricalBallads〉,andendin1832withSirWalterScott'sdeath.Romanticism:ltemphasizethespecialqualitieofeachindividual?mind.(人应该是独立自由的个体)Init,emotionoverreason,spontaneousemotion,achangefromtheouterworldofsocialcivilizationtotheinnerworldofthehumanspirit,poetryshouldbefreefromallrules,imagination,nature,commonplace.TwomajornovelistsoftheRomanticperiodareJaneAusten(realistic)andWalterScott(romantic).TheLakePoets湖畔诗人，wholivedinthelakedistrict.WilliamWordsworth;SamuelTaylorColeridge;RobertSoutheyWilliamWordsworth威廉？华兹华斯仃70~1850(与柯尔律治、骚塞同被称为 湖畔派”诗人。TheLakePoets<LyricalBallads〉抒情歌谣集(withSamuelTaylorColeridge)―<l_Wondered_Lonely_As_A_Cloud>_Theme:1.Natureembodieshumanbeingsintheirdiversecircumstanee.Itisnaturethatgivehim“trengthandknowledgefullofpeace”2.ltisblisstorecolledthebeautyofnatureinpoetmindwhileheisinsolitude.Comment:Thepoetisverycheerfulwithrecallingthebeautifulsights.Inthepoemonthebeautyofnature,thereaderispresentedavividpictureoflivelyandlovelydaffodils(水仙)andpoetsphilosophicalideasandmysticalthoughts.LinesComposedAFewMilesAboveTinternAbbeyTheSolitaryReaper孤独的害U麦女<ThePrelude〉序曲SamuelTaylorColeridge塞缪尔？泰勒科尔律治1772~1834TheLakePoets<TheRimeoftheAncientMariner〉古舟子颂_vChristabel〉柯里斯塔贝尔—<Kubla_Khan>忽必烈汗Artisticfeatures:mysticism,demonismwithstrongimagination,astrangeterritory<FrostatNight>半夜冰霜<Dejection,anOde>忧郁颂<LyricalBallads>抒情歌谣集(withWilliamWordsworth)GeorgeGordonByron乔治？戈登？拜伦仃88T824(拜伦式英雄Byronicheroes孤傲、狂热、浪漫，却充满了反抗精神。内心充满了孤独与苦闷，却又蔑视群小。恰尔德哈罗德是拜伦诗歌中第一个拜伦式英雄”。)Byronichero”isaproud,mysteriousrebelfigureofnobleorigin,againsttyrannicalrulesormoralprinciples.<DonJuan>唐?璜vChildeHarold?sPilgrimage，恰尔德？合罗德尔游记<Cain>该隐<WhenWeTwoParted当初我们俩分另S<SheWalksInBeauty〉PersyByssheShelle波西？比希?雪莱仃92~1822PoeticDrama：vPrometheusUnbound〉解放了的普罗米修斯Theme:thedramacelebraiesman处victoryovertyrannyandoppressionvQueenMab>麦布女王vRevoltofIslam〉伊斯兰的反叛<TheCenci〉钦契一家<ADefenceofPoetry〉诗辩<TheNecessityofAtheism〉无神论的必要性―Lyrics:_<OdetotheWestWind〉西风颂Theme:Theauthorexpresshiseagernesstoenjoytheboundlessfreedomfromthereality.Comparethewestwindtodestroyeroftheoldwhodrivesthelastsignsoflifefromthetrees,andpreserverofthenewwhoscattertheseadsshichsillcometolifeinthespring.Thisisapoemaboutrenewal,aboutthewindblowinglifebackintodeadthings,implyingnotjustanarcoflife(whichwouldendatdeath)butacycle,whichonlystartsagainwhensomethingdies.Comment：PercyByssheShelley's"OdetotheWestWind"iswritteniniambicpentameter.Itcontainsfivesonnetlengthstanzas,eachwithaclosingcouplet.Therhymingschemeformisababcbcdcdedee.Thetoneispoignant.Manywillagreethatthispoemisaninvocationforanunseenforcetotakecontrolandrevivelife.Artisticfeatures:Usingrerzarima三行诗ababcbcdcdedefe…）<ToaSkylark〉致云雀JohnKeats约翰鮎慈仃95T821（美即是真，真即是美”是他的著名诗句。）Fourgreatodes:<OdeonaGrecianUrn希腊古瓮颂<OdetoaNightingale〉夜莺颂<OdetoPsyche〉心灵颂<OdeOnMelancholy>忧有E颂―<ToAutumn>秋颂Theme:ThethemeofJohnKeats'poem,"ToAutumn",isthatchangeisbothnaturalandbeautiful.Thepoempraisesthegloriesofthefallseasonbyusingalmosteverytypeofimagerytobothcharmandappealtothereader.Comment:Thespeakerinthepoemacknowledgesthattimepassesby,butalsoassertsthatthischangeusuallyyieldssomethingnewandbetterthanwhatcamebefore.Eachofthepoem'sthreestanzasrepresentstheevoIvingoftwodifferenttypesofchange.Onetypeofchangeshowninthepoemisthechangeofperiodsinaday.JaneAusten简？奥斯丁仃75T817Shecomparedherworkstoafineengravinguponaliterarypieceofivoryonlyinchessquire.vSenseandSensibility理智与感情<Pride_and_Prejudic>_傲慢与偏见（chapter」）【ElizabethBennet&Darcy]intheendfalseprideishumbledandprejudicedissolved【Collins&CharlotteLucas]seetherealityofmarriageasanecessarystepifawomanistoavoidthe wretchedness of agingspinsterhood【Lydia&Wickham]shownthedangersoffecklessrelationshipsunsupportedbymoney.【Mr.&Mrs.Bennet,Mr.Collins,LadyCatherinedeBurgh]comiccharactersvMansfieldPark〉曼斯菲尔德庄园_<Emma>爱玛vNorthangerAbbey〉诺桑觉寺vPersuasion〉劝导WalterScott沃尔特？斯科特1771~1832（历史小说之父”）FatherofhistorynovelsvRobRoy>罗伯？罗伊vivanhoe> 艾凡赫TheVictorianPeriodCommonsenseandmoralpropreity,againbecamethepredominantpreoccupation.Criticalrealistswereallconcernedaboutthefateofthecommonpeopleandeverydayevents.CharlesDickens查尔斯？狄更斯1812~1870（批判现实主义小说家）criticalrealistwriter<ThePosthumousPapersofthePickwickClub匹克威克外传<OliverTwist〉奥利弗？特维斯特（雾都孤儿）<TheOldCuriosityShop>老古玩店<AChristmasCarol〉圣诞颂歌<DombeyandSon〉董贝父子vDavidCopperfield〉大卫？科波菲尔<BleakHouse〉荒凉山庄vHardTimes〉艰难时世<ATaleofTwoCities〉双城记（London&Paris）<GreatExpectations〉远大前程<OurMutualFriend〉我们共同的朋友WilliamMakepeaceThackeray威廉?麦克匹斯？萨克雷1811~1863①vVanityFair〉oraNovelwithoutaHero名禾U场（thenameisanexcerptfrom<ThePilgrim?Progress〉byJohnBunyan）②<TheBookOfSnobs〉CharlotteBronte夏洛蒂？勃朗特1816~1855<Jane_Eyre〉简?爱JaneEyre,aplainlittleorphan,wassenttoLowood,acharityschool.Thereshesufferalotand8yearslatersheleftschoolandbecameabovernessatThornfieldHall.Thereshefallsinlovewiththemaster,Mr.Rochester.Itisnotedforitssharpcriticismoftheexistingsociety,e.g.charityinstitutionsuchasLowoodSchoolItisasuccessfulintroductiontothefirstgovernessheoineintheEnglishnovel,whomrepresentsthosemiddle-classworkingwomenstrugglingforrecognitionoftheirbasicrightsandequalityasahumanbeing.<Shirley〉雪莉<Professor〉教师EmilyBronte艾米莉？勃朗特1818~1854v_Wuthering_Heights〉呼啸山庄Astoryabouttwofamilieandanintrudingstranger.【TheEarnshawFamily】Mr.Earnshaw,hiswife,thesonHindley,thedaughterCatherine,Heathcliff【TheLintonFamily】Mr.Linton,hiswife,sonEdgar,daughterIsabella<OldStoic〉GeorgeEliot乔治？艾略特18佃~1880<TheMillontheFloss>弗洛斯河上的磨坊<AdamBede>亚当？比德<SilasMarner〉织工马南<Middlemarch〉米德尔马契AlfredTennyson阿尔弗莱德？7尼生1809T892（维多利亚时代最具代表性的伟大诗人）PoetLaureate（桂冠诗人）<InMemoriam〉悼念Tomemorializehisfriend<Break,Break,Break〉?中击、冲击、冲击<IdyllsoftheKing〉国王叙事诗RobertBrowning罗伯特？白朗宁1812~1889<MyLastDutchess〉我已故的公爵夫人<HomeThoughtsFromAbroad〉海外乡思ElizabethBarrettBrowing:①vSonnetfromthePortuguese葡萄牙十四行诗RobertLouisStevenson①vTreasureIsland〉金银岛ThomasHardy托马斯？合代1840~1928（小说多以农村生活为背景；自然主义小说家。 Wessexnovels;novelsofcharacterandenvironmen）?Novels<_Tess_Of_TheD?Urbervilles〉德伯家的苔丝Themeexperienceisastointensity,andnotastoduration<JudeTheObscure无名的裘德<UnderTheGreenwoodTree绿荫下<FarFromTheMaddingCrowd〉远离尘嚣<TheMayorOfCasterbridge〉卡斯特桥市长<TheReturnoftheNative还乡PoemsWessexPoemsAndOtherVersesPoemsOfThePastAndPresentTheDynasts列国1900~佃50The20thCenturyPlaywrightsOscarWildeGeorgeBernardShawOscarWilde奥斯卡？王尔德1856~1900(TheAestheticMovement:ArtforArt'sSake)4Comedies:<TheImportaneeOfBeingEarnest^!真的重要vLadyWindermere?sFa>温德米尔夫人的扇子<AWomanOfNoImportance>—个无足轻重的女人<AnIdealHusband>理想的丈夫Novel:<ThePictureOfDorianGray>多禾U安？格雷的画像FairyStories:<TheHappyPrinceAndOtherTales快乐王子故事集GeorgeBernardShaw乔治？伯纳？萧1856T950(英国杰出的批判现实主义剧作家)criticalrealisticdramatist?PlaysPlaysUnpleasant<MrsWarren?SProessio门>华伦夫人的职业vWidowers?Houses>鳏夫的房产PlaysPleasant<ArmsAndMan>武器与人<TheManOfDestiny>左右命运的人Plays<ManAndSuperman>人与超人vPygmalion>匹格玛禾U翁<TheAppleCart>苹果车vSaintJoanF女贞德Novelists(Realists)JosephConcrad<LordJim>吉姆爷<Heart_Of_Darkness>M暗的心Whythebook^StitleisHeartofDarkness?ThestoryhappenedinCongo,theheartofAfrica,andthecolorofpeople?skininthereisblack.Mostimportantpointaboutthetitleistotheevilinhumans?heart.Whatisthesymbolismofblackandwhite【Black/dark-】death,evil,ignorance,mystery,savagery,uncivilizedMiddleAges,whenscieneeandknowledgewassuppressed,astheDarkAges.AccordingtoChristianity,inthebeginningoftimeallwasdarkandGodcreatedlight.AccordingtoHeartofDarkness,beforetheRomanscame,Englandwasdark.Inthesameway,Africawasconsideredtobeinthedarkstage.【White/light】life,goodness,enlightenment,civilized,religion.Yet,inConcrad,theusualpatternisreverseanddarknessmeanstruth(Thetruthwithin,thereforedarkandobscure.),whitenessmeansfalsehood.ThiscontrasttellsapoliticaltruthaboutcolonialismintheCongo.ThecontrastalsosuggestsapsychologicaltruthaboutMarlowandtheEuropeansmind.Whitealsosuggestsanynumberofunpleasantmoraltruths.Thetradeinivoryiswhiteanddirty.KurtzthewhitemanistotallycorruptCommentThebookimpliesthatcivilizationsarecreatedbythelawsandcodesthatencouragementoachievehigherstandards.Thelawactsasabuffertopreventmenfromrevertingbacktotheirdarkertendencies.Civilization,however,mustbelearned.Londonitself,inthebookasymbolofenlightenment,wasonce"oneofthedarkerplacesoftheearth"beforetheRomansforcedcivilizationupontheBritons.Butcivilizedsocietydoesnotgetridofprimevalsavagetendencieswhichlurkinthebackground.ThissavageryisseeninKurtz.MarlowmeetsKurtzandhefindsamanthathastotallythrownofftherestraintofcivilizationandhasde-evolvedintoaprimitivestate.Character【Kurtz】representswhateverymanwillbecomeiflefttohisownintrinsicdesireswithoutaprotective,civilizedenvironment.【Marlow】representsthecivilizedsoulthathasnotbeendrawnbackintosavagerybyadark,alienatingjungle.NarrativeStructureInHeartofDarkness,wehaveanoutsidenarratortellingusastoryhehasheardfromMarlow.ThestoryMarlowtellscentersaroundKurtz.However,mostofwhatMarlowknowsaboutKurtz,hehaslearnedfromothers.TheyhavegoodreasonfornotbeingtruthfultoMarlow.ThereforeMarlowhastopiecetogethermuchofKurtz?sstory.WilliamSomersetMaugham<OfHumanBondage^性的枷锁EdwardMorganFoster(E.M.Foster)<APassageToIndia印卩度之行vHawardsEnd>霍华兹别墅Modernists?3NovelistsJamesJoyceDavidHerbertLawreneeVirgirniaWoolf1.DavidHerbertLawrence戴维？赫伯特？劳伦斯1885T930<SonsAndLovers>JL子与情人(autobiographical)【Mrs.Morel】,daughterofamiddle-classfamily,is"awomanofcharacterandrefinement",astrong-willed,in