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SolutionsWhydoesaraweggswellorshrinkwhenplacedindifferentsolutions?ChemistryI–Chapters15&16ChemistryIHD–Chapter15ICP–Chapter22SAVEPAPERANDINK!!!WhenyouprintoutthenotesonPowerPoint,print"Handouts"insteadof"Slides"intheprintsetup.Also,turnoffthebackgrounds(Tools>Options>Print>UNcheck"BackgroundPrinting")!SolutionsWhydoesaraweggswSomeDefinitionsAsolutionisa_______________
mixtureof2ormoresubstancesinasinglephase.OneconstituentisusuallyregardedastheSOLVENT
andtheothersasSOLUTES.SomeDefinitionsAsolutionisPartsofaSolutionSOLUTE–thepartofasolutionthatisbeingdissolved(usuallythelesseramount)SOLVENT–thepartofasolutionthatdissolvesthesolute(usuallythegreateramount)Solute+Solvent=SolutionSoluteSolventExamplesolidsolidsolidliquidgassolidliquidliquidgasliquidgasgasPartsofaSolutionSOLUTE–thDefinitionsSolutionscanbeclassifiedassaturatedorunsaturated.Asaturatedsolutioncontainsthemaximumquantityofsolutethatdissolvesatthattemperature.AnunsaturatedsolutioncontainslessthanthemaximumamountofsolutethatcandissolveataparticulartemperatureDefinitionsSolutionscanbeclExample:SaturatedandUnsaturatedFatsUnsaturatedfatshaveatleastonedoublebondbetweencarbonatoms;monounsaturatedmeansthereisonedoublebond,polysaturatedmeanstherearemorethanonedoublebond.Thus,therearesomebondsthatcanbebroken,chemicallychanged,andusedforavarietyofpurposes.TheseareREQUIREDtocarryoutmanyfunctionsinthebody.Fishoils(fats)areusuallyunsaturated.Gameanimals(chicken,deer)areusuallylesssaturated,butnotasmuchasfish.Oliveandcanolaoilaremonounsaturated.Saturatedfatsarecalledsaturatedbecauseallofthebondsbetweenthecarbonatomsinafataresinglebonds.Thus,allthebondsonthecarbonareoccupiedor“saturated”withhydrogen.Thesearestableandhardtodecompose.Thebodycanonlyusetheseforenergy,andsotheexcessisstored.Thus,theseshouldbeavoidedindiets.Theseareusuallyobtainedfromsheepandcattlefats.Butterandcoconutoilaremostlysaturatedfats.Example:SaturatedandUnsaturDefinitionsSUPERSATURATEDSOLUTIONScontainmoresolutethanispossibletobedissolvedSupersaturatedsolutionsareunstable.Thesupersaturationisonlytemporary,andusuallyaccomplishedinoneoftwoways:Warmthesolventsothatitwilldissolvemore,thencoolthesolutionEvaporatesomeofthesolventcarefullysothatthesolutedoesnotsolidifyandcomeoutofsolution.DefinitionsSUPERSATURATEDSOLU
Supersaturated SodiumAcetateOneapplicationofasupersaturatedsolutionisthesodiumacetate“heatpack.” Supersaturated SodiumAcetIONICCOMPOUNDS
CompoundsinAqueousSolutionManyreactionsinvolveioniccompounds,especiallyreactionsinwater—aqueoussolutions.KMnO4inwaterK+(aq)+MnO4-(aq)IONICCOMPOUNDS
CompoundsinAHowdoweknowionsarepresentinaqueoussolutions?Thesolutions_________________________TheyarecalledELECTROLYTESHCl,MgCl2,andNaClarestrongelectrolytes.Theydissociatecompletely(ornearlyso)intoions.AqueousSolutionsHowdoweknowionsarepresenAqueousSolutionsSomecompoundsdissolveinwaterbutdonotconductelectricity.Theyarecallednonelectrolytes.Examplesinclude: sugar ethanol ethyleneglycolAqueousSolutionsSomecompoundIt’sTimetoPlayEveryone’sFavoriteGameShow…ElectrolyteorNonelectrolyte!It’sTimetoPlayEveryone’sFElectrolytesintheBodyCarrymessagestoandfromthebrainaselectricalsignalsMaintaincellularfunctionwiththecorrectconcentrationselectrolytesMakeyourown50-70gsugarOneliterofwarmwaterPinchofsalt200mlofsugarfreefruitsquashMix,coolanddrinkElectrolytesintheBodyCarryConcentrationofSoluteTheamountofsoluteinasolutionisgivenbyitsconcentration.Molarity(M)=molessolutelitersofsolutionConcentrationofSoluteTheamo1.0Lofwaterwasusedtomake1.0Lofsolution.Noticethewaterleftover.1.0LofwaterwasusedtomakPROBLEM:Dissolve5.00gofNiCl2•6H2Oinenoughwatertomake250mLofsolution.CalculatetheMolarity.Step1:CalculatemolesofNiCl2•6H2OStep2:CalculateMolarity[NiCl2•6H2O
]=0.0841MPROBLEM:Dissolve5.00gofNStep1:ChangemLtoL.250mL*1L/1000mL=0.250LStep2:Calculate.Moles=(0.0500mol/L)(0.250L)=0.0125molesStep3:Convertmolestograms.(0.0125mol)(90.00g/mol)=1.13gUSINGMOLARITYmoles=M•VWhatmassofoxalicacid,H2C2O4,isrequiredtomake250.mLofa0.0500Msolution?Step1:ChangemLtoL.USINGLearningCheck
HowmanygramsofNaOHarerequiredtoprepare400.mLof3.0MNaOHsolution? 1) 12g 2) 48g 3)300gLearningCheck HowmanygramsAnIDEALSOLUTIONisonewherethepropertiesdependonlyontheconcentrationofsolute.Needconc.unitstotellusthenumberofsoluteparticlespersolventparticle.Theunit“molarity”doesnotdothis!ConcentrationUnitsAnIDEALSOLUTIONisonewhereTwoOtherConcentrationUnitsgramssolutegramssolutionMOLALITY,m%bymass=%bymass
mofsolution=
molsolutekilogramssolventTwoOtherConcentrationUnitsgCalculatingConcentrationsDissolve62.1g(1.00mol)ofethyleneglycolin250.gofH2O.Calculatemolalityand%bymassofethyleneglycol.
CalculatingConcentrationsDissCalculatingConcentrationsCalculatemolality
Dissolve62.1g(1.00mol)ofethyleneglycolin250.gofH2O.Calculatem&%ofethyleneglycol(bymass).Calculateweight%CalculatingConcentrationsCalcLearningCheck Asolutioncontains15gNa2CO3and235gofH2O?Whatisthemass%ofthesolution?
1) 15%Na2CO3 2)6.4%Na2CO3 3)6.0%Na2CO3
LearningCheck Asolutioncont
Usingmass%
HowmanygramsofNaClareneededtoprepare250gofa10.0%(bymass)NaClsolution?
Usingmass%
HowmanygramTrythismolalityproblem25.0gofNaClisdissolvedin5000.mLofwater.Findthemolality(m)oftheresultingsolution.m=molsolute/kgsolvent25gNaCl1molNaCl 58.5gNaCl=0.427molNaClSincethedensityofwateris1g/mL,5000mL=5000g,whichis5kg0.427molNaCl5kgwater=0.0854msaltwaterTrythismolalityproblem25.0ColligativePropertiesOnaddingasolutetoasolvent,thepropertiesofthesolventaremodified.Vaporpressure decreasesMeltingpoint decreasesBoilingpoint increasesOsmosisispossible(osmoticpressure)ThesechangesarecalledCOLLIGATIVEPROPERTIES.TheydependonlyontheNUMBERofsoluteparticlesrelativetosolventparticles,notontheKINDofsoluteparticles.ColligativePropertiesOnaddinChangeinFreezingPointThefreezingpointofasolutionisLOWER
thanthatofthepuresolventPurewaterEthyleneglycol/watersolutionChangeinFreezingPointThefChangeinFreezingPointCommonApplicationsofFreezingPointDepressionPropyleneglycolEthyleneglycol–deadlytosmallanimalsChangeinFreezingPointCommoCommonApplicationsofFreezingPointDepressionWhichwouldyouuseforthestreetsofBloomingtontolowerthefreezingpointoficeandwhy?Wouldthetemperaturemakeanydifferenceinyourdecision?sand,SiO2Rocksalt,NaClIceMelt,CaCl2ChangeinFreezingPointCommonApplicationsofFreezinChangeinBoilingPointCommonApplicationsofBoilingPointElevationChangeinBoilingPointCommonBoilingPointElevationandFreezingPointDepression
∆T=K•m•ii=van’tHofffactor=numberofparticlesproducedpermolecule/formulaunit.Forcovalentcompounds,i=1.Forioniccompounds,i=thenumberofionspresent(both+and-)Compound TheoreticalValueofiglycol 1NaCl 2CaCl2 3Ca3(PO4)2 5BoilingPointElevationandFrBoilingPointElevationandFreezingPointDepression
∆T=K•m•iSubstanceKb
benzene2.53camphor5.95carbontetrachloride5.03ethylether2.02water0.52m=molalityK=molalfreezing
point/boilingpointconstantSubstanceKf
benzene5.12camphor40.carbontetrachloride30.ethylether1.79water1.86BoilingPointElevationandFrChangeinBoilingPointDissolve62.1gofglycol(1.00mol)in250.gofwater.Whatistheboilingpointofthesolution?Kb=0.52oC/molalforwater(seeKbtable).Solution ∆TBP=Kb•m•i1. Calculatesolutionmolality=4.00m2. ∆TBP=Kb•m•i ∆TBP=0.52oC/molal(4.00molal)(1)
∆TBP=2.08oC
BP=100+2.08=102.08oC
(waternormallyboilsat100)ChangeinBoilingPointDissolCalculatetheFreezingPointofa4.00molalglycol/watersolution.Kf=1.86oC/molal(SeeKftable)Solution∆TFP=Kf•m•i =(1.86oC/molal)(4.00m)(1)∆TFP=7.44FP=0–7.44=-7.44oC
(becausewaternormallyfreezesat0)FreezingPointDepressionCalculatetheFreezingPointoAtwhattemperaturewilla5.4molalsolutionofNaClfreeze?Solution
∆TFP=Kf•m•i∆TFP=(1.86oC/molal)•5.4m•2∆TFP=20.1
oC
FP=0–20.1=-20.1oCFreezingPointDepressionAtwhattemperaturewilla5.4PreparingSolutionsWeighoutasolidsoluteanddissolveinagivenquantityofsolvent.Diluteaconcentratedsolutiontogiveonethatislessconcentrated.PreparingSolutionsWeighoutaACID-BASEREACTIONS
TitrationsH2C2O4(aq)+2NaOH(aq)--->
acid
base Na2C2O4(aq)+2H2O(liq)CarryoutthisreactionusingaTITRATION.
Oxalicacid,H2C2O4ACID-BASEREACTIONS
TitrationsSetupfortitratinganacidwithabaseSetupfortitratinganacidwiTitration1.Addsolutionfromtheburet.2.Reagent(base)reactswithcompound(acid)insolutionintheflask.Indicatorshowswhenexactstoichiometricreactionhasoccurred.(Acid=Base)ThisiscalledNEUTRALIZATION.Titration1.AddsolutionfromSolutionsWhydoesaraweggswellorshrinkwhenplacedindifferentsolutions?ChemistryI–Chapters15&16ChemistryIHD–Chapter15ICP–Chapter22SAVEPAPERANDINK!!!WhenyouprintoutthenotesonPowerPoint,print"Handouts"insteadof"Slides"intheprintsetup.Also,turnoffthebackgrounds(Tools>Options>Print>UNcheck"BackgroundPrinting")!SolutionsWhydoesaraweggswSomeDefinitionsAsolutionisa_______________
mixtureof2ormoresubstancesinasinglephase.OneconstituentisusuallyregardedastheSOLVENT
andtheothersasSOLUTES.SomeDefinitionsAsolutionisPartsofaSolutionSOLUTE–thepartofasolutionthatisbeingdissolved(usuallythelesseramount)SOLVENT–thepartofasolutionthatdissolvesthesolute(usuallythegreateramount)Solute+Solvent=SolutionSoluteSolventExamplesolidsolidsolidliquidgassolidliquidliquidgasliquidgasgasPartsofaSolutionSOLUTE–thDefinitionsSolutionscanbeclassifiedassaturatedorunsaturated.Asaturatedsolutioncontainsthemaximumquantityofsolutethatdissolvesatthattemperature.AnunsaturatedsolutioncontainslessthanthemaximumamountofsolutethatcandissolveataparticulartemperatureDefinitionsSolutionscanbeclExample:SaturatedandUnsaturatedFatsUnsaturatedfatshaveatleastonedoublebondbetweencarbonatoms;monounsaturatedmeansthereisonedoublebond,polysaturatedmeanstherearemorethanonedoublebond.Thus,therearesomebondsthatcanbebroken,chemicallychanged,andusedforavarietyofpurposes.TheseareREQUIREDtocarryoutmanyfunctionsinthebody.Fishoils(fats)areusuallyunsaturated.Gameanimals(chicken,deer)areusuallylesssaturated,butnotasmuchasfish.Oliveandcanolaoilaremonounsaturated.Saturatedfatsarecalledsaturatedbecauseallofthebondsbetweenthecarbonatomsinafataresinglebonds.Thus,allthebondsonthecarbonareoccupiedor“saturated”withhydrogen.Thesearestableandhardtodecompose.Thebodycanonlyusetheseforenergy,andsotheexcessisstored.Thus,theseshouldbeavoidedindiets.Theseareusuallyobtainedfromsheepandcattlefats.Butterandcoconutoilaremostlysaturatedfats.Example:SaturatedandUnsaturDefinitionsSUPERSATURATEDSOLUTIONScontainmoresolutethanispossibletobedissolvedSupersaturatedsolutionsareunstable.Thesupersaturationisonlytemporary,andusuallyaccomplishedinoneoftwoways:Warmthesolventsothatitwilldissolvemore,thencoolthesolutionEvaporatesomeofthesolventcarefullysothatthesolutedoesnotsolidifyandcomeoutofsolution.DefinitionsSUPERSATURATEDSOLU
Supersaturated SodiumAcetateOneapplicationofasupersaturatedsolutionisthesodiumacetate“heatpack.” Supersaturated SodiumAcetIONICCOMPOUNDS
CompoundsinAqueousSolutionManyreactionsinvolveioniccompounds,especiallyreactionsinwater—aqueoussolutions.KMnO4inwaterK+(aq)+MnO4-(aq)IONICCOMPOUNDS
CompoundsinAHowdoweknowionsarepresentinaqueoussolutions?Thesolutions_________________________TheyarecalledELECTROLYTESHCl,MgCl2,andNaClarestrongelectrolytes.Theydissociatecompletely(ornearlyso)intoions.AqueousSolutionsHowdoweknowionsarepresenAqueousSolutionsSomecompoundsdissolveinwaterbutdonotconductelectricity.Theyarecallednonelectrolytes.Examplesinclude: sugar ethanol ethyleneglycolAqueousSolutionsSomecompoundIt’sTimetoPlayEveryone’sFavoriteGameShow…ElectrolyteorNonelectrolyte!It’sTimetoPlayEveryone’sFElectrolytesintheBodyCarrymessagestoandfromthebrainaselectricalsignalsMaintaincellularfunctionwiththecorrectconcentrationselectrolytesMakeyourown50-70gsugarOneliterofwarmwaterPinchofsalt200mlofsugarfreefruitsquashMix,coolanddrinkElectrolytesintheBodyCarryConcentrationofSoluteTheamountofsoluteinasolutionisgivenbyitsconcentration.Molarity(M)=molessolutelitersofsolutionConcentrationofSoluteTheamo1.0Lofwaterwasusedtomake1.0Lofsolution.Noticethewaterleftover.1.0LofwaterwasusedtomakPROBLEM:Dissolve5.00gofNiCl2•6H2Oinenoughwatertomake250mLofsolution.CalculatetheMolarity.Step1:CalculatemolesofNiCl2•6H2OStep2:CalculateMolarity[NiCl2•6H2O
]=0.0841MPROBLEM:Dissolve5.00gofNStep1:ChangemLtoL.250mL*1L/1000mL=0.250LStep2:Calculate.Moles=(0.0500mol/L)(0.250L)=0.0125molesStep3:Convertmolestograms.(0.0125mol)(90.00g/mol)=1.13gUSINGMOLARITYmoles=M•VWhatmassofoxalicacid,H2C2O4,isrequiredtomake250.mLofa0.0500Msolution?Step1:ChangemLtoL.USINGLearningCheck
HowmanygramsofNaOHarerequiredtoprepare400.mLof3.0MNaOHsolution? 1) 12g 2) 48g 3)300gLearningCheck HowmanygramsAnIDEALSOLUTIONisonewherethepropertiesdependonlyontheconcentrationofsolute.Needconc.unitstotellusthenumberofsoluteparticlespersolventparticle.Theunit“molarity”doesnotdothis!ConcentrationUnitsAnIDEALSOLUTIONisonewhereTwoOtherConcentrationUnitsgramssolutegramssolutionMOLALITY,m%bymass=%bymass
mofsolution=
molsolutekilogramssolventTwoOtherConcentrationUnitsgCalculatingConcentrationsDissolve62.1g(1.00mol)ofethyleneglycolin250.gofH2O.Calculatemolalityand%bymassofethyleneglycol.
CalculatingConcentrationsDissCalculatingConcentrationsCalculatemolality
Dissolve62.1g(1.00mol)ofethyleneglycolin250.gofH2O.Calculatem&%ofethyleneglycol(bymass).Calculateweight%CalculatingConcentrationsCalcLearningCheck Asolutioncontains15gNa2CO3and235gofH2O?Whatisthemass%ofthesolution?
1) 15%Na2CO3 2)6.4%Na2CO3 3)6.0%Na2CO3
LearningCheck Asolutioncont
Usingmass%
HowmanygramsofNaClareneededtoprepare250gofa10.0%(bymass)NaClsolution?
Usingmass%
HowmanygramTrythismolalityproblem25.0gofNaClisdissolvedin5000.mLofwater.Findthemolality(m)oftheresultingsolution.m=molsolute/kgsolvent25gNaCl1molNaCl 58.5gNaCl=0.427molNaClSincethedensityofwateris1g/mL,5000mL=5000g,whichis5kg0.427molNaCl5kgwater=0.0854msaltwaterTrythismolalityproblem25.0ColligativePropertiesOnaddingasolutetoasolvent,thepropertiesofthesolventaremodified.Vaporpressure decreasesMeltingpoint decreasesBoilingpoint increasesOsmosisispossible(osmoticpressure)ThesechangesarecalledCOLLIGATIVEPROPERTIES.TheydependonlyontheNUMBERofsoluteparticlesrelativetosolventparticles,notontheKINDofsoluteparticles.ColligativePropertiesOnaddinChangeinFreezingPointThefreezingpointofasolutionisLOWER
thanthatofthepuresolventPurewaterEthyleneglycol/watersolutionChangeinFreezingPointThefChangeinFreezingPointCommonApplicationsofFreezingPointDepressionPropyleneglycolEthyleneglycol–deadlytosmallanimalsChangeinFreezingPointCommoCommonApplicationsofFreezingPointDepressionWhichwouldyouuseforthestreetsofBloomingtontolowerthefreezingpointoficeandwhy?Wouldthetemperaturemakeanydifferenceinyourdecision?sand,SiO2Rocksalt,NaClIceMelt,CaCl2ChangeinFreezingPointCommonApplicationsofFreezinChangeinBoilingPointCommonApplicationsofBoilingPointElevationChangeinBoilingPointCommonBoilingPointElevationandFreezingPointDepression
∆T=K•m•ii=van’tHofffactor=numberofparticlesproducedpermolecule/formulaunit.Forcovalentcompounds,i=1.Forioniccompounds,i=thenumberofionspresent(both+and-)Compound TheoreticalValueofiglycol 1NaCl 2CaCl2 3Ca3(PO4)2 5BoilingPointElevationandFrBoilingPointElevationandFreezingPointDepression
∆T=K•m•iSubstanceKb
benzene2.53camphor
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