P23心理学专业外语第23

Controversial applications 心理学应用的争议——战争of psychology—the

心理学psychologyofwarfarePROPAGANDAPropagandainvolvestheofmessagesintendedtochangeorconsolidateattitudesandbehaviorpoliticalpurposes.Propagandaissimilartoadvertisinginits：use of biased, communication objectiveofchangingbehaviorattitudesuse of emotion and disregardforlogicalanalysisPropagandaisdifferenttoadvertisinginthat：politicalideasandinformationwhatis‘bought’amorecompleteandbehaviorandattitudechangesoughtbeingmoresociallysanctioned,useofbiasanddeceptionismore

宣传宣传包括信息的散播是以试图改变或合并态度和行为为政治目的。宣传与广告的相似点在于：偏见、片面的信息的使用改变行为和态度的目的然忽视宣传与广告的不同点在于：是什么以一个较为完整的和通用的行为和态度的转变为追求的目标likelytoextendbeyondany“ConsumerProtectionAct”Propagandaachievesitsaimsthroughvarietyoftechniques:Proliferationofinformationdominanceofchannels-inordertoestablish‘unquestionabletruths’propagandistshavetolimittheofalternativeviewsinanymediae.g.television,radio,thepress,etc.Establishmentofnarrowandrigidlydefinednormsofacceptablethinkingand behavior – encouragement given to reject and alternativeideologies;reinforcementthroughsocialacceptanceisfor conforming to the ideology.Dehumanizationoftheenemy–justifypersecutorypropagandareduceinhibitionsaboutbehaviorinthereceiver.Strengtheningofcentralfearsstereotypes–topromotemotivateintergroupdiscrimination.

法”宣传通过各种技巧达到其目的:信息和各种传播渠道的优势的增殖,,例如，电视、广播、新闻界等。被认可的思想行为的狭窄而严格,拒绝并处罚了可供替代选择的意识,通过社会认可的强化被接纳为合适正确的思想。偏颇行为的禁忌。和激发了成员歧视。BRAINWASHINGBrainwashing is a more coerciveformofpersuasion,wherepowerfultechniquesareusedtoremovetheability of voluntary thought in morecompleteway,therebyleadingto behavior that is not in individual’sowninterest.Brainwashingisappliedinvaryingdegreesofseverity,foravarietyofpurposes,buttherearesimilarprinciplesinvolved.Tavrisand(1995)haveoutlinedsomeoftheseprinciplesandappliedthemtothebrainwashingofcultmembers,butwecanalsoseehoweasilytheseideascanbeusedinwarfare–tobrainwashtroopsandprisonersofwarintoobedience.

洗脑洗脑是一种强制形式的说服,这样强大的技术就被用于以一种更完关系。洗脑因为多种目的被应用于严重性的不同程度,但也包括类似的相关的原则,Tavris和韦德(1995),了其中的一些原理并将它们应用,但是我们也可以看到这些想法可以多么容易的被应用于战争——给战争中的部队和战俘洗脑使他们服从。THE

AIM OF

CULTS狂热组织To establish dependence upon,andfanaticalattachmentto,

ARMIES军队To establish obedience to authority

cult–thusgivinguptime,andbelongingstoit.

followingordersthatmayresultindamageordeath.洗脑的目的 组织建立对它的依赖和盲目的附属,从而放弃时间、金钱和财产。

为了建立绝对服从权威，这样就会服从可能会导致伤害或死亡的命令了。TECHNIQUES技术

Cultsmayrecruitthosesufferingfromemotionalproblemsanduse

Armyroutinesinvolvevigorousand constant activity Theuseofphysicalandemotional initiationrituals(e.g.deprivationdistress采用生理摧残和情感折of food, repetitive chanting, 磨 constantactivity)to keep disoriented,weakandvulnerable.狂热组织可以征募那些遭受情感问题的新成员并使用启蒙程序(例如，剥夺食物,反复地唱颂,and或是保持不变的行动),使得他们迷失方向，疲惫并软弱下来。Theofferingofsimplesolutions Encouragingrecruitstothinkthat提供简单的解决方法 alltheproblemsoflifecaneasily solved by following beliefs.鼓励新成员按照异教徒的信条去思考生活中的

with little sleep and commandstocarryoutinordertoencourage uncritical, acceptance of command obediencetoorders.军队的日常生活包括剧烈而固定的活动安排,,以及忠诚的执Encouragingpotentialrecruitstothinkthattheproblemsoflifeareremoved,e.g.noneedtosearchfor employment, excitement.,所有问题，这样就很容易解决 用考虑生活的问题,如不需要寻了。 找就业住房令人兴奋的事物。Thecreationandenforcementofanewsocialidentity,through:通过以下方面激发和强化新的社会认同attireandnamechanging对变化加以装饰和正名conditional acceptance强化群体内认同physical and entrapment物质与信息的引诱out-groupdenigration群体外的诋毁

Cultsoftenprovidenewnames Service numbers, ranks and clothing to encourage the uniform remove individualchange of identity and the identityandpromotethechangeappearance of unconditional toanarmyidentity.Disobedienceacceptance to make the new ispunished.Locationofresidencememberfeelpartofthegroup.In is controlled and operationalreality group acceptance is informationisgivenonaneedtoconditionaluponcomplyingwithknowbasis.Distinctionsfromthedemandsofthecult.Cultsuseciviliansareemphasizedcommunalresidencestocutoffdislike/dehumanizationofthecommunicationwiththeoutsideenemyencouragedpromotingworld,thefaultsofwhicharegroupidentityconsolidation.服emphasized to promote withdrawal.狂热组织经常提供 个人身份并改变为一种部队的新名称和衣服来促进身份的变 身份。不服从是要被处罚的，化和无条件接受的表象以使得 所的位置被控制并且处理的信新成员感觉自己是组织中的一 息是需要知道的与非军职人员部分.实际上，组织接受有条件的区别是对提升内集体身份合的狂热组织的要求他们使用公并的强调和厌恶。共住宅,以切断与外界沟通,其缺点是强调促进退缩。EVALUATIONTherearemanydifferencesaswellassimilaritiesinthevarioussituationsthatbrainwashingorcoercivepersuasionisemployedin.Thereareindividualdifferencesintheabilitytoresistbrainwashing.Psychologicaltechniquesoftenproducegreaterbrainwashing.Theissueof‘voluntary’decisionmakinginbrainwashingisadifficultissue.Ifsubtlycarriedout,the influenced individual willstronglyfeelthatthechangeintheirattitudes and behaviors wascompletelytheirowndecision.OTHER APPLICATIONS PSYCHOLOGYTOInterrogation techniques-usingpsychologicaltechniquesinthedel