浅析云计算（英文版）

...wd......wd......wd...AReviewOfCloudComputingTeammembers：许慧平赵曼刘强罗宾2012年3月22日AReviewOfCloudComputingAbstract:cloudcomputingisakindofsupercalculationmodebasedonInternet.Forthecategoryofcloudcomputing,thispaperconcludestheconceptofcloudcomputing,emergingbackground,thepresentmainapplications,thefuturedevelopmentoftheprospectandthepresent'sproblems.Keywords:cloudcomputing;dataprocessing;distributedcomputing;Internet1.ProducingofCloudComputing1.1whatiscloudcomputingTheproducingofCloudcomputinghasabigbackgroundinevitability.First,thedevelopmentofCommunicationandInternetisfasterthanthedevelopmentofComputer.ThatsituationoffersasoilforgrowingofCloudcomputer.Second,Softwareengineeringchangedthewayoffaceingtheservicesuchasfacingmachine,languageandmiddlewareintothewayoffacingserviceandneed.ThatmadeSAAS〔Software

as

a

Service〕tocometrue.Third,theusersbeginningtopaycloseattentiontocorebusinessmoreandmore.Theydon'tneedtobecomeareal“Amateurengineers〞.ItiswhattheCloudcomputerbroughttheimportantchangingonthewayofusingITfacilityforusers.Cloud

computing

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a

resource

delivery

and

usage

model,

it

means

get

resource

(Hardware,

software)via

network.

The

network

of

providing

resource

is

called

‘Cloud’.

The

hardware

resource

in

the

‘Cloud’

seems

scalable

infinitely

and

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used

whenever.1.2Theprincipleofcloudcomputing1.2.1threemethodofcalculation:ParallelprocessingParallelprocessingcomputersystemcanperformacalculationoftwoormoreprocessors.Processorscanworksimultaneouslyondifferentaspectsofthesameprogram.Fortheuseofparallelprocessing,itcanbesaidofaprogramexecutedonnprocessorsspeedmaybeperformedonasingleprocessorspeedntimes.DistributedprocessingDistributedprocessingsystemwillbeindifferentlocationsormultiplecomputerswithdifferentfunctionsordifferentdatacommunicationsnetworklinkingunderthecontrolofthecontrolsystemofunifiedmanagementandcoordinationtocompletethecomputersystemforinformationprocessingtasks.GridcomputingGridcomputingisaccompaniedbytheInternetandtherapiddevelopmentofthenewcomputingmodel,specificallyforcomplexscientificcalculations.ThiscomputingmodelistheuseoftheInternetdispersedgeographicallycomputerorganizationintoa"virtualsupercomputer",eachofwhichinvolvedinthecalculationcomputerisa"node",theentirecalculationismade​​upofthousands"nodes"consistingofagrid,sothismethodofcalculationiscalledgridcomputing.Whatcloudcomputingis?Cloudcomputingisanemergingbusinesscomputingmodel.Specifically,CloudComputingisakindofdistributedprocessing,parallelprocessingandgridcomputingdevelopment,orcommercialimplementationofthesecomputerscienceconceptsThetransmissioncapacityofthehigh-speedInternet,dataprocessingprocessfromapersonalcomputerorservertoaclusterofcomputersontheInternet.,Thisisarevolutionarymove,theanalogy,whichislikeashiftfromtheoldsingle-generatormodetothemodeofthepowerplantcentralizedpowersupply.Itmeansthatcomputingpowerasacommoditycirculation,likegas,waterandelectricity,like,accesstoconvenient,low-cost.Forexampleit!Ourcomputingmodelismostlocallyinstalledsoftware,andthenexchangedatawiththeserverthroughlocalprocessing,cloudcomputing,wedonotneedlocalprocessing,justusethebrowser.Afterunderstandingofwhatcloudcomputing,letusunderstandsomeoftheothercloudcomputing.CloudComputingArchitectureMostofthecloudcomputinginfrastructureistransmittedthroughthedatacenterareliableserviceandthedifferentlevelsofvirtualizationtechnologyontheserver.Peoplecanusetheseservicesinanynetworkinfrastructure.CloudserverCloudserverisasetofclusteredserversonvirtualquasi-independentpartoftheserver,cluster,eachserverhasamirrorimageofthecloudserver.AlsocloudcomputingissimilarwithVPSservervirtualizationtechnology,cloudserverisaVPSisavirtualsoftware,theVZorVMonasingleservervirtualquasi-independentpartoftheserver,eachpartcanbedonetoseparatetheoperatingsystem,managementmethodsthesameserver.1.2.2ThecoretechnologyofcloudcomputingProgrammingmodel.Forlarge-scaledatasets(greaterthan1TB)parallelcomputing.Strictprogrammingmodelthatmakescloudcomputingprogrammingenvironmentisverysimple.Hugeamountsofdatadistributedstoragetechnology.Cloudcomputingsystemconsistsofalargenumberofservers,aswellasalargenumberofusers,cloudcomputingsystemusesthestoreddataofdistributedstorage,redundantstoragetoensuredatareliability.Hugeamountsofdatamanagementtechnology.Cloudcomputingonthedistributionofvastamountsofdataprocessing,analysis,datamanagementtechnologynecessarytoefficientlymanagelargeamountsofdata.Virtualizationtechnology.Virtualizationtechnologyenablessoftwareapplicationsandtheunderlyinghardwareisolation,whichincludesasingleresourceisdividedintomultiplevirtualresourcessplittingmode,includingtheintegrationofmultipleresourcesintoavirtualresourceaggregationmode.Abstracttheserverphysicalresourcesintologicalresource,allowsasingleserverintoseveralvirtualserversorevenhundredsofisolated,wearenolongerlimitedbyphysicalboundaries,buttheCPU,memory,diskI/Ohardwareintoadynamicmanagementoftheresourcepool,toimproveresourceutilization,simplifysystemsmanagement,serverconsolidation,ITbusinesschangemoreresilient.2.1TheapplicationareaofCloudComputingAswellknown,anewtechnologyisinventedistomeettheneedsoftheapplication.Andthetechnologywillalsocontinuouslyimproveanddevelopwiththeneedsoftheapplication.SoistheCloudComputing.Cloudcomputingareabletobeappliedbecauseofitsmassofdataprocessingpowerandefficientcomputationalability.ButOwingtothecloudcomputingstartedlate,nowalotofapplicationarestillinstudyingstage.Thus,Ionlyplantointroducesomeapplicationswhichhaveusedasfollowing.2.1.1ScientificresearchTherearethreemajorapplicationsinscientificresearch,namelyearthquakemonitoring,marineinformationmonitoringandastronomycalculationinformationprocessing.Theseapplicationsneedtocombinewithsensortechnology.Suchastemperaturetransmitter,depthsensor.Thesensorsareusedtocollectsignalandconverttovoltagesignal,thensendthemtoCloudcomputingserversthroughInternettoprocessandstore.Wecangetfromtheserverswhenneededatanytime.Becausetheinformationisoflargeamount,itneedhighspeedpowerfulcomputertoprocess,nowthe"Cloud"isusedon.ThisisthemajorusingofCloud.2.1.2NetworkSecurityNetworksecurityisnowaverypopulartopic.Especiallythenetworkvirusisgrowingrapidly.Soviruslibrarystorageisamajorconcern.Cloudmassdatastoragecapacitycanmeettheneed.Forexample,Rising"CloudSecurity"plan,itsworkingprincipleisasfollows.Theclientcanbeautomaticallytoconnecttotheserverandscanninguser'sPC,thensendthesuspiciousobjectstoserverstomatchandreturntheresultinseconds.Theserverswillwarntheclienttodealwiththeobjectiftheobjectisvirus.AnotherusingistheSpamshieldingwhichisalsousedthecloudmassdatastoragecapacity.2.1.3MedicineDNAinformationstorageisthebestreflecttionofthemassdatastorageofcloud.1.3billionpeopleintheworldwithuniqueDNAinformationneedtostoreandanalysis.Wemusthaveenoughroomtostoretheinformationandaccesstoitatanytime.The"Cloud"isusedtoachieveit.Andit'salsoappliedtocasesstoragewhichcanhelptoachieveglobalmedicalintegration.Besides,medicalimageprocessingisalsoaimportantapplication.2.1.4InternetNowthemostimportantapplicationsofnetworkisretrievalservice.Butthemassofinformationstoredintheservers.Inordertogetwhattheuserwanted,theInternetsuppliersmustsupplyfastandefficientalgorithmtoscreeningbestmatchedinformation.Thusthecloud'sefficientcomputingpowerisusedtodoit.Forexample,GoogleCloudcomputingplatformisputforwardjusttoimplementefficientretrievalfunctionatfirst.AndE-mailserverandonlinereal-timetranslationarealsousedonCloud.2.1.5TheradioandtelevisionindustryapplicationThisapplicationonlyonideasstagenowandithasnotcomeintouse.TheideaisbigcablecompanyscanestablishaCloudcomputingplatformtogethertomeettheirneedtomakehighdefinitionandhighqualityaudio.Atthesametime,alittercablecompanysalsowanttomakesomehighqualityaudio,buttheycannotaffordtothehighconfiguredequipments.Sothebigcablecompanyscansparesomeidleresourcestothelitteroneswhichneeded.Inthisway,notonlycantheymeettheirownneed,butalsocantheymakefullyuseoftheirresources.Otherwise,nowsomesensitiveinformationlikeradioandvideoneedlargemountofspacetostore,sowecanstorethemtotheCloudwhichhasmassdatastoragecapacity.2.2ThefourfamousCloudserviceplatformsActually,theCloudComputingresearchbyacademicismuchearlierthantheproposalofitsconcept.We,theChineseresearchers,havehadthetransparentComputingideabeforetheemergenceofthetermwhichiscalled"CloudComputating".Transparentcloudcomputingembodiesthecharacteristicsofcloudcomputing,thatisdynamicresourcepools,virtualization,transparenttotheuseretc.Atpresent,industrytoprovidecloudcomputingthatnotmanycompanies.AndmoreinfluentialplatformshaveGoogleCloudcomputingplatform,IBMBlueCloudplatform,AmazonElasticComputeCloud(EC2)platformandMicrosoftAzurecomputingplatform.2.2.1AmazonEC2platformAmazonisaE-commercecompanywhichistheearliesttosupplyCloudcomputingservice.Everydayahugeamountofbusinesstransactionsrequireahugeamountofdatacenterstoimprovetheavailabilityofservices,whichmaycausethewasteofidlecomputingresourcesandnetworkresources.Inordertoimprovetheefficiency,AmazonsetuptheEC2platform.CustomerscanbeprovidedbyEC2webserverinterfacetocreatethevirtualmachinetoruntheirapplicationssoastorealizethedeploymentofthescalability,theuseron-demandinstantpay.Inthisway,forISPnotonlycantheymeettheirownneed,butalsosolvetheproblemofwastageofresourcesandmakeresourcesthemostefficientlyused.Tothecustomers,Bothsavedthehighcostofhighperformancehardwareconfiguration,alsocancallchargesminimumcostbutitcangetthebestservicetotheforehead.2.2.2SearchengineWithGoogle'scloudcomputingplatformsforrepresentative.Searchengineisasystemtoprovideuserswithretrievalservice,whichreferstocertainstrategy,usingspecificcomputerprogramsearchofinformationontheInternet,ininformationfororganizationandprocessing,andwillshowtousersafterprocessingtheinformation.InWeb1.0era,informationontheInternetwithoutsomuchnow,usersneedtoguidetobrowseinformation.Andnow,withtheInternetinformationexplosivegrowth,thereisalargeamountofinformationrequiredtostoreandfortheusertobrowse,usersneedfromthevastamountofinformationtheywanttoextractusefulinformation,mustdependonthesearchenginetofind,sothecloudcomputingisputontheagenda.Inordertobeabletoretrievethemassinformationintheuserneedusefulinformation,theremustbequickoptimizationretrievalalgorithmtosolvethecommunicationbetweentheserverandwritingproblems,andcompletetherapidandeffectiveinformationretrievalfunctions.Theclientcanprovidethekeywordtosearchfor"clouds"ofthecomputer,thecomputerthroughmutualcooperationassignedtaskstocompletetheinformationtotheretrieval,andthenreturnedtotheuseroftheclient,itwillbefasterandmoreeffectivethanPCdirectlytotheserverrequestdataretrieval.2.2.3MicrosoftAzurecloudcomputingplatformWindowsAzureisacloudserviceoperatingsystem,providingdeveloperswiththeneedtousethecalculationandstorageresources.Azurecloudplatformcontainsfourlevels.ThebottomisMicrosoftglobalbasisservicesystem,thecloudinfrastructureserviceslayertakesWindowsAzureoperatingsystemascore,WindowsAzureaboveisaapplicationserviceplatform,fortheusertoprovideaseriesofservices,thetopisMicrosoftfortheusertoprovideservices.AsmostWindowsusersnowis,whichallowstheusertosustaintheirusage,fasterapplicationwillrunonmigrationtotheAzureplatform.2.2.4IBMBlueCloudplatformIBM'sBluecomputingplatformswillexpandthetechnologyusedontheInternettoenterpriseplatform,sothedatacenterusingsimilarontheInternetcomputingenvironment.Itconsistsofadatacenter,IBMTivolimonitoringsoftware,DB2database,IBMTivolideploymanagementsoftware,andIBMWebSphereapplicationservervirtualizationsoftwareandopensourceandsomeopensourceinformationprocessingsoftware.BluesoftwareplatformcharacteristicsaremainlyembodiedinthevirtualmachineandmassdataprocessingsoftwareforApacheHadoopuseon.Throughthewayofthevirtualmachine,cloudcomputingplatformhassomeadvantagesasthefollows.First,processtransfermethodmoreflexible.Second,reducetheclusterelectricpower,achievethepurposeofsavingenergy.Third,togettheloadbalancehasnothingtodowithapplicationperformance.Fourth,thedeploymentofmoreflexible.Now,withthedevelopmentofCloudcomputingtechnology,moreandmoreapplicationswillbeputforwardandputintouse.Ourlifewillopencloudera.3.Developmentofcloudcomputing3.1TechnologyprospectsIntheuser'sstandpoint,cloudcomputingsystemwillputallkindsofdataincludinguserdatatoaremotecloudstorageplatformthroughthenetwork,reducingtheburdenofmanagementfordatausers;Atthesametime,cloudcomputingsystemswillalsodealwithdataserviceprogramthroughtheremotelarge-scalecomputingcloudsprocessingplatform,andcanaffordlargeamountsofdataprocessingwork.ItcanbesaidthatcloudcomputingisacomplexofdatasharingcalculationmodeandSharedservicescalculationmode,andwillbethenextgenerationofcomputingmodel.Fromtheplatformtechnologyarchitecturewecansee,cloudcomputinghasthreecharacteristics,thatsystembasedonthescaleofthecheapservercluster,throughtheinfrastructureandtheupperapplicationstomaximizetheefficiencyofthecollaborativeconstructiontousehardwareresources,andtoleratingmistakesofmultiplenodesthroughthesoftwaremethod.Becausethecloudcomputinghavethesethreebasiccharacteristicsabove,itreachedtwoaspectsoftargetofadistributedsystem,i.e.scalabilityandreliability.Inthefuture,therearetwomaindevelopmentdirections:oneistheestablishmentofintegratedmassbottominfrastructure,makingtheapplicationtoexpandtoaverylargesize;theotherisbyestablishingnewcloudcomputingapplications,toprovidemorerichuserexperienceonline.Thefirstdevelopmenttrendhasbeenreflectedbytheexistingresearchofthecloudcomputing.Andasfortheconstructionofthecloudcomputingapplications,alotofnewsocialservicenetworks,suchasfacebook,etc,hadreflectedthedevelopmenttrend,andtheresearchisbeginningtofocusonhowtocombinemultiplebusinesses.3.2CommercialprospectsCloudcomputingisnotonlythecoreofthecalculation,isalsoakindofservice,acommercialapplications.Largescale,virtualization,highreliability,highexpansibilityandcompatibility,manyagenciesaredoingresearchonit.Cloudcomputingisanoperationmode,inthismode,ITapplicationdataandITresourcesdataareprovidedthroughthenetworktoallkindsofuserswidespreadthroughthenetwork.Cloudcomputingisthebusinessmodelofchargingbyusing,simplifiedserviceinterface.Cloudcomputingwillhaveasignificantimpacttoindividuals,smallormedium-sizedenterprises,ITindustryandotheraspects.Forindividuals,cloudcomputingwillchangethehabitofcomputerusing,fromdesktopasthecoretomoreWebasthecore,thecomputerdegeneratedintoasimpleterminal.Cloudcomputingserviceswillrealizefromthecomputertocellphones,car,homeappliancemigration,putingallthecomputernetworkingtohomeappliances.Forsmallandmedium-sizedenterprises,businessinformationandmanagementplatformwillbedeployedtocloudcomputingplatforms,thecostoftheinvestmentwillbegreatlyreduced.Thus,productsandmarketcompetitionbecomebrutal.IntheITindustry,totheservermanufacturers,cloudcomputinganddatacentermakethedemandforserversystemsexpand,marketprospectispromising.Totheterminalequipmentmanufacturers,networkedcomputingcloudsinterrupttingequipment,especiallysmallmobileequipmentdiversifiingandindividuationdevelopmentprovidesanimportantopportunity.Forthesoftwareindustry,withtechnology,dataandservicenetworked,Googleandothernetworkservicecompaniesneedtochangethecommercemodeofsoftwareusing.Microsoftdominatingthedesktopsystemwillnolongerbethesituation,serviceinthesoftwareindustryfacesnewchallenges.Inaddition,cloudcomputing,attributestosafetyofinternationalpublicinformationservicenetwork,makingenormousinfluenceonnationalsecuritysystem.Accordingtothelatestdata,cloudcomputingwillbein2013upto10%oftheoverallITconsumption,yearlygainsashighas$42.2billion.Infouryears,themarketwillhaveagreatvalue,cloudcomputingapplicationswillruneverywhere.Itbringstheupheavalofthehistory,thePCerahasalreadycrossedovertothecloudcomputingera.3.3ProblemscloudcomputingfacedwithThebenefitsofcloudcomputingsoattractive,butatthesametime,ithashighrisk.1.safety:usecloudcomputingmeansthatdataistransferredtothemachinesbeyonduser'ssovereignty,thatistothecloudcomputingserviceprovider,thenpeopleworringaboutthesafetyofthesedataalsomakessense.Howtoensurethattheuserinformationandprivacyorbusinessdatadon'tleakoutorbestoleniswhatusersmostconcernabout.2.dataisolation:duetothecharacteristicsofcloudcomputing,usersdon'tknowwhichserverthedatastoredin.Andinformationprotectionlawsandregulationsaredifferentindifferentcountries,howtoensurethatdataisolation;3.userdatalong-termexistense:theITworldcompetitionisintense,servicesthecompanyislikelytobeeliminated,annexationatanytime,howtoensurethattheuserdatalong-termviability;4.reliabilityandcontrllability:theinterruptionofamazons3servicein2008,GoogleAppsservice,Gmailserviceletusseentheawkwardnessofcomputingcloudsfortwoearliestadvocatesbecauseofne