译林牛津版高中英语模块四

译林牛津版高中英语模块四Unit3Tomorrow’sWorld教案学案练习一体化学习目标词汇：reality,extraordinary,character,interactive,set,upon,feeling,headset,enable,monitor,via,deliver,straw,final,besides,firefighter,burn,battle,whale,ant,fantastic,opportunity,industry,impress,announce,liquid,soap,powder,showcase,employ,accuse,file,popularity,criticize,fade,editor,therefore,voice,opinion,crash,nephew,central,surface,southern,hero,gentle,journey,per,rescue,force,guide,safely.词组、短语：passon,thousandsof,beconnectedto,putforward,lastbutnotleast,setup,inmyopinion,comeacross,notonly….butalso.语法、结构：1)Thepassivevoice2)Modalverbsandthepassivevoice3)Verbsoftenusedinthepassivevoice技能指导：Bytheendofthisunit,studentswillbeableto:readaformalproposalandsummariesofthreesciencefictionnovelslistentofactsandopinionsandaninterviewaboutcomputeruseDiscussviewsontechnologyandinterviewaclassmateWriteaproposalforacomputerroomandashortsciencefictionstoryExpandvocabularyrelatedtocomputer合作探究Welcometotheunit导入：ThegeneralideaofthisperiodThepicturesandthequestionsofthispartmakestudentstakenoticeofthelifeinthefuture.Withtherapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,someofourwildestdreamscouldcometrueinthefuture.Reading体验：ReadingcomprehensionThearticleinthissectionisabusinessproposalwhichintroducesanewbusinessidea.AskstudentstoskimandscantheproposalandtrytofindanswerstothethreequestionsinPartA.Remindstudentsonlytofocusonthemostimportantinformationneededtoanswerthesequestions.Meanwhileaskstudentstopayattentiontothestructureofthepassage.Payattentiontothestructureofthearticle.Organizestudentsintogroupsoffour.Askthemtodiscussthisarticleandanalyzethestructure.Also,studentsneedtoconcludewhatthemainideaofeachpartofthearticleis.mainideasPara1____________________________________________________________Para27____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Para8____________________________________________________________Activitiesanddiscuss1.Afterstudentshaveworkedoutthemainideasforthedifferentparts,tofurtherstrengthenthecomprehension,askstudentstoanswerthefollowingquestionandfillinthechartaccordingtotheproposal.HowcanRealCineexcitetheviewers'fivesenses?SenseThingsneededEffectsinRealCinesightspecialVRheadsetsViewerscanseeaworldof3Danimationallaroundthem.soundspecialVRheadsetsViewerscanhearthesoundsclearlyallaroundthem.smellsmallopeningintheheadsetSmellsaregivenout.toughspecialglovesViewerscantoughpeopleandobjectsinthefilm.tasteastrawsensorSpecialfoodanddrinkchemicalsareplacesintotheviewers’mouth.2.Thenchecktheanswersasaclass.Iftimeallows,organizeaclasspresentation.AskstudentstodiscussandusetheinformationinthechartabovetogiveabriefpresentationaboutvirtualrealityandRealCine.3.Presentthefollowingsentencestostudents.Askthemtoreadeachoneandthinkaboutthecharacteristicsofthelanguageusedinthisarticle.IbelieveyouwillbeamazedbytheRealCineexperience,andwillagreethatthisisanextraordinarytechnologythatmustbedevelopedfurther.Viewerswillbesurprisedathowrealitfeels.RealCineworksbymakingtheviewersfeelthattheyareactuallyinthefilm.IamsureyouwillagreethatRealCineprovidesafantasticopportunityforthefilm-makingindustry.Askstudents:Asadecisionmaker,doyouthinkyouwouldfinallybepersuadedtoinvestordevelopRealCine?Whyorwhynot?Whatdoyouthinkofthelanguageusedtnthesesentences?Tellthemthatthepurposeofabusinessproposalistoplanorsuggestanewidea.Thegoalistohelpthecustomersortheinvestorsmaketheirdecisions.Therefore,clearandpersuasivelanguageisoftenused.4.AskstudentstoreadtheReadingstrategy.Tellstudentsthatasuccessfulbusinessproposalneedstobeobjectiveandthatdetailedinformationandconvincingfactsorexamplestogetherwiththepassivevoicearefrequentlyusedtoachievethispurpose.Therefore,whenreadingabusinessproposal,theycanfocusonthesefeatures.5.Askstudentstoreadthearticleagainandunderlinethesentencesusingthepassivevoiceinthepassage.Givesomeexplanationswhythepassivevoiceisused.Thiswillhelpstudentsgetabetterunderstandingofhowtowriteaproposal.6.HavestudentscompletePartD.ThemeaningsofthewordsinPartDshouldnotbedifficultforstudentstoidentifyaftertheyhavereadthroughthepassageseveraltimes.AskstudentstorefertothetextastheycompletePartD.Thisexercisecanhelpstudentsunderstandthetextbetter.7Drawstudents'attentiontoPartE.PartEisareplytotheproposal,whichservesasasummaryofthearticleaboutRealCine.Havestudentscompleteitindividuallyfirstandthenchecktheiranswerswiththewholeclass.Post-readingactivitiesUsethefollowingactivitiestohelpstudentsdeepentheirunderstandingofRealCineanddeveloptheirspeakingabilityaswell.Organizestudentsintogroupsoffour.Askthemtoholdagroupdiscussion.Imaginewhatspecialeffecttheyhopetohaveiftheycanseeapopularfilmlike'HarryPotterandthePhilosopher'sStone'inRealCine.DoyouthinkwatchingaHarryPotterfilminRealCineismoreexcitingandinterestingthaninanordinarycinema?Whyorwhynot?Afterthediscussion,askeachgrouptomakeanadvertisementposterforthisimaginaryvirtualrealityfilm.Thentheymaymakeanoralpresentationoftheiradvertisementsinclass.Everystudentcanvoteandchoosethebestonefromalltheadvertisements.Ifpossible,askthemtostatetheirreasonsfortheirchoice.Organizestudentsintogroupsofsix.AskthemtowriteanintroductiontoReaICine.Intheintroduction,theymaystatetheirownopinionsonRealCine.Organizestudentsintotwogroups.Askthemtoholdadebateactivity.Thosewhosupportvirtualrealitybelievethat,withthistechnology,peoplecandoalmosteverything,eventhingsthatcannotberealizedinnormallife.Wedon'tneedtotravelanymoreorspendsomuchtimewithfriendsanymore.Virtualrealitycanprovideanynecessaryfeaturesthatweneeditlourlife.Othersinsistthat,reallifeandinterpersonalcommunicationshouldneverbereplacedbyimaginaryscenes.Peopleshouldtakeofftheheadsetsandexperiencethereallifethemselves.Whatdoyouthinkofthesetwoopinions?Stateyourreasons.Iftimepermits,askstudentstodoPartsA1andA2onpage96intheirWorkbook,sotheywillbemorefamiliarwiththetextandthewordsandexpressionslearntinthispart.Ortheycandothetwoexercisesafterclassashomework.PartFaimsatconsolidatingstudents’speakingability.AskstudentstoreadtheinstructionsforPartFanddiscusswittheirpartnersthequestionscloselyrelatedtonewtechnology.Encouragestudentstosharetheiropinionsandreporttheiranswerstotheclass.AskstudentsfirsttoreadPartAandthentodoPartBintheWritingsectionofthisunitonpage103intheirWorkbook.ThepassageinPartAisasample.Afterreadingit,theywillknowhowtowriteanarticleaboutthefutureschoolinPartB.SummaryRealcineworksbymakingtheviewersfeelthattheyareactuallyinthefilm.unlikeordinarycinema,RealCineexcitesallfiveofpeople’ssenses:sight,hearing,smell,tough,andeventaste.VRcanprovideteenagerswithanotherwaytoexperiencetheworldandmakethemworkhardertomaketheirdreamscometrue.Vrcanalsodosomethingthatcouldneverbeachievedinrealworld.RealCinewillcertainlyprovideafantasticopportunityforthefilm-makingindustry.Wordsandexpressions：3．研析：词汇1）extraordinary,1)adj.（形容词）非凡的，超出一般或平常的，显著的：amanofextraordinarystrength一位力气惊人的男子anextraordinaryachievement.一个非凡的成就特别的：用于特殊的服务、功能或场合的：aministerextraordinary；anextraordinaryprofessor.特派部长；一位特职教授Whatanextraordinaryidea!多么离奇的想法!特别的，临时的，额外的anextraordinarysession临时会议 Itisextraordinarythat….是不平常的Itwasextraordinarythatherefusedourrequest.他拒绝了我们的邀请实在是不寻常。2）charactern.（名词）1）性质，性格，特色，身份；adeterminedcharacter果断的性格；inhischaracterasfather.以父亲的身份；2)字ThecharactersinChinesewritinglooklikesmallpictures.汉字看起来象是一幅幅小图画。aChinesecharacter一个汉字3）个性；特色；（事物的）特性Hehasastrongbutgentlecharacter.thecharacterofthesavannaareas大草原地方的特色；他有坚强但温柔的性格。Thenewbuildingshavechangedthecharacterofthevillage.新建筑改变了这个村庄的特点。4）（书、剧中的）人物Ifindallthecharactersinhisnewplayveryreal.我觉得他那出新戏中所有的人物都很真实。Thestoryhasonlyafewcharacters.那故事只有几个角色。相关词组：incharacter相符的：与某人特性或行为相符的：behaviorthatwastotallyincharacter.与特性完全相符的行为outofcharacter不相符的：与某人特性或行为不相符的：aresponsesomuchoutofcharacterthatitamazedme.回答与其性格如此不符，使我感到吃惊3）setv.（动词）v.tr.（及物动词）set，setting，sets放置：放在指定的地方；放置：setabookonatable.在桌上放一本书使处于某种状态：settheprisoneratliberty.给犯人自由使牢固：放入稳定的位置：setthefencepostintoabedofconcrete.将篱笆桩置于水泥床上setabrokenarm.接合断臂setthesails.扬帆setanalarmclock.上闹钟安排：适当布置以备用：setaplaceforadinnerguest;setatable.为宴会客人安排地方；放置桌子以…为背景：确定一幕剧的情节展开的特定地点：aplaythatissetinVenice.以威尼斯为背景的剧创立：setaworldrecord.创世界纪录树立榜样：Aparentmustsetagoodexampleforthechildren.父母必须为孩子树立好榜样有准备的：Wearesettoleaveearlytomorrowmorning.我们准备明早离开相关词组：setabout开始：开始或出发：setaboutsolvingtheproblem.着手解决问题setdown坐：使坐；坐下：Setthebabydownhere.让小孩坐这儿记录：写下；记录：Wesetdownthefacts.我们记下事实认为；看作：Justsethimdownasasneak.当他是个阴险的人把…归于：由…引起；把…归于：Let'ssettheerrordowntoinexperience.让我们把错误归于没有经验着陆：（飞机）着陆：Thepilotsettheplanedownhard.飞行员艰难地使飞机着陆setforth提出：提出想法；建议：setforthasoundplan.提出一个合理的计划表达：用语言表达：Shehassetforthherideas.她已经表达出了想法setoff发生：引起；导致发生：setoffachemicalreaction.发生化学反应爆炸：引起爆炸：setoffabomb.炸弹爆炸开始旅程：setoffforEurope.开始欧洲之旅setout着手：开始一个热切的计划；着手：Hesetouttounderstandwhytheplanhadfailed.他开始明白为什么计划失败了种：setoutseedlings.种小树开始旅程：Shesetoutatdawnfortown.她日出时出发去镇上setup建立：setupacharity.建立一家慈善机构setfireto纵火：点燃或使燃烧set(one's)hearton决心做某事n.（名词）一套：一组互属并成套使用的同类物品：achessset.一套国际象棋4）reasonn.（名词）.原因；理由；动机Thereasonshewasillwasthatshehadeatenbadmeat.她生病的原因是她吃了变质的肉。Thereasonforthisisthatthisplaneisalsoabicycle.其原因是,这架飞机又是一辆自行车。理性；理智；道理；判断力There'sagreatdealofreasoninhisadvice.他的忠告极有道理。"Therearereasonsforthisgreatinterestintheideas,feelings,andactionsofyouth.""对年青人的思想、感情和行动发生这样巨大的兴趣,自有它的道理。"itstandstoreason合乎道理listentoreason服从道理withreason有理由；合乎情理Hethinks,withreason,thatIdon'tlikehim.他有理由认为我不喜欢他。vi.,vt.推理；推究toreasonclearly推理清楚（与into,outof连用）劝说toreasonapersonoutoffear劝人别害怕（与with连用）与…争辩5）via,prep.（介词）经由，途经totravelfromBeijingtoShanghaiviaTianjin由北京经由天津去上海通过；凭藉IsentamessagetoMaryviaherbrother.我托玛丽的兄弟把信带给她。6）deliver,v.tr.（及物动词）递送：带到或运送到适当的地方或接受者；分送：delivergroceries;deliverthemail.运送食品；投递邮件交付：把（某人或某物）交给他人；移交：deliveredthecriminaltothepolice.把罪犯交给警察的工人Tothroworhurl:掷，猛投：Thepitcherdeliveredtheball.投手猛一投球陈述，发言：用言辞表达；发表，讲：deliveralecture.发表演讲分娩：Shedeliveredababyboythismorning.今天早晨她生了个小男孩使分娩：给（产妇）接生：Thedoctordeliveredheroftwins.这个医生为她接生了一对双胞胎放出，制造；生产：Theoilwelldeliveredonly50barrelsaday.这口油井每天只产原油五十桶7）impress,（常与with连用）使（人）印象深刻；使铭记常用被动语态，不用进行式，常与on连用）使印象深刻Thebookimpressedalotofpeople.这本书在很多人心中留下深刻印象。Iwasdeeplyimpressedby(at,with)hisspeech.他的演讲给我留下深刻印象Impress+n.+on(upon)+n.(person)=impress+n.(person)+withIimpressedonhimtheimportanceofhiswork.=Iimpressedhimwiththeimportanceofhiswork.我使他注意他的工作的重要性。（常与on连用）盖（印）；盖（印）于impresswaxwithaseal把印盖在火漆上8）announce宣布，宣告：使公开地知道Toproclaimthepresenceorarrivalof:宣布…的出席，宣布…的到来：announceacaller.宣布来访者Toprovideanindicationofbeforehand;foretell:预示：事先提供暗示；预示：Theinventionofthemicrochipannouncedanewgenerationofcomputers.微晶片的发明预示了新一代的计算机Toserveasanannouncerfor:当…的播音员：announceafootballgameonTV.在电视上给一场足球赛作播音r.（不及物动词）Todeclareone'scandidacy:宣布竞选：宣布某人的候选人身份：Presidentialcandidatesannouncetwoyearsinadvanceoftheelections.在总统选举前两年宣布竞选者Toserveasanannouncer.作播音员9）forcen.n.（名词）力，力量theforceoftheexplosion爆炸力Youmustuseforcetoopenthatbottle.你必须用力打开那个瓶子。Theporterhadtoforcethewindowopeneverymorning.每天早晨门房只好用力硬把窗户打开。Newemergingforcesareinvincible.新生力量是不可战胜的。暴力Thethieftookthemoneyfromtheoldmanbyforce.小偷用暴力夺走了老人的钱。〈物〉力theforceofgravity地心引力Theforceofgravitymakesthingsfalltoearth.地心引力使物体落向地面。威力；势力theforcesofevil邪恶势力theforcesofnature自然力说服力forceofexample榜样的力量Thereisforceinwhathesaid.他的话有说服力。部队；兵力thepoliceforce警察部队(pl)三军武装力量Theairforceisoneofthearmedforces.空军是武装部队的一种。inforce大批地Thepolicewerethereinforce.大批警察驻守在那儿。inforce生效；在施行中(=intoforce)joinforces(with)联合；合作v.tr.（及物动词）forced，forcing，forces强迫：通过压力或需迫使：Iforcedmyselftopracticedaily.Hewasforcedtotakeasecondjob.我强迫自己每天练习。他被迫要找第二份工作强行，硬：反对抵制或惯性地运动或影响：forcedmyfootintotheshoe.将脚硬塞入鞋中强加：无情地折磨或强加：Heforcedhisideasuponthegroup.他把自己的意见强加给别人Toputunduestrainon:施加过分的压力：Sheforcedhervoicedespitebeinghoarse.尽管嗓子已哑，她仍使劲提高嗓音force(someone's)hand迫使仓促行动：迫使某人在条件未成熟或不情愿的情况下行动或发言inforce大批：大批的；大量的：有效的；操作性的Demonstratorswereoutinforce.大批示威者上街arulethatisnolongerinforce.不再有效的规则force，oblige，Force最为普遍，通常指力量的使用，尤其是体力上，或指不允许任何替代屈从的环境的进行：Teargasforcedthefugitivesoutoftheirhidingplace.催泪弹气体将逃犯从藏身之处呛了出来。Lackoffundswilleventuallyforcehimtolookforwork.资金缺乏最终将会迫使他找工作。Oblige适用于出于权力、需要、道德或伦理的考虑而被迫屈从：“Workconsistsofwhateverabodyisobligedtodo”(MarkTwain).“无论什么样的工作都必须要做”（马克·吐温）。10）guiden.（名词）领路人，导师，导游，向导Toserveasaguide.监督…的训练或教育：作为向导指南ashopper'sguide.，购物指南Aguidebook.指南，手册v.（动词）guided，guiding，guidesv.tr.（及物动词）带领，为…做向导，Theyguidedustotheoffice.他们带领我们到了办公室。领导；引导；指导，影响；支配；操纵Beguidedbyyourfeeling.按你的感觉行事。引导，指引guidedmetomyseat;带我到我的座位上去；guideashipthroughachannel.引领轮船通过海峡r.（不及物动词）guide,conduct,lead,steer作为动词在一起比较的一般含义是“领”、“导”或“引”。guide(抽象名词guidance，具体名词guide“向导”)是通用词，可以用于“为别人带路”、“指导别人的学习、品行修养”，它的内涵是避免走弯路或遇到危险Thousandsoflanternsslowlydriftouttoseaguidingthedeadontheirreturnjourneytotheotherworld.数千只灯笼慢慢向大海漂去，给死人返回阴间指明道路。Atthetopofthebankmyguidepausedandlookedbackatme.我的向导在河岸上稍停了一下，并且回头看了看我。HeisnowstudyingundertheguidanceofProfessorGreen.他现在正在格林教授的指导下学习。而conduct(抽象名词conductance“传导力”，具体名词conductor“向导者”，公共汽车等的“售票员”)在表示“指导”、“引导”时含有明显的主从关系，即被引导者不服从是不可以的Thepolicemaneventuallyhadhishandstiedupandconductedhimtoashelter.警察最后把他的双手绑了起来并把他带到一个防空洞。Doyoupreferconductedtoursorindependenttravel?你是喜欢跟着导游还是喜欢独立地去旅行？lead(抽象名词leadership“领导”，具体名词leader“领袖”、“领队”)可以表示“领导”、“带路”，但它总含有领导者走在前面，而把被领导者控制在自己的权威之下，或被领导者处于秩序井然的状态中的意思Ourguideledusthroughaseriesofcaves.我们的向导带领着我们穿过一个接一个的洞穴。steer(抽象名词steerage“操纵”，具体名词steersman“舵手”)一般表示“驾驶”、“掌舵”，但常用于比喻，词义引伸后有“操纵”、“指导”的意思。尤其适用于表示“指导着度过难关”的意义TheCuttySarkrolledfromsidetosideanditbecameimpossibletosteerher.卡蒂萨克号向两侧摇晃着，驾驶这只船是不可能的了。Soonthecountrywillbesteeredtopeaceandprosperity.这个国家很快便会被带入和平与繁荣之境。词组：1）passon传递；前进，传下来；传给（后代），离去；往前Letusnowpassontothenextsubject.现在让我们看看下一个题目。2）putforward提出：提议以供考虑：putforwardanewplan.提出一个新计划3）comeacross偶然遇到或找到：cameacrossmyoldcollegeroommateintowntoday.今天在镇上遇到我大学的老同学给予印象：“Hecomesacrossasaverysincere,religiousindividual”(WilliamL.Clay)“他给人的印象是一个很虔诚的、笃实的人”(威廉L.克莱)4）notonly….butalso一、主要用法：1、连接主语：NotonlyIbutalsoTomandMaryarefoundofwatchingtelevision.不仅我，而且汤姆和玛丽都喜欢看电视。由于notonlyAbutalsoB句式的重点在B上，所以谓语动词一般要与B保持人称和数的一致。2、连接谓语：TheAmericansandtheBritishnotonlyspeakthesamelanguagebutalsosharealargenumberofsocialcustoms.英国人和美国人不但语言相同，而且有很多相同的风俗习惯。注意notonly…butalso连接的动词一般不重复，这与汉语不同。如汉语说“我不仅懂英语，而且懂俄语”，英语则说“IknownotonlyEnglishbutalsoRussian”，而不说“InotonlyknowEnglishbutalsoknowRussian”.再如：“气体不仅改变形状，而且改变体积”，英译为“Agaschangesnotonlyinshapebutalsoinvolume.”（注意介词常重复）3、连接宾语：Theproblemfortherecipientwastryingtoguessnotonlywhothesenderwas,butalsowhathissecretfeelingsmightbe.收信人不仅要尽力猜出是谁的，还要猜测寄信人的内心有什么想法。4、连接表语：Shakespearewasnotonlyawriterbut(also)anactor.莎士比亚不仅是一位剧作家，而且是一位演员。5、连接宾语补足语：Lightandbrightcolorsmakepeoplenotonlyhappierbutmoreactive.浅色和鲜艳的颜色不但使人看了高兴，也会使人更加活泼。6、连接状语：Ifyourfriendremindsyoukindlyofyourfaults,takewhathesaysnotmerelypleasantlybutthankfully.如果你的朋友善意的指明你的缺点，你不但要欣然接受，而且要心怀感激之情。7、连接从句：Hedidn’tletusoffthebookuntilwehadprovednotonlythatweknowwhatanorganismwasburalsothatwehadthefortitudetostandupforthetruth.直到我们证明了我们不仅知道什么是生物体，而且具有坚持真理的不屈不挠的精神时，他这才放过我们。8、连接定语：Manhasbecomemasternotonlyoftheskybutalsoofthespace.人类不仅征服了太空，而且征服了太空。9、连接句子Inotonlyheardit,but(also)Isawit.我不仅听到、而且看到了它。Notonly…butalso连接句子时，notonly可以置于句首表示强调，这是第一分句要采用倒装结构。例如：Notonlyhasheafirst-classbrainbutalsoheisatremendouslyhardworker.它不仅有着头等的头脑，而且工作很能吃苦。Notonlyhadthepoormanbeenarrestedbuthehadbeensenttoprisonaswell.这个可怜人不仅被逮捕，而且被投进监狱。Notonlydotheprofessorshavetheirownideasonthematter,butthestudentshavetheirstoo.对这件事不仅教授们有自己的看法，学生们也有自己的想法。10、用于itis…that强调结构：Itisnotonlythescientistandthephysicianwhoneedalongspecialtrainingnow,butthecomputerexpert,theaccountant,andthebusinessmanager.现在，不仅科学家和医生需要长时期的专门训练，计算机专家、会计师和企业经理也需要这种训练。二、notonly…but的省略及其变体1、notonly…butalso中的also可以省略。有人认为该句型所连接的第二部分最高级形容词或它所表示的范围、程度、影响等超过第一部分时，常将also省略。例如：Hewasnotonlyasuccessfulwriterbut(also)thegreatestpoetofhistime.它不仅是一位成功的作家，而且还是他那个时代最伟大的诗人。Notonlydotheysufferlesspainthanmostwomeninlabor,butthetownboastsanunusuallylowrateofinfantmortality.这不仅使她们比大多数的妇女受痛苦，，而且是城市婴儿死亡率大大降低。2、notonly…butalso句型一般只可以省略also，但在连接句子时，有时也可见到省略but甚至butalso的情形。例如：NotonlywasItired,Iwasalsocold.我不光困倦，还感到很冷。（省去了but）Sincemoistureisneededforrain,dryairinthemorningnotonlyallowsthespidertogetanearlystart,isalsomeansadryday.有了湿度才会下雨，因此，早晨空气干燥不仅使蜘蛛早点开始结网，而且意味着这一天不会下雨。(省去了but)Notonlyhasshebeenanexcellentwife,shehasbeenabetterhusbandthanI’llneverbe.她不仅是一个极其出色的妻子，而且是一个我永远也做不到的好丈夫。(省去了butalso)3、notonly…butalso的形式比较固定，但也会出现but与also被分开的情形。例如：Notonlythemotherbutthechildrenarealsosick.Notonlyishisrightlungaffectedbuthisleftlungisalso.4、notonlyAbutalsoB的替代式常见的还有notonlyabutB…aswell,notonlyAbutBtoo,notmerelyAbutalsoB,notjustAbutalsoB,not…alone...but等。例如：Injurisprudenceitisawell-knownprinciplethatjusticeshouldnotmerelybedonebutshouldalsobeseentobedone.在法理学方面，人所共知的原则是：对受害者不仅应该公正对待，而且应当让人们看到他得到了公正的对待。Notpoetsalone,norartists,northatsuperiororderofmindwhicharrogatestoitselfallrefinement,feelthis,butdogsandallmen.不仅使人，艺术家以及那些自命不凡、思想杰出的人觉得如此，连狗和普通人也有同感。三、其他注意事项：1、“notonlyAbutalsoB”结构中的A和B通常是同等成分。由于同一成分常常由同一词类的词来担任，所以A与B常常也是同一词性，但是，也有A与B属于不同词性的情形。例如：“Heisnotonlyveryclever,butalsoaveryhardworker,andhelikestodoeverythingwell.”（他不但聪明，而且能下功夫。他喜欢把每件事都做得很好。）其中A是形容词，B是名词，但两者均在句中作表语，因此仍是正确的句子。然而，在“Henotonlyplaysthepiano,butalsotheviolin.”一句中，A是动词，B是名词，不是同一成分，因此语法学家认为此句有点欠妥，至少在书面语中就是如此。如改为“Heplaysnotonlythepiano,butalsotheviolin.”就无懈可击了，再看下面的例子：ThesurprisegrantnotonlyenabledDadtofinishA&T,buttograduatefirstinhisclass.这笔意外的奖学金不仅是我的父亲能读完农业和技术学院，而且毕业成绩名列榜首。2、有人认为，notonly…butalso不能用于否定句。汉语中用于否定句中的“不但…而且”在英语中要用aswellas表示。如“不但我不想看戏，而且他也不想看戏”可译作“He,aswellasI,doesn’twanttoseetheplay.”不过，这条规则也有例外，请看下面的例子:Notonlydon’tIknowthepopulationofNepal,Idon’tknowwhereingod’sworlditis!我不但不知道尼泊尔人口，而且连它究竟在哪里也不知道！这个例句有几个共同点：都是连接否定分句，都是倒装句，都没有用butalso。下面一例出自一位美国作家之手，所不同的是notonly…but连接的是并列谓语，第一个动词是不定的，第二个动词则是肯定的：Nonetheless,ashedescribedMary’sattitudesheraccomplishments,hefoundhimselfwishingthatshecaredmoreaboutthepolicesideofhislifethansheseemedto,thatshemightunderstanditasintimately,say,asthewomanoppositehim.ButthismotionseemedtohimsodisloyaltoMarythathenotonlydidnotarticulateit,butatoncetriedtosuppressit.Notes1Uponreachingthetopofthemountain,afeelingofhappinessandasenseofachievementwillbeexperienced.Theprepositionuponheremeans'atorimmediatelyafterthetimeoroccasionof'.Theprepositiononcanalsobeusedtoexpressthesamemeaning.Upon/OnhisarrivalinParis,thefamousfilmstarwasrecognizedandsurroundedbyhisfans.Upon/Onhearingofthedeathofhisparents,hecriedforhours.2Specialglovesarealsowornsothatpeopleandobjectsinthefilmcanbetouched.Heresothatmeans'withtheaimthat',whichisusedtointroduceaclauseshowingapurpose.Sheworkedhardsothateverythingwouldbereadyby6o'clock.Sothatcanalsomean'withtheresultthat',whichisusedtointroduceaclauseshowingaresult.Nothingmorewasheardfromhimsothatwebegantowonderifhehadleft.3ToaddtothevirtualworldofRealCine,smellsaregivenoutthroughsmallopeningsintheheadsets.Hereaddtomeans'toincrease'.TheWestLakeaddstothebeautyofthecityofHangzhou.Thisphrasecanalsobeusedlikeadd...to...Ifyouaddtwelvetoeighty-five,yougetninety-seven.4InscientificstudiesithasbeenshownthatVRcanprovideteenagerswithanotherwaytoexperiencetheworldandmakethemworkhardertomaketheirdreamscometrue.Hereitreferstothesubjectclause'thatVRcanprovideteenagerswithanotherwaytoexperiencetheworldand...'Whenthesubjectisaclause,anemptysubjectitisoftenused,andtheorderofthesentenceisnormallychanged.Compareeachpairofsentencesasfollows:Whatshelookslikedoesn'tmatter.Itdoesn'tmatterwhatshelookslike.Thatincometaxshouldbeabolishedhasactuallybeensuggested.Ithasactuallybeensuggestedthatincometaxshouldbeabolished.5AnargumenthasbeenputforwardthatsomeviewerswillbedisappointedbyRealCinebecauseVRisnotreal.Herethatisusedtointroduceanappositiveclause'someviewerswillbedisappointedbyRealCinebecauseVRisnotreal.'Thisclauserefersto'anargument'andthatcannotbeomitted.Yourbeliefthatthingswillimproveistoooptimistic.Yoursuggestionthatweshouldpaymoreattentiontoourtablemannersisagoodone.……语法点津PassiveVoice

英文动词有主动语态ActiveVoice和被动语态PassiveVoice之分。如果主语是动作或状态的「发出者」，动词就用主动语态；如果主语是动作或状态的「承受者」，动词就用被动语态。例如：1.JohnencouragedMary.﹝约翰鼓励玛莉。﹞2.MarywasencouragedbyJohn.﹝玛莉受到约翰鼓励。﹞※第一句的动词"encouraged"是主动语态；第二句的动词"wasencouraged"是被动语态。动词被动语态的基本形态是：

助动词BE+及物动词的过去分词(-ed分词)动词的被动语态通常有六种时、体形式：即一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行体、过去进行体、现在完成体和过去完成体。1．SimplePresentTense主动语态：Iteachhim.被动语态：Heistaughtbyme.2．SimplePastTense主动语态：Itaughthimyesterday.

被动语态：Hewastaughtbymeyesterday.3．PresentContinuousTense主动语态：Iamteachinghim.被动语态：Heisbeingtaughtbyme.4．PastContinuousTense主动语态：Iwasteachinghimwhenyoucame.被动语态：Hewasbeingtaughtbymewhenyoucame.5．PresentPerfectTense主动语态：Ihavetaughthim.

被动语态：Hehasbeentaughtbyme.6．PastPerfectTense主动语态：Ihadtaughthimbeforeyoucame.

被动语态：Hehadbeentaughtbymebeforeyoucame.一般将来时SimpleFutureTense也常常有这种被动语态形式主动语态：Ishallteachhimtomorrow.

被动语态：Hewillbetaughtbymetomorrow.动词由主动语态变为被动语态的步骤：1.先找出谓语动词；2.再找出谓语动词后的宾语；3.把宾语用作被动语态中的主语；4.注意人称、时态和数的变化。例：1.Brucewritesalettereveryweek.→AletteriswrittenbyBruceeveryweek.2.LiLeimendedthebrokenbikethismorning.→ThebrokenbikewasmendedbyLiLeithismorning.3.Hehaswrittentwonovelssofar.→Twonovelshavebeenwrittenbyhimsofar.4.Theywillplanttentreestomorrow.→Tentreeswillbeplantedbythemtomorrow.5.Lucyiswritingaletternow.→AletterisbeingwrittenbyLucynow.

6.Youmustlockthedoorwhenyouleave.→thedoormustbelockedwhenyouleave.

三、使用被动语态应注意的几个问题：

1.不及物动词无被动语态。Whatwillhappenin100years.

Thedinosaursdisappearedabout65millionyearsago.

2.有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。

Thispenwriteswell.

Thisnewbooksellswell.

3.感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带to，但变为被动语态时，须加上to。

例：makesomebodydosomething→somebody+be+madetodosomething

seesomebodydosomething→somebody+be+seentodosomething

Agirlsawmywalletdropwhenshepassedby.→Mywalletwasseentodropbyagirlwhenshepassedby.

Thebossmadethelittleboydoheavywork.→Thelittleboywasmadetodoheavyworkbytheboss.

4.如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语(物)作主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。

Hegavemeabook.→Abookwasgiventomebyhim.

Heshowedmeaticket.→Aticketwasshowntomebyhim.

Myfatherboughtmeanewbike.→Anewbikewasboughtformebymyfather.

5.一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。

Wecan’tlaughhim.→Hecan’tbelaughbyus.

Helistenstotheradioeveryday.→Theradioislistenedtobyhimeveryday.

Thenurseistakingcareofthesickman.→Thesickmanisbeingtakencareofbythenurse.

只要你掌握了以上一些方法，使用被动语态的一般因由1.不易说出动作或状态的「发出者」例如：

Thisbuildingwascompletedin1980.

*由谁建成，不易说出。2.不便说出动作或状态的「发出者」例如：ThemeetinghasbeenpostponedtillFriday.

3.动作或状态的「承受者」比「发出者」更需强调例如：Apressconferencewasheldlastnight.4.为了修辞例如：Theteacherlovesthestudentsandislovedbythem.

态：Abookwasgivenhimbyme.含有情态动词的被动语态构成：Modalverbsandthepassivevoice情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词Studentswilllearnhowtousemodalverbsinthepassivevoicetoexpressability,possibility,duty,permission,etc.Theyarealsoexpectedtolearntousemodalverbsinthepassivevoiceinthepresentandthepasttenses.

Youngtreesmustbewateredoften.Yourmistakesshouldbecorrectedrightnow.

Thedoormaybelockedinside.

Yourhomeworkcanbehandedintomorrow.VerbsoftenusedinthepassivevoiceHerestudentswilllearnsomeoftheverbsthatareoftenusedinthepassivevoice.Andtheyshouldknowthattheseverbsfunctionasadjectives.Theteachermaybeginthispartbyaskingstudentstocompletesomesentencesbychoosingoneofthetwowordsgiven.Thewordsinboldarethecorrectanswers.Forexample,1.Thechildrenaregettingaboutthecomingholiday.(exciting;excited)2.Don'tyougetofarguingaboutthesamethingallthetime?(tiring;tired)3.Joanisn'tverygood