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工程管理毕业设计外文翻译URBANRENEWALPOLICYINCHICAGO本科毕业设计外文文献及译文文献资料题口URBANRENEWALPOLICYINCHICAGO文献资料来源期刊JournalofUrbanAffairs第31期文献资料发表出版日期20008院部管理工程学院外文文献AdvancedEncryptionStandardREGIMEBUILDINGINSTITUTIONBUILDINGURBANRENEWALPOLICYINCHICAGO1946-1962JOELRASTUniversityofWisconsin-MilwaukeeABSTRACTUrbanregimeanalysisemphasizestheroleofcoalitionbuildingincreatingacapacitytogovernincitiesThroughacasestudyofurbanrenewalpolicyinpostwarChicagothisarticleconsiderstheroleplayedbypoliticalinstitutionsConceptualizingthishistoricalperiodasoneofregimebuildingIshowhowexistingpoliticalinstitutionswereoutofsyncwiththecitysnewgoverningagendaofurbanrenewalandredevelopmentfollowingWorldWarIICreatingacapacitytogoverninurbanrenewalpolicyrequiredbothcoalitionbuildingandafundamentalreworkingofformalgoverninginstitutionsItwasspring1964andChicagowasinthemidstofitsgreatestconstructionboomsincetherebuildingeffortfollowingtheGreatChicagoFireof1871InthethirdofaseriesofarticlesonChicagospostwarrevitalizationtheChicagoTribunecelebratedtheaccomplishmentsofthepast10yearsmorethansixmillionsquarefeetofnewofficespaceconstructeddowntownnearly1000acresofblightedlandclearedfornewdevelopmentatotalof27urbanrenewalprojectscompletedunderwayorapprovedforconstructionanewconventioncenterbuiltonthelakefrontandtheemergenceofOHareInternationalAirportastheworldsfinestjetterminalGowran1964UndertheleadershipofRichardJDaleyelectedmayorin1955ChicagosmassiveurbanrenewalprogramwouldeventuallyrankfirstamongUScitiesintotalfederaldollarsreceivedChicagoTribune1968TheaccomplishmentsofChicagosurbanrenewalprogramduringMayorDaleysfirstdecadeinofficeareallthemoreremarkablewhenexaminedalongsidetherecordofhispredecessorasmayorMartinHKennellyPlansforurbanrenewalinChicagoorchestratedlargelybybusinessleaderswereunderwaywhenKennellywaselectedmayorin1947KennellyenthusiasticallyembracedthebusinesscommunitysredevelopmentagendaandeagerlysoughtfederalfundingforslumclearanceandpublichousingHoweverurbanrenewalquicklybecamemiredincontroversystailingprogressonnumerousfrontsOfatotalofeightslumclearanceandredevelopmentprojectsinitiatedduringtheKennellyadministrationnonehadbeencompletedbythetimeKennellyleftofficein1955DowntownredevelopmentwasstilllargelyatastandstillwithonlyonenewofficetowerunderconstructionHowwasChicagosurbanrenewalprogramtransformedfromitsoriginsasaweakandconflict-riddeninitiativeintothepoliticalandeconomicsteamrolleritultimatelybecameundertheleadershipofRichardJDaleyScholarsofurbanpoliticaldevelopmenthaveidentifiedthepost-WorldWarIIeraasaperiodofregimebuildingCummings1988DeLeon1992Fermanl996Levine1989Mollenkopf1983Spragia1989Stone1989InwhatRobertSalisbury1964calledthenewconvergenceofpowercityofficialsacrossthecountryformedsustainedmultiissueallianceswithlocalbusinessleadersaroundurbanrenewalandredevelopmentAc-cordingtourbanregimetheoriststhesuccessofpostwarredevelopmenteffortswasdeterminedmorebythestrengthandcohesivenessofsuchcoalitionsorregimesthanbytheformalpowersoflocalgovernmentStone1989StoneSanders1987Effectivegovernanceinde-velopmentpolicywasachievedwhenresourcescontrolledbygovernmentandnongovernmentalactorsmainlybusinessweredeployedaroundasharedagendaWhatmatteredmostinotherwordswasnottheformalmachineryoflocalgovernmentorlocalpoliticalinstitutionsbuttheabilityofpublicandprivateactorstounitearoundagoverningagendacommensuratewiththeresourcesattheirdisposalElkin1987Stoker1995Stone19891993Prospectswerepartic-ularlygoodwhenaresourcefulandcohesivebusinesselitewaspairedwithapoliticallypowerfulmayorsuchasDaleyofChicagoWhileafocusoninformalgoverningarrangementsinparticularthemobilizationofresourcesthroughregimebuildingexplainsmuchabouthowgoverningcapacitywascreatedinpostwarcitiesinformalarrangementsarenotthewholestoryAsSkocpol1992hasarguedpolicyoutcomesaredeterminedinpartbythefitbetweenthegoalsofpoliticallyactivegroupsandexistingpoliticalinstitutionsGoverninginstitutionsserveasstaginggroundsorrulesofthegameforpoliticalactionfavoringcertainpoliticalactorsandcoursesofactionoverothersBridges1997p14AccordingtoSkocpol1992p54TheoverallstructureofpoliticalinstitutionsprovidesaccessandleveragetosomegroupsandalliancesthusencouragingandrewardingtheireffortstoshapegovernmentpolicieswhilesimultaneouslydenyingaccessandleveragetoothergroupsandalliancesThismeansthatthedegreeofsuccessthatanypoliticallyactivegroupormovementachievesisinfluencednotjustbytheself-consciousnessandresourcemobilizationofthatsocialforceitselfIngeneralthegoverninginstitutionsofcitiesimmediatelyfollowingWorldWarIIwereill-suitedtothetaskoflarge-scaleredevelopmentUrbanrenewalandredevelopmentrequiredstrongexecutiveleadershipandcentralizedplanninganddevelopmentauthorityInmanycaseshoweverthepowersofcitygovernmentwerehighlyfragmentedPoliticalmachineswhiletypicallyindeclinewerestillasignificantpresenceinmanycitiesdispersingpoweramongwardbossesTeaford1990Eveninnonmachinecitiesthepredominanceofweak-mayorstrong-councilcitychartersleftmanymayorswithlittleexecutiveauthorityPeterson1961InbothmachineandnonmachinecitiesalikeplanninganddevelopmentfunctionswereoftencarriedoutbynumerousagencieswithlittlecoordinationamongthemGottehrer1967Mantel1970OConnor1993Salisbury1961Urbanregimetheoristsexaminingdevelopmentpoliticsinpostwarcitieshavepaidscantatten-tiontosuchinstitutionalshortcomingsHoweverthearchitectsofpostwarurbanredevelopmentwereclearlyawareofthemIncitiesacrossthecountryregimebuildingwasaccompaniedbyeffortstoreorganizecitygovernmentandcreatenewgoverninginstitutionsmoreconducivetothenewredevelopmentagendaInPhiladelphiaNewYorkStLouisBostonChicagoandelse-wherenewcitycharterscharterrevisionsandotheradministrativereformswereproposedtostrengthenandcentralizetheadministrativepowersofcitygovernmentISuchreformsfrequentlyinitiatedorchampionedbybusinessleadersandotherproponentsofredevelopmentwereop-posedbymachinepoliticianscertaincitybureaucratsandotherpoliticalactorswhostoodtobenefitfromthestatusquoThepoliticalconteststhatsurfacedovertheinstitutionalstructuresofpostwarcitiesarecon-sistentwithSkowroneks1982observationthatneworreformedgoverninginstitutionsdonotmaterializesimplybecausenewgoverningdemandsproduceaneedforthemInChicagoandothercitiesredevelopmenteffortsweremediatedthroughinstitutionalarrangementsthatbecameobjectsofstruggleintheirownrightThesuccessofpostwarregimebuilderswasdeterminedinpartbytheirabilitytocraftandsuccessfullyadvancenewinstitutionalarrangementsthatfavoredtheirobjectivesoverthoseoftheirpoliticalrivalslnChicagothefitbetweenthecitysgoverninginstitutionsandpoliticallyactivegroupsinurbanrenewalpolicyinitiallyfavoredneighborhoodorganizationscivilrightsgroupswardpoliticiansandotheropponentsofurbanrenewalpolicyallowingsuchgroupstosuccessfullyplayanobstructionistroleDuringtheRichardJDaleyadministrationhoweverchangingpoliticalconditionscreatedopportunitiesforinstitutionbuildingReworkedgoverninginstitutionswerecombinedwithDaleysinformalpowersasmachinebosstoproduceanewsetofgoverningarrangementsthatfavoredproponentsofredevelopmentTheeffectivenessofurbanrenewalpolicywasgreatlyenhancedWhilethefocusofthisstudyisonregimebuildinginpostwarChicagoChicagosurbanre-newalexperienceprovideslessonsformodern-dayreformersaswellEpisodesofregimebuildingareconceptualizedhereaspoliticallycontingentperiodsinwhichthebreakdownofoldalliancesandgoverningagendashasyettobefollowedbytheconsolidationofnewgoverningarrange-meritsTheevidencefromChicagosuggeststhatproponentsofregimechangeincontemporarycitiesshouldconsidermorecarefullytheroleofgoverninginstitutionsinregimebuildingsinceproblemsoffitbetweengoverningagendasandpoliticalinstitutionsmaysurfacewithincreasedfrequencyduringsuchepisodesIfthefitbetweenthegoalsofchange-orientedgroupsandpo-liticalinstitutionsisapooroneaswasinitiallythecaseinChicagothenthemobilizationofresourcesaccomplishedthroughregimebuildingmayneedtobeaccompaniedbyparalleleffortstobringinstitutionsinlinewithnewgoverningdemandsREGIMEBUILDINGFORURBANRENEWALFollowingWorldWarIIChicagofacedchallengessimilartothoseofothercitiesaroundthecountryMiddle-classresidentsweremovingtothesuburbsingrowingnumbersleavingbehindapopulationthatwasincreasinglypoorandnon-whiteAsemicircleofsubstandardhousingandbusinessescoveringroughly15000acresextendedoutwardseveralmilesfromthecentralbusinessdistrictMHPC1946aPropertyvalueswerefallinginmanyareasofthecityincludingdowntownChicagoFrom1939to1947theassessedvaluationofpropertyinthecentralbusinessdistrictfellfrom552millionto481millionadropof13Teaford1990p19DowntownbusinessleadersalarmedabouttheimplicationsofthesetrendsfortheircorporatepropertyholdingstooktheleadindevelopinganactionplantoaddressthegrowingcrisisThemostinfluentialbusinessorganizationatthetimewastheMetropolitanHousingandPlanningCouncilMHPCanorganizationfoundedin1934toprovidecivicleadershipinplanninganddevelopmentpolicyAlthoughofficiallygovernedbyaboardof38directorsrepresentingarangeofinterestsMHPCwasdominatedbyasmallgroupofdowntownbusinessexecutivesMeyersonBanfield1955TheorganizationspresidentFerdKramerwasalsopresidentofoneofChicagoslargestrealestatefirmsOtherprominentboardmembersincludedMiltonMumfordanassistantvice-presidentofMarshallFieldandCompanyandHolmanPettibonepresidentofChicagoTitleandTrustCompanyIn1946MHPCreleasedareportcontainingastrategyforurbanrenewalthatwouldultimatelybeembracedbybothcityandstatepolicymakersMHPC1946a2AccordingtothereportChicagosproblemsstemmedaboveallfromtheuncheckedgrowthofblightToreversethetidegovernmentwouldhavetotakestepstomakeinner-citylocationsattractiveonceagaintoprivatenvestorsMHPCproposedthatapublicagencywitheminentdomainpowersbechargedwithassemblingparcelsoflandininner-citylocationsanddemolishingexistingstructuresHirschl998Theclearedlandwouldbesoldtoprivatedevelopersatareducedcostwhileresidentsdisplacedthroughslumclearancewouldberehousedinnewpublichousingdeve1opmentsNIHPCannounceditsplansatanOctober1946luncheonwhoseguestsincludedthepublishersofthecitysmajornewspapersthepresidentsofthecityslargestbanksandtoprealestateexecutivesNeil1952DuringthefollowingmonthsMiltonMumfordHolmanPettiboneandothermembersofMHPCsinnercircleworkedwithRepublicanGovernorDwightGreenandDemocraticMayorMartinKennellytosecurebipartisansupportforstateurbanrenewallegislationHirsch1998TheseeffortsculminatedinthepassageoftwobillstheBlightedAreasRedevelopmentActandtheRelocationActinJuly1947ThebillswhichextendedeminentdomainpowerstoslumclearanceprojectsandprovidedstatefundingforslumclearanceandpublichousingsubstantiallyembodiedtheprogramforurbanrenewalunveiledbyMHPClessthanayearear1ierNIHPCseffortsreceivedaboostwiththeelectionofMartinKennellyasmayorin1947Chicagohadbeengovernedsincetheearly1930sbyapowerfulDemocraticPartymachineBytheendofWorldWarIIhoweveraseriesofscandalsimplicatingcurrentmayorEdwardKellyproducedgrowingsupportforreformBiles1984OMalley1980Inthenationalelectionsof1946halfoftheChicagoareascongressionalseatswerewonbyRepublicansOMalley1980TopreemptthegrowingreformwaveleadersofthecitysDemocraticorganizationchoseKennellyasthepartysnomineeformayorAsuccessfulbusinessexecutivewithnoprevioustiestothemachineKennellywasappealingtoreformersHoweverasthemachinescandidateformayorwithnopoliticalbaseofhisownhehadlittiepoliticalleveragetoasserthisindependencefromthepartyorganizationBiles1995Kennellywaswellknowninbusinesscirclesservingasvice-presidentoftheChicagoAsso-ciationofCommerceandIndustrychairmanoftheRedCrossfunddriveatrusteeofDePaulUniversityandamemberoftheFederalReserveBanksindustrialadvisorycommitteeBilesl995AfterassumingofficeinApril1947hequicklymadeurbanrenewalapriorityappointinga15-memberCommitteeforHousingActiontodevelopproposalsforhousingandslumclear-anceThecommitteechairedbyHolmanPettiboneandincludingfellowMHPCboardmembersFerdKramerandMiltonMumfordplayedakeyroleinthepassageofthestates1947urbanre-newallegislationHirsch1998InJuly1948GovernorGreenannouncedChicagosfirsturbanrenewalprojecttobecarriedoutunderthenewlawChicagoTribune1948GroundbreakingfortheconstructionofnewpublichousingunitsfollowedseveralyearslaterWhileprogressonurbanredevelopmentduringtheearlypostwaryearswashearteningtocivicleadersandotherproponentsofurbanrenewalproblemssoonbegantosurfaceLandassemblyslumclearanceandpublichousingconstructionwerealltakingmuchlongerthanoriginallyexpectedinsomecasesplacingthecompletionofprojectsinjeopardyThecruxoftheproblemmostcivicleadersagreedwasthefragmentationofthecitysadministrativepowerswhichposedabarriertoquickdecisiveactionUrbanrenewalpolicywasadministeredbyseveraldifferentagencieswithresponsibilitiesforslumclearanceredevelopmentpublichousingandotheractivitiesdividedamongthem3Bytheearly1950sthisstructurehadbecomeunwie1dyCoordinationwasincreasinglydifficulttoachievecreatingmanypointsatwhichsuccess[couldjbeblockedbutnoneatwhichit[couldjbeassuredMHPC1956ap3AsecondandrelatedproblemwasposedbytheweaknessoftheexecutivebranchofcitygovernmentFormallyspeakingChicagowasacouncil-governedcityCitycouncilheldthepowerofapprovalovermayoralappointmentsitprescribedthedutiesandpowersofmostcityofficersanditcouldcreatenewcitydepartmentsandagenciesatwillItalsoexercisedvariousadministrativepowersincludingpreparationofthecitybudgetawardingofcitycontractsandapprovalofzoningvariancesForurbanrenewalprojectscouncilapprovalwasrequiredfordesignationofprojectareassiteplansthetermsofsaleofcity-ownedlandtodevelopersrezoningsandstreetclosingsChicagoCityCouncil1953AcouncilmajoritycouldblockvirtuallyanyactionbythemayorBanfield1961ChicagoHomeRuleCommission1954Asacomprehensiveprogramforurbanredevelopmenturbanrenewalpolicyrequiredacity-wideperspectiveonthepartoflocalgovernmentofficialsHoweveraidermenwerefrequentlyindifferenttoplanninganddevelopmentissuesthatdidnotdirectlyconcerntheirwards4Insitu-ationswheretheirwardswereaffectedtheneedsofwardconstituentstypicallycamefirstIfanurbanrenewalorpublichousingprojectwasopposedbyasubstantialnumberofwardresidentstheaidermanrepresentingthatdistrictwaslikelytoopposeitaswellMeyersonBanfieldl955WithoutstrongexecutiveleadershipanuncooperativeaidermanorblocofaldermencouldderailplansfornewdevelopmentinthepasttheofficeofthemayorwasstrengthenedinformallythroughthefusionofpoliticalandadministrativepowerChicagoHomeRuleCommission1972PreviousmayorssuchasEdwardKellyhaddominatedcitycouncilbyformingallianceswithpartyleadersorbyservingjointlyasmayorandmachinebossMayorKennellyhoweverdistancedhimselffrommachineleadersandmadenoefforttobringcitycouncilunderhiscontrolAsheputitearlyinhistermChicagoisacounci1-governedcityIdontthinkitsafunctionofthemayortobossthealdermenquotedinSimpson2001p107WithcontroloverurbanrenewalpolicylodgedbydefaultincitycouncilcoordinatedactionwasextremelydifficulttoachieveUndertheseconditionsquestionsoffitbetweenthecitysgoverninginstitutionsandthegoalsofurbanrenewalstakeholdersbecameparamountasillustratedbythefollowingtwoexamplesChicagosfirsturbanrenewalprojectannouncedbyGovernorGreeninJuly1948wasaproposedlOO-acredevelopmentinablackneighborhoodonthecitysSouthSideHirsch1998Planscalledfortheconstructionof1400newhousingunitsonthesiteWhiletheprojectreceivedtheendorsementofMayorKennellyandstrongbackingfromthecitysbusinessleadershipitwascontroversialMorethan2000familiescurrentlylivingintheareawouldhavetoberelocatedBuck1949InadditionthedeveloperNewYorkLifeInsuranceCoinsistedontheclosureofafour-blockstretchofCottageGroveAvenueamajorSouthSidearterialthatbisectedtheprojectfootprintTheprojectquicklyencounteredorganizedoppositionResidentsoftheareaperceivedthedevelopmentasanefforttoremoveblacksfromtheSouthSideNeil1952Agroupof23propertyownersfiledsuitinfederalcourttopreventtheChicagoLandClearanceCommissiontheagencychargedwithlandassemblyforurbanrenewalfromtakingtheirhomesChicagoDefender1950WhenthateffortfailedthePropertyConservationandHumanRightsConimitteeofChicagopetitionedthefederalgovernmenttowithholdfundingfortheprojectChicagoDefender19515ResidentsofnearbywhiteneighborhoodsfearinganinfluxofdisplacedblacksalsoopposedtheprojectHirsch1998FinallytheChicagoMotorCluborganizedacampaignagainsttheclosingofCottageGroveAvenuearguingthatthestreetwasessentialtomaintaininganadequateflowoftrafficontheSouthSideNeil1952TothedismayofNewYorkLifeofficialsthevariouscityagenciesandgoverningbodieswithastakeintheprojectcouldnotcometoanagreementonhowtoproceedTheLandClearanceCommissioninitiatedeffortstogaincontroloverthe100-acresiteHowevertheChicagoPlanCommissionwasunceasinglydifficultdebatingtheclosureofCottageGroveAvenueformorethanayearbeforefinallymakingaweakrecommendationthatthestreetbevacatedMHPC1949Sturdy19506SeveralothercityagenciesincludingtheChicagoTransitAuthoritytheDepartmentofStreetsandElectricityandtheParkDistrictregisteredtheiroppositiontothestreetclosureNeil1952MeanwhileagroupofSouthSideaidermenopposedtheprojectaltogetherarguingitwouldcreateunacceptablehardshipsforcurrentresidentsoftheareaChicagoTribune1950bByspring1950NewYorkLifehadbeguntolosepatienceInalettertoMayorKenne1lycompanyvice-presidentOttoNelsonwarnedthatfataldelayandeventualfailurewillresuItifthevariousagenciesofthecitywhoareinvolvedyieldtothetemptationtocompromiseandplacateateverypointwheresomeindividualorsmallgroupisaffectedadverselyNelson1950WiththefateofthecitysfirsturbanrenewalprojecthanginginthebalanceKennellymadearareappearancebeforecitycounciltoexpresshissupportforthedevelopmentBuck1950aThefollowingmonththecouncilvoted31-12toapprovetheprojectBuck1950bInFebruaryl952nearlyfouryearsafterthedevelopmentwasfirstannouncedgroundwasfinallybrokenonthecitysfirstrenewalprojectAlthoughurbanrenewalproponentscelebratedthismilestonethelengthydelaysexperiencedbyNewYorkLifesentastrongmessagetoprivateinvestorsthaturbanrenewalinChicagounderthepresentpoliticalconditionswouldrequiretremendouspatienceinanotherwell-publicizedcasealsoillustratingtheproblemsofadministrativedecentralizationforurbanrenewalpolicyaWestSideaidermanpersuadedthePlanCommissiontoreclassifyhiswardfromablightedareatoarehabilitationareaovertheobjectionsoftheLandClearanceCommissionNewYorkTimes1950ThechangemeantthatrenewaleffortswouldhavetotakeplacethroughrehabilitationofexistingstructuresamethodpreferredbywardresidentsratherthanthroughslumclearanceThePlanCommissionsdecisionpreemptedtheeffortsoftheLandClearanceCommissionwhichwasintheprocessofsurveyingtheWestSidetodetermineitsselectionofslumclearancesitesConimissionChairmanJohnMcKinlayurgedthemayortodelayactiononthematteruntilthesurveywascompletedMcKinlay1950MHPCPresidentFerdKramerwarnedthemayorofthedevastatingeffectsof[thePlanCommissions]actionontheentireredevelopmentprogramMHPC1950aHoweverthistimeKennellydeclinedtointerveneandthecitycouncilplanningcommitteeapprovedthePlanCommissionsdecisionbya25~2voteAccordingtoa1950MHPCreportsuchactionsbythePlanCommissiontosabotagethecitysslumclearanceprogramhavediscouragedsomeofthetop-rankingplannerswhowerepersuadedtocometoChicagoonthepromisethatthingsweregoingtohappenhereDuringthepasttwoyearsnineprofessionalshavecalleditquitsandgoneelsewhereMHPC1950bp3GOVERNMENTREORGANIZATIONPHASEIBytheearly1950surbanrenewaladvocatesinChicagohadidentifiedthefragmentationofthecitysurbanrenewalpowersasaprincipalcauseofChicagossluggishredevelopmenteffortsAsonecivicgroupputitItisobviousthatChicagohastoomanyagenciesworkingondifferentsegmentsofitshousingproblemandthatthiscreatespointlessrivalriesoveralladministrativeinefficiencyexcessivecostsandpublicconfusionCitizensCommitteetoFightSlums1954p23In1951thecitycouncilCommitteeonHousingcommissionedastudyoftheorganizationandadministrationofthecitysurbanredevelopmentprogramThestudywasinitiatedbycommitteechairmanRobertMerriamareformaidermanfromHydeParkwhohadservedasMHPCsdirectorfrom1946to1947ReleasedinJuly1952thestudyreaffirmedwhatMHPCandotherurbanrenewalproponentshadbeenarguingforseveralyearsChicagosbewilderingadministrativeorganizationalstructurehadcreatedasituationinwhichallagencieslocallyinvolvedinredevelopmentandhousingoccupycompromisedpositionsPublicAdministrationService1952p10ThestudysprincipalrecommendationwasthecreationofanewcityDepartmentofRedevelopmentandHousingwhichwouldassumethedutiesoftheHousingAuthoritytheLandClearanceCommissionandseveralotherexistingurbanrenewalagenciesallofwhichwouldbeabolished?ResponsetothereportwaslessthanenthusiasticDuringthehousingcommitteesfirstdayofhearingsonthereportrepresentativesfromtheHousingAuthorityandotheraffectedagenciesrepeatedlycriticizedthestudyfindingspromptingonecommitteestaffmembertosuggestthatnongovernmentalgroupsbeinvitedtotestifyatsubsequenthearingsSiegel1952AsthisindividualobservedAslongastherecommendationofthereportinvolvesthedoingawaywithexistingagenciesandthetransferofpowerfromotherswecananticipatethattherewillbeconsiderableoppositionYetcivicgroupsrespondedcautiouslytothereportaswellInalettertothecouncilshousingcommitteethechairofMHPCsnewlyformedcommitteeonadministrativereorganizationrec-ommendedagradualapproachtoadministrativechangePois1953TheproposalwasafineplanintheorybututterlydangeroustoattemptatthistimebecauseofthecontrolcitycouncilwouldexerciseovertheproposednewdepartmentMHPC1952aTobesuccessfuladminis-trativereorganizationwouldhavetobeaccompaniedbyaparallelreformefforttostrengthentheexecutivebranchofcitygovernmentSuchaneffortwasinfactunderwayandgainingmomentumatthetimeIn1952areformgroupcallingitselftheCitizensofGreaterChicagolaunchedaninitiativetoproduceanewcitycharterforChicagoChicagoTribune1953aUndertheorganizationsproposedcharterreformbilladministrativefunctionsexercisedbycitycouncilsuchaspreparationofthecitybudgetwouldbetransferredtothemayorsofficeChicagoTribune1953bInadditionthesizeofcitycouncilwouldbereducedfrom50to15membersincludingfivememberselectedatlargeAldermenwerelargelydismissiveoftheinitiativeAsonecouncilmemberputitThisisjustareformgroupTheydontknowwhatanaidermansjobisallaboutTheyallcomefromrichwardswheretheyneverhavetogotoanaidermantogetanythingdoneChicagoTribunel953cBusinessleaderswerelargelysupportiveoftheCitizensofGreaterChicagoMHPCwhichviewedcharterreformasanecessaryprerequisiteforconsolidationofthecitysurbanrenewalagenciesquicklydevelopedapartnershipwiththeorganizationMHPC1952ab8InJune1953theMHPCBoardofGovernorsvotedtoendorsetheorganizationscharterreformbillMHPC1953DespitethebackingofthecitysbusinessleadershiphowevercharterreformfacedanuphillbattleinthestatelegislatureOppositiontothebillfromChicagoDemocraticlegislatorswouldhavetobeoffsetbystrongsupportfromdownstateRepub1icans9Republicansupportfailedtomaterializehoweverandthebillwasdefeatedinthestatesenatebyavoteof18to12ChicagoDemocratsreportedlyvotedforanumberofdownstatebillsinexchangeforpromisesfromRepublicanlegislatorstoopposecharterreformByoneaccountroughlyhalfthedownstateRepublicandelegationeithersatsilentorwalkedoutofthesenatechamberjustbeforetherollcallHoward1953WhilecharterreformwasbeingdebatedMayorKennellytookstepsofhisowntoreorganizecitygovernmentConcernedthattheCitizensofGreaterChicagowasmovingtoorapidlyinitseffortstoobtainanewcharterforthecityKennellyappointeda15-memberHomeRuleCom-missiontostudytheorganizationofcitygovernmentandproviderecommendationsforreformChicagoTribune1953flOThecommissionchairedbyChicagoAssociationofCommerceandlndustrydirectorLeverettLyonissueditsfindingsina415reportreleasedinSeptemberl954ChicagoHomeRuleCommission1954ThereportsrecommendationsforgovernmentreorganizationweresimilartothoseoftheCitizensofGreaterChicagoch
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