写作1-模考二模c2英语

★启用管理类专业联考英语试卷【C22B铅笔填涂在答题卡上，其它笔填涂的或做在试卷或其它类型答 听课证号太奇2016年管理类专 联英语（二）SectionIUseofDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ForeachnumberedblanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andD.ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET.(10Overthepastdecades,obesityhas eaglobalepidemicthataffectedthelivesandhealthofmillionsofpeople.Overhalftheadultpopulationarenowoverweightinmajorcountries,andtheobesityrateis1sharplyforadultsandchildrenalike.Ofparticular2ischildhoodobesity.Thefewstudies3amongAustralianchildrensuggestthattheobesityratehasdoubledinrecentyears.The4humanandsocialcostisimmense.Infinancialterms,thehealthcostsofobesityanditsmanyrelateddiseaseshavebeenestimatedtobesome$830millionayearinAustralia.An5$500millionisspentonweightreductionprograms.However,suchstatisticscannot6theeffectsofobesity,betheymoderateorserious,7thequalityoflifeandtheimpactofprematuredeaths8withobesity.Whenitcomestothistrend,bothmediareportsandmanyscientificarticleshavesimplifiedthecauses,often9themtoacombinationoffastfood,increasingcarownershipanda10lifestyleinfrontofTVorcomputermonitors.Inthemedia,11,obesityistypicallycharacterizedasaneatingdisorderoronlyanindividualproblem.Similarly,somescientificarticlesfocusentirelyonover-eatingand12ofexercise.13,suchgeneralizationsareoftenbackedbyfewproveddata.Somestudieshavefoundthatchildrenobesityis14relatedtothehoursofevisionviewed,butotherstudieshavefailedtoestablishsucha15.What’smore,theseobservations16theeconomicandsocial17forces18thechangesindietandlifestyle,andtheintensepressurescausedbyincreasingworkinghoursand19livingstandardsforthemajorityofworkingpeople.Ingeneral,suchsimplisticapproachestendto20theunderlyingsocialcauses.1.A.B.C.D.2.A.B.C.D.3.A.B.C.D.4.A.B.C.D.5.A.B.C.D.6.A.B.C.D.7.A.B.C.D.8.A.B.C.D.9.A.B.C.D.10.A.B.C.D.11.A.B.C.forD.12.A.B.C.D.13.A.B.C.D.14.A.B.C.D.15.A.B.C.D.16.A.B.C.D.17.A.B.C.D.18.A.B.C.D.19.A.B.C.D.20.A.B.C.D.SectionIIReadingPartDirections:Readthefollowingpassages.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachpassagebychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(40points)BarackObamaproposedonJune2tocutCO2emissionsfrompowerplants.Powerstationsarethesinglebiggestsourceofgreenhouse-gasemissionsinAmerica,accountingforathirdofthetotal.Theplantocutthemby30%fromtheir2005levelby2030isthebiggeststepanAmericanhastakentocurbclimatechangeforseveraldecades.TheplanhasbeengreetedinAmericawithwildpartisanship(党派性意见).Theleftesitasadecisivestepawayfromfossilfuels.TherightcondemnsitasanewtaxAmericancompaniesandconsumers,negating(否认)anybenefittotheclimate.Bothviewsareexaggerated.Thetruthisthattheproposalwon'tsavetheplanet,butitwillbringaboutsmallimprovementsthatareworthhaving.Assumingtheplaniscarriedout,itwouldreducetotalAmericancarbonemissionsbyaround5%.Thatisalotforonemeasure,thoughtinycomparedwiththeoverallcutsrequiredtoreininclimatechange.Americanpowerplantshavealreadyreducedtheiremissionsby15%since2005,sorequiringthemtocutthesameamountoveralongerperiodisnottooarduous.Theplanwillraiseelectricitypricesandkillsomejobs,butitwillalsosavelives,mostimmediaybycuttingparticulatepollution.Itisfarfromthebestpolicy.Ideally,Congresswouldhavepassedacarbontaxorcreatedacarbonmarket,puttingapriceonemissionsandlettingbuyersandsellersdecideonthecheapestwaytoreducethem.Instead,theernmentislingaparticularsectorhowmuchtocutandwhen—andthenaddinglayersofcomplexitybyallowingdifferentstatesdifferentceilings.ButitbecameinevitableonceCongressrejectedabetterapproach—cap-and-tradelegislation—duringMrObama'sfirstterm.Thecurrentapproachisatleastbetterthannothing,themostlikelyalternative.Inclimatepolicy,delayisrarelygood.Themorecarbonisintheatmosphere,themoreexpensiveitistocutbackandthemoredamageitdoesintheme Anyway,MrObama'scommand-and-controlapproachdoesnotforestallsettingupacarbonmarketlater.Thesecond-bestapproachismoreexpensivebutnotdramaticallyworsethanthebestwouldhavebeen.Powerplantsandelectricityconsumerswouldbearthemainburdeneitherway.Andtheplan'sbenefits(over$50billionaccordingtotheadministration,mostlyfromimprovingpeople'shealth)stilloutweighitscosts.OneproblemisthatthecostsareallincurredinAmericawhereasmanyofthebenefitsarespreadroundtheworld.WhichofthefollowingaboutObama’sproposalisItaimstocutAmericantotalcarbonemissionsbyIthasbeen edbytheAmericanItwillbeofgreathelptocombatingclimateItrepresentsagreatefforttocombatclimateTheword“arduous”(Line5,Para.3)isclosestinmeaning A. B. C. D.Accordingtoparagraphs4and5,thebestwaytocutemissionsis establishacarboncutemissionsfrompowerplantsallocatedifferentcarbonceilingstodifferentTheauthorholdsthatObama’snew isharmfultoAmericabutbeneficialtotheissatisfyingdespiteitscomparativelyhighneedstobefurtherdesignedandmayprovetobethebestpolicyforWhatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsObama’snewA. B. C. D.Imagineascenethatyouwakeupandfindthevalueofyourassetshasbeenhalved.No,you’renotaninvestorinoneofthosehedgefunds()thatfailedcompley.Withthedollarslumtoa26-yearlowagainstthepound,already-expensiveLondonhas equiteunaffordable.AcoffeeatStarbucks,justasunavoidableinEnglandasitisintheUnitedrunsTheonceall-powerfuldollarisn’t ngaTitanicagainstjustthepound.Itissittingatarecordlowagainsttheeuroandata30-yearlowagainsttheCanadiandollar.EventheArgentinepesoandBrazilianrealarethrivingagainstthedollar.Theweakdollarisasourceofhumiliation(屈辱)，foranation’sself-esteemrestsinpartonthestrengthofitscurrency.It’salsoapotentialeconomicproblem,sinceadecliningdollarmakesimportedfoodmoreexpensiveandexertsupwardpressureoninterestrates.AndyettherearesubstantialsectorsofthevastU.S.economy―fromgiantcompanieslikeCoca-Colatomom-and-poprestaurantoperatorsinMiami―forwhichtheweakdollarismostexcellentnews.ManyEuropeansmayviewtheU.S.asanarrogantsuperpowerthathas ehostiletoforeigners.ButnothingmakespeoplethinkmorewarmlyoftheU.S.thanaweakdollar.ThroughApril,thetotalnumberofvisitorsfromabroadwasup6.8percentfromlastyear.Shouldthetrendcontinue,thenumberoftouriststhisyearwillfinallytopthe2000peak.ManyEuropeansnowapparentlyviewtheU.S.thewaymanyAmericansviewMexico―asacheapplacetovacation,shopandparty,allwhileignoringthefactthatthepoorerlocalscan'taffordtojointhemerrymaking.Themoneytouristsspendhelpsdecreaseourchronictradedeficit.Sodoexports,which,thanksinparttotheweakdollar,soared11percentbetweenMay2006andMay2007.Forfirstfivemonthsof2007,thetradedeficitactuallyfell7percentfrom2006.IfyouownsharesinlargeAmericancorporations,you’reawinnerintheweak-dollargamble.LastweekCoca-Cola’sstockbubbledtoafive-yearhighafteritreportedafantasticquarter.Foreignsalesaccountedfor65percentofCoke’sbeveragebusiness.OtherAmericancompaniesprofitingfromthistrendincludeMcDonald’sandIBM.Americantourists,however,shouldn’texpectanyreliefsoon.Thedollarloststrengththewaymanymarriagesbreakup―slowly,andthenallatonce.Andcurrenciesdon’tturnonadime.Soifyouwanttoavoidthepaininflictedbytheincreasinglypatheticdollar,cancelthatsummervacationtoEnglandandlooktoNewEngland.There,thedollarisstilltreatedwithalittleAmericansfeelhumiliatedin TheireconomyisslumTheircurrencyhasTheycan’taffordtripstoTheyhavelosthalfoftheirHowdoesthecurrentdollaraffectthelifeofordinaryTheyhavetocanceltheirvacationsinNewTheyfinditunaffordabletodineinmom-and-popTheyhavetospendmoremoneywhenbuyingimportedTheymightlosetheirjobsduetopotentialeconomicHowdomanyEuropeansfeelabouttheU.S.withthedevaluedTheyfeelscornfulofTheyaresympatheticwithTheyregarditasasuperpowerontheTheythinkofitasagoodtouristTheauthor’sadvicetoAmericansis TheytreatthedollarwithalittleTheytrytowinintheweak-dollarTheyvacationathomeratherthanTheytreasuretheirmarriagesalltheBysaying“currenciesdon’tturnonadime”(Line2,Para.7),theauthor Thedollar’svaluewillnotincreaseintheshortThevalueofadollarwillnotbereducedtoaThedollar’svaluewilldrop,butwithinasmallFewAmericanswillchangedollarsintootherTheInternetisoneofhumanity’sgreatesttechnicaladvances.Yetcomparedtogreattechnologicalinventionsofthepast,itisalsoacolossaleconomicdisappointment.Thetechnologiesofthepasthadmassivenewjobcreationeffectsthatswampeddisplacementeffects.Considerthestoryoftheinternalcombustionengine.Notonlydiditcreatetheautomotiveindustry,butHenryFordshockedtheindustrialworldwhenhedoubledthepayofassemblylineworkersto$5aday.Fordreasonedthatahigher-paidworkforcewouldbeabletobuymorecarsandthuswouldgrowhisbusiness.Othersfollowedsuit.Ford’sactionhelpedtocreatethemiddleclass.Automotivecompaniesalsocreatedalargedemandforotherproductsandservicesthatemployedmillionsmore—steel,autodealers,gasstations,etc.TodatetheInternethasbeenmuchmoreeffectiveateliminatingjobsthancreatingnewones.Amazon’sextremelyefficientdistributionsystemreplacesretailstoresandtheiremployees.Theirwarehousesuserobotsinsteadofworkers.Thosehighlypaidyoungcodersareaselectfew.Theyarealsoasymptomofsomethingmoreinsidious:TheInternetissoefficientthatitcan ecompanieswithfewemployees.Theprevailingeconomicwisdomisthatnewtechnologieswillcreatenewopportunitiesthatwilloffsettheeffectsofdisplacement.Wecontinuallyusetheexperiencesofthepasttosupportourhopesaboutthefuture.Buttheexperiencesofthepasttookplaceinthephysicalworld.Ourfuturewillbeincreasinglyplayedoutinavirtualone.GiventhattheInternetisn’tturningouttobethejobcreationengineofthefutureweallhopedfor,wehadbettergettoworkonsearchingforandimplementingpoliciesthatwilloffsettheInternet’sdisplacementeffects.Tostartwith,thosepoliciesmustbeimplementedwiththeInternet’sefficiencyinmind.Raisingtheminimumwage,forinstance,playsstraightintothehandsoftheInternetefficiencyengine.Raisingtheminimumwagewilljustdriveemployerstousemachinestoreplacepeople.Anearned etaxcreditisabetterapproach.Loidworkersgetthebenefitoftransferpaymentsandemployerswhowillnotpayhigherwageswillfeellesspressuretoautomate.Investingininfrastructureisanexcellentwaytocreatejobsbutsuchinfrastructureshouldbecompatiblewithanincreasinglyvirtualworld.Yes,weshouldfixtheroads,butasmoreandmorepeopleworkfromhome,asmoreandmoreofwhatwepurchasegetsdeliveredtoourdoorstep,asmoreandmoreofusgoouttothemoviesinourlivingrooms,andashighwaycongestiongrows,thechancesarethatmoreandmoreofuswilluseourcarsless.ThestoryoftheInternetcombustionengineshowsthatgreatinventionsmay edifferencesamongproduceoverwhelmingdisplacementachievemassivejobcreationstrengthencross-industryItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3thatthe facilitiesthegoodsdistributionoftraditionaleliminatesworkpositionsacrossawiderangeofbrings eincreasestocreatesadvantagesforcompanieswithfewerIntheauthor’sopinion,theprevailingeconomic providesausefulguidanceforthefuturecanbeusedtohelpcreatenewemploymentoverlooksthevaluableexperiencesinthephysicalfailstotakethefeatureofthevirtualworldintoWhichofthefollowingisregardedasthemosteffectivepolicyfortheRaisingtheminimumImplementingan etaxInvestinginhighwaysandImprovingmechanizationandautomationWhichofthefollowingisthebesttitlefortheTraditionalIndustries:TransformedbytheTheInternet:acolossalEconomicTheJobMarket:aBleakProspectLoomsGreatInventions:bothBlessingsandOneofthemostbasicideasineconomicsisthatwhenyouchargemoreforsomething,peoplegenerallyuselessofit.Sowhenwefindourselvesshortofsomethingessentialsay,wateritmakessensetoletpricesriseenoughtoencourageconservation.Manycommunitiesindrypartsofthecountryuseasystemcalledtieredpricingtoencourageresidentsandbusinessestosavewater.Undertieredpricing,thefirstfewgallonsofwaterarerelativelycheap;thenextfewgallonscostmoreandsoon.Tieredpricingsystemssavewaterwhilegivingeachuserthefreedomtouseasmuchasheorshewants.Tieredpricingworks:Onestudyfoundthatitledtoa15%reductioniagehouseholdwaterusage.Tieredpricingispopular;abouttwo-thirdsofCaliforniawatersystemsusethem.Theonlyproblemisthattieredpricingnowseemstobeillegal,atleastinCalifornia.AnappealscourtinOrangeCountyruledlastweekthattieredpricingviolatestheCaliforniaConstitution.In1996,CaliforniapassedanamendmentcalledProposition218,whichsaysthatmunicipalities(市政)can’tchargefeesforservicesthatexceedwhatitcoststodelivertheThecourt’srulingimplicitlyreinforcesanobsoleteandmisguidedideathatthereisasingle,fixedcosttodeliverwater.Ofcoursethereisaagecostforwaterforanydistrict;youcouldfigurethatoutsimplybydividingthetotalamountofwaterdeliveredbythetotalcosttooperateallthewells,dams,purificationplantsandsoforth.Butthatisprettymuchirrelevantintherealworld.Whatmattersisthemarginalcostofwater:thepricefortheverylastgallonofwaterthommunityneeds.InSanDiegoCounty,forexample,amassivedesalinationplantisbeingbuilttodeliver7%ofthecounty’sdrinkingwaterbytakingthesaltoutofseawater.Thisplantwillcostmorethanabilliondollarstobuild,anditneeds38megawattsofelectricitycontinuouslytooperate.Althoughitisobviousthatthemarginalgallonofwaterisquiteexpensive,itismuchlessobviouswhichusershouldpaythehighermarginalcost.Anyattempttonaildownexactlywhoisusingthatexpensivemarginalgallonofwaterwillinevitablybearbitrary.That’stheproblemwiththecourt’sruling.Thecourtasksthatwaterprovidersjustifytheirratesinrigorouscostysisonaparcel-by-parcelandgallon-by-gallonbasis.Thisrequestisfundamentallyinfeasible.Itwillleadtoendlesslitigationandacrimonyasneighborfightsneighboroverwhoisusingthescarceandexpensiveincrementalgallonsandwhoisusingthecheapstuff.Thismaymakelawyersrich,butitwon’tgetCalifornianstoAccordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,undertiered itismorecosteffectivewhenresidentsusemoregallonsofthepriceisfixednomatterhowmuchwaterresidentsresidentswillautomaticallyreducetheirconsumptionofresidentsaredeprivedofthefreedomtouseasmuchaswaterastheyTheappealscourtinOrangeCountyholds Proposition218violatestheCaliforniaheavierwaterusersshouldbechargedhigherwaterfeescharged ernmentmaynotexceedthecostofthethereshouldbeasinglefixedchargeforprovidingacertainTheexampleofSanDiegoCountyisusedtoshow manydistrictsarebeingchallengedbydrinkingwateritisextremelyhardtobuildamassivedesalinationaveragecostforwatervariesfromdistricttothemarginalcostofwaterisquiteWhichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtoParagraphItshouldbeclearlystatedwhopaysforthemarginalcostofItisrightforthecourttoruletieredpricingasProvidersshouldjustifytheirratesinrigorous Thecourt’srulingisofnohelptowaterWhatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsthecourt’sA. B. C. D.PartDirections:ReadthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubtitlefromthelistA-Gforeachnumberedparagraph(41-45).Therearetwoextrasubtitleswhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)PlanforthefinancialExamineyourinvestmentHowanIRASaveforyourInvestto umSetaretirementsavingsReviewyourownretirementTakeTimetoReviewYourRetirementGamePlan.Onemonthintothenewyear,it'stimetocheckinonyourpromisestoyourselftostartsavingmoreforretirement.Fully70percentofAmericansareconcernedaboutnothavingenoughmoneyforacomfortableretirement,arecentFidelityInvestmentsstudyfound.Herearestrategiestoboostyourretirementsavingsin2007."Payyourselffirst,andfindwaystoinvestautomatically,"saysHeatherDzielakofLincolnFinancialGroup."Getinthedisciplineofsettingasidemoneyforyourretirement."ManycompanieswillletyouautomaticallydepositpartofyourpaycheckintosavingsorinvestmentMostAmericansarecountingonindividualretirementaccounts(IRA)tohelpfundtheirretirement.Butasof2004,only29percentoffamiliesownedanIRAorKeogh,withamedianvalueof$30,000,accordingtotheEmployeeBenefitResearchInstitute(EBRI).Thedeadlineformakinga2006contributiontoatax-advantagedIRAisApril17,thedateyourfederaltaxreturnisdue.Besuretocontributeenoughtogetyouremployer'sfullmatch."Thewaytoreallydowell,"saysEdSlott,authorofYourCompleteRetirementPlanning,“istokeepputtingmoremoneyinasmuchasyoucan.ItrytofundalltheretirementaccountsIcantothemax."Youshouldalsoaccountforall401(k)plansyou'vehadatpreviousemployersandconsolidatetheminyourcurrentemployer'splanortransferthemintoarolloverIRA,saysDallasSalisbury,.Rollinga401(k)overintoanIRAallowsyoutoavoidmostfeesand.Only4in10workershaveactuallycalculatedhowmuchtheyneedtosaveforretirement,accordingtoEBRI.Andmanyofthosecreatedtheirownestimateorguessed.It'sagoodideatositdownwithafinancialadviseroruseanonlinecalculatororretirementworksheet.Youshouldreviewyourretirementaccountsannuallytomakesureyouaregettingagoodreturnonyourinvestments."Overthelongterm,diversifiedstocksandbondsshouldreturnyou7percent,"saysJonathanPond,theauthorofYouCant!TheBoomer'sGuidetoaGreatRetirement."Theaverageinvestormakesabout4percent."Pond mendsconstructingadiversifiedportfolioandregularlymonitoringit.You'llneedaplantoconvertretirementsavingsintoastreamof e."It'sthe