启航2018考研英语语法长难句讲义初级入门版

“理解”长难句内容的意义所提炼长句的语法主提炼长句的重要逻Indeed,stabilityofthebiologicalclock'speriodisoneofitsmajorfeatures,evenwhentheorganism'senvironmentissubjectedtoconsiderablechangesinfactors,suchastemperature,thatwouldbeexpectedtoaffectbiologicalactivitystrongly.Super-highscoreslikeVosSavant’saenolongerposs，becauescoringisnowbasedonastatisticalpopulationdistributionamongagepeers，ratherthansimplydingthementalagebythechronologicalageandmultiplyingby100.快速提炼单句内容，总结句间关系Johnsonwasapoetandcriticwhoraisedcommonsensetotheheightsofgenius.Hisapproachtotheproblemsthathadworriedwritersthroughoutthelateseventeenthandearlyeighteenthcenturieswasintenselypractical.Upuntilhistime,thetaskofproducingadictionaryonsuchalargescalehadseemedimpossiblewithouttheestablishmentofanacademytomakedecisionsaboutrightandwrongusage.Johnsondecidedhedidnotneedanacademytosettleargumentsaboutlanguage;hewouldwriteadictionaryhimself.简单主语补相同点都需要跟及物动词双宾语通常都是一个人+askmea借助介词 Awardsbsth=awardsthtosb借助介词forBooksbsth=booksthforsb既可以用to也可以用for,含义没有区别Bringmetoday’snewspaper=bringtoday’snewspaperto/formeHeplayedustherecordhejustboughtto,也不需要forIfindHKashopparadise/agoodplacefor定MydaughterBabydaughter121233.

Thebookonthetableisusefulforthestudents.（onthetable为介词性短语做后置定语限定thebrothe.Thecomputerpreparedforthegameisontheway.（preparedforthegametheThemanisthefirsttocometothemeetin.tocometothemeeting为非谓语短语做后置定语限定theThebookwhichisusefulforthestudentsisontheThebookwhichisonthetableisusefulfortheThemanwhoiswalkingonthestreetismyThecomputerwhichispreparedforthegameisontheThemanisthefirst(one)whocomestothe状理方式非常简单，直接将状语部分和主句开，各自理解即可，因为哪怕不看状语，也不会影响对主副词做状语主要是对谓语的程度进行解释，绝大部分情况下这类状语不用理解。例如Iloveyou和Iloveyoudeeplydeeply之后方向性不会出现变化，“我还是爱你”。除非成no/not进行理解即可。Tenyearsago,ImovedtoChinaIntheairport,ImethimForthechampion,Icooperatewith在名词的后面，时候非谓语短语做状语是和主句用逗号开眼非常好识别，这种情况下，Havinghadaquarrelwithhiswifehelefthomewithabadtemper.（Havinghadaquarrelwithhiswife为分词Inhibitedinonedirection,itnowseemsthattheMississippiisabouttotake（Inhibitedinonedirection为分词短语做状语简单句中的特殊句倒装全部倒装部分倒装HerearesomelettersforyousomelettersarehereforyouTheoldmanlivesinthecityInthecitylivestheoldTheoldwomanlivesinthesuburbanInthesuburbanlivestheoldNowcomesyourThencameanewdevelopmentthathasfar-reachingOnceuponatime,therelivesa ongtheOntheplaygroundstandsaboyStandingontheplaygroundisaboyAddingtoawoman’sincreaseddoseofstresschemicals,areherincreasedopportunitiesforstress。Awoman’sincreased“opportunities”forstressareaddingtoherincreaseddoseofstress否定词在句Ineversmokeneversmoke常见的否定【例句】：InnocountryotherthanBritainithadbeensaid,canoneexperiencefourseasonsinthecourseofasingleday倒装还原IthadbeensaidthatonecanexperiencefourseasonsinthecourseofasingledayinnocountryotherthanOnly在句首OnlyyoucanOnlyinthiswaycanwesolvethe（inthisway是onlycan提前NotNotuntilLiMingenteredtheuniversitydidherealizedtheimportanceoftime（直到了大学才Onlyafterhehadspokenouttheworddidherealizehehadmadeabigmistake（他说出口之后才自SoSofastdidIrunthatIcaughtupwiththetrain.记住，sothat...结构的so部分是需要倒装的，that后面的语序是正常的Solouddidhespeakthatpeopleinthenextroomcouldhearhim.（他说话声音如此之大以至于隔壁的人都能Soarrogantwashethatheseldomlistenedtoanyadvice.（他如此之自负，很少听从别人的意见As/though引起让步状语从句的倒装常【例句1】：Oldasmymotheris,shekeepstudiesthenewcomputersystem.（虽然我年纪已经很大了，2】：Childasheisheknowssomethingaboutthenewcomputersystem（虽然他还是个孩子，他已1】：HardasItried,Icouldnotusethenewcomputersystem.（虽然我在努力着，但是我还是不会1】：TryasImightIcouldnotusethenewcomputersystem.（虽然我在努力尝试着，但是我还是不so引导的倒装Heisastudent，soisshe.（他是个学生，她也是个学生1】：Unhappyparentsrarelyareprovokedtowonderiftheyshouldn'thavehadkids.（父母不开心时rarely和shouldn’t都是否定内容，但是如果将其相互抵消，句意变成了“父母不开心时会去思考他们是不【例句】：Itisnot monforstudentstohaveagoodrelationshipwiththeirteachers.（学生和老师间通【例句】：Icannotwinthecompetitionwithoutyourhelp.（有了你的帮助才让我赢得比赛注意，thereisnodoubt后面再出现否定时，不能和no相互抵消，因为no+doubtIcouldnotagreeanymore Amancanneverhavetoomanyties一个有再多的领带也不为Amothercanneverbepatientenoughtoherchild三 1】：Idon’tthinkyouareright（我认为你是不对的特殊句型第三类（强调句型Do/does/did+【例句】：Idoloveyou（的爱你Thevery+n/only/just等adj或者adv⒋what【例句】：Littledopeopletakeintoaccounttheseriousnessofthisproblem.（人们都没有问题的严重【例句】：Nothingismoreimportantthantolearnfromthepast.（懂得从过去吸收经验是最重要的Itiswas被强调部份thatwho【例句】：Itisstabilitythatdestroyspeople’sambitionandbarricadespeople’ssteps.（稳定和安逸会摧垮人并列句（并列句基本结构【例证】：TheywerehappyandtheydeservedtheirhappinessHoneyissweet,butthebeestings特殊：【例证】：Heavycloudsroseslowlyfromthehorizon;thunderdrummedinthedistanceHeknockedatthedooragainandagain:therewasnoanswer notonly...but(also), aswellas1】：ThesemiaridlandsborderingthedesertsexistinadelicateecologicalbalanceandarelimitedtheirpotentialtoadjusttoincreasedenvironmentalQ：Theword“delicate”inthepassageisclosestinmeaning Predictable 【解析】：本句存在并列结构，delicatedelicate的后半部分是偏的信息（后半句暗指适应不了这种环境压力），所以前半部分也是偏贬义的，只有delicate这个词表贬义才能使得并列结构成立。选项中只有A明确为贬义信息。见）；逻辑上与前文保持并列（但是重点在转折上，作者会就转折所在内容展开）；逻辑上对前解 1Notwocometseverlookidentical,buttheyhavebasicfeaturesincommon,oneofthemostobviousofwhichisacoma.Q：Theword“identical”isclosestinmeaningtowhichofequallyexactlyneareachidentical的，此处翻译成相同是符合转折的前后大意相反的要求的，所以选项B是正确的。 Ifnosurplusisavailable,afarmercannotbeself-sufficient.Hemusteithersellsomeofhispropertyor extrafundsintheformofloans（2000） B. 选择两个措施。eithersellsomeofhispropertyor48extrafunds应该是同向关系，前半句是“EitherEntergyneverreallyintendedtolivebythosecommitments,oritsimplydidn’tforeseewhatwouldhappennext.（2012年阅读text2）翻译：要么Entergy 从来没想过要实现其承诺，要么Entergy Itistheirreductiontocommercialpractice,eitherthroughnecessityordedication,orthroughtheavailabilityofnewtechnologythatmakesnewsandmoney.（1993年text3Q45）Fromthepassagewelearn aninventionwillnotbenefittheinventorunlessitisreducedtocommercialpractice（productsareactuallyinventionswhichweremadealongtimeago（itismuchcheapertobuyanoldpatentthananewone（ patentexpertsoften mendpatentstoothersbyconductingasearchthroughdeadpatents（【解析】：本题了文章最后一段的第二句内容（具体的定位过程就省略了）。可以看出原句中存在tocommercialpracticethatmakesnewsandmoney大意是将专业转变成（reductionto）商业实践才能让他们挣钱。最终的并不是这个单句的选择部分（选择并没有给出唯一的确定的观点），而是了主句部分。正确选项Aunlessitisreducedtocommercialpractice对应原文的Itistheirreductiontocommercialpractice，benefittheinventor对应原文的thatmakesnewsandmoney。用for等连接词直接因果显得过于明显，不利于提高考题难度，所以直接这个结构的情况并不常见因果连词：for【例证】：Noneoftheserequirementsshoulddeterlargeretailersfromtryingtheirhand,forthosethatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropestandtoreapconsiderablegains（2010年阅读partB）前半句比较好理解，后半句从【例证1】：AllIhavetostogotomyCDshelf,orbootupmycomputeranddownloadstillmore年And之后是downloadstillmorerecordedmusicbootupmycomputergotomyCDshelf结构一致，因此这三者是并列结ootup和download之前省略了to。完整结构：AllIhavetostogotomyCDshelf,ortobootupmycomputerandtodownloadstillmorerecordedmusicfromTunes.2】：Formerly,toopictureshadgivenhimconsiderableandmusicverygreat,delight.（2008）本句主句是pictureshadgivenhimconsiderable,andmusicverygreat,delight。Andmusicverygreat,完整结构Formerly,toopictureshadgivenhimconsiderabledelightandmusichadgivenhimverygreat,delight.主从复合 【例句】：ThattheyweretwinsisterwasclearfromtheirfacialresemblancebetweenthemThattheyweretwinsister（她们是双胞胎姐妹）充当整个单句的主语从句，引导词是that。Whoevervisitmynewapartment 般不会对考生造成太大的阅读。在写作中，需要特别注意以下两件事情：主语从句的引导词that不能省略为何会出现这种it做形式主语的情况？其主要原因是，当主语从句的过长的时候，为了保持整个句子的Itisnotknownyetwhethertheteacherwillcome本句中itwhether所引导的从句whethertheteacherwillcometoday。将句子还原之后，应该是whethertheteacherwillcometodayisnotknownyet.【例证】：Itwasthewhalethathehadseenbeneaththe本句将itwas...that...去掉之后，经过语序的调整，变成hehadseenthewhalebeneaththesea，本身是一个【例证】：ItisaindisputablefactthatChinahasenjoyedahigheconomicgrowthduringthepast20ThatChinahasenjoyedahigheconomicgrowthduringthepast20yearsisaindisputablefact。之所以用it这个结构，就是因为主语从句太长，放在句首会破坏掉句子的平衡性。语从句相对的比例就比较低。而翻译中，考生只要稍微注意两个句法的不同即可，并不会对翻译的宾语从句/表语从都是非常简单的，在翻译的过程中只需要进行由左往右的直译就可以了。从阅读的角度上说，如果1则引导词是that；122】：Idon'tdoubtthatheisthebestchoiceforthetask（我相信他是完成任务的最佳人选）如果谓语动词是wonder，后面引导从句的引导词用if而不是whether。2【例句】：Iwonderifitisthebestsolutiontothecurrentproblem（我很好奇这是不是当前问题的最佳解决同位语从例句：Theywereallverymuchworriedoverthefactthatyouwereindeepfinancial本句中由that引导的同位语从句thatyouwereindeepfinancialcrisis（你处于严重的经济之中）与主句的thefact是同位关系。【例句】：Thequestionwhoshouldcompletethetaskrequirescarefulthat（被省略了）whoshouldcompletethetask（谁应该完整这个任务）与主句主语thequestion是同位关系。communicationschoiceshavealsoincreasedtheriskthatpassionateconsumerswillvoicetheiropinionsinquicker，morevisible，andmuoredamagingways.本句中thathaveprovidedmarketerswithmore（andmorediverse）communicationschoices（为市场人员提供了种类的交流选择的技术）是对technologicalchanges做进一步解释的定语从句，that在consumerswillvoicetheiropinionsinquicker，morevisible，andmuoredamagingways（那些激动的消费者会用更快，更透明，更有破坏力的方式说出他们的看法）是由that所引导的同位语从句，其先行词therisk。观察很明显发现thattherisk本身带有贬句开各自做理解即可。2】：IcomehereeveryweeksinceIwasachildtoseemygrandparents.（我从小就每周都来看3】：she’sfartoobusyifImaysayso（恕我直言，她实在是太忙了），条件状语从句放在句尾。4】：Youshouldstaywhereyouare（你应该原地待着别动），wherestay的淆，或者是目的状语从句和结果状语从句），在阅读这个版块，只要能识别出“此处为状语从句”并时间状语从句从属连词 assoon 1】：Asthetwilightwasbeginningtofade,weheardthesoundofacarriage（马。【解析】：Asthetwilightwasbeginningtofade【例2】：onceyou’vefinished,youcantakeagoodsleep（【解析】：onceyou’vefinished在此处是一个时间状语从句，而非条件状语从句，但是无论是哪一种状【例3】：Iwilllethimknowwhenhecomeshomelater（【解析】：whenhecomeshomelater是比较常见的由when【例1】：AsIwasgoingout,itbegantorain.（【解析】：本句中由as引导状语从句，强调两个动作紧接着发生，不是强调开始下雨的特定时间，因此用as而不是when【例2】：Asspringwarmsthegoodearth,allflowersbegintobloom.（【解析】：本句中由as引导时间状语从句，意思是随着...，同样不能用when【例句1】：Whenhewas nghis ,heheardthedoorbellring（敲解析】：本句由whenas也可以表示特定时间，因此本句同样可以用as替代。因此可知，大部分由when引导的时间状语从句，也是可以用as来替换的，反之则不行，由as所引导的时间状语从句，不一定能由when来替代。和as不同的是，while虽然也是表示同一时间，但是它不是对应单一时间点，而是对应一段时间。同样是Whenhewasnghis,heheardthedoorbellring，如果将when换成while，则翻译上存在区【解析】：本句是由directly（表时间的副词）引起的时间状语从句，directly等同于assoon【例2】：we'lllaunchthemissiontheminuteyou’reready.（【解析】：本句是由theminute引起的时间状语从句theminuteyou’reready.相类似的短语还有themoment/theday/thetime/everytime地点状语从句 【例1】：Cornflourishesbestwherethegroundisfully-fertilized（【例2Hewouldlivewithhisbrotherwhereverhelived（【解析】：本句由where【例句】：Avoidbuildingstructuresofthiskindwhereverpossible.（引导词有 nowbecausewhy的疑问句，并且可以和强调词only/just以及否定词not1】：Youshouldn’tblameyourselfjustbecauseothersarenotashappyasyouexpected.（because引导了原因状语从句，just与because连用可以强调“不要为了他人没那么开心而自2】：BecausetheymakemoremoneythanIdo,theythinkthey’resomuchsuperior.（【例句】：ItwasbecauseIdesiredmorewealththatIchoseadifferentpath.（相对于because，as/since连接的原因状语从句的语气都要弱很多，as相对偏口语化，而且一般不可以与1】：Hestoodupallthetimeasalltheseatswereoccupied.（【解析】：本句由as【例2】：Sinceyou’vemadethedecision,Iwillfollowyou.（since引起原因状语从句，since在引起原因状语从句时，经常翻译成“既然”，没有太在考研阅读理解中，对于因果关系的非常的复杂，经常题干出现why/forwhatreason/because，since/as/because这类比较明显的原因状语，真正的原因都是藏在有变化的表达方式中（and/but表因果等等），这部分我们会在后面的章节中具体讨论。首先需要知道，很多1】：Itisstillinamazinglyexcellentconditionconsideringthatitwasbuiltover1000yearsago.（【解析】：本句由consideringthat引起原因状语从句，正是因为建筑超过1000年了，所以它还保存2】：Thisisnotasuitableplantforyourgardeninthatitabsorbstoomuchwater.（inthat引导原因状语从句，因为此种植物太能吸水了，才不适合在花园种植。同样，大部because划上等号，看不懂文意就很难理解这里表达了insomuchas/onthegroundthat/incase/nowthat在so...that...句型中，so之后加的是形容词或者副词，当that后面连接的是肯定的结果状语从句时，意思是如此...以至于...。而当that后面连接的是否定的结果状语从句是，意思是如此...以至于不能...1】：WhenthefootballfansawBeckham,theygotsoexcitedthattheycriedout.（【例2】：ThecomputerissoexpensivethatIcan’taffordit.（1】：Hehasmadesuchgreatprogressthathisparentwerepleasedwithhim.（1】：Hehadreceivedsolittleeducationthathewasnotsuitableforthejob.（【解析】：本句存在so...that...结构（因为有little，所以不能用such只能用so），that之后引起结果状语2】：Hehadsomanyfallsthathewasblackandblueallover.（他摔了好跤，以至于身上青一块紫一so...that...结构（manysuch只能用so），that之后引起结果状 【例句】：Hedrewaplanofthevillagesothatshecaneasilyfindhishouse.（Incase和lest也可以用来引导目的状语从句，但存在否定意味，意思是“以免”或者“以防”。Lest引导的从句常用助动词should/would/might,为虚拟语气，只在语中出现，现在经常用for 而incase引导的目的状语从句则不需要虚拟式。【例1】：Takeyourumbrellawithyoulestitshouldrain.（【解析】：本句由lest引起目的状语从句（虚拟语气），同样可以变化为forfearthatitmightrain【例2】：Takeyourumbrellawithyouincaseitrains.（althoughthoughaseventhoughevenif本身让步是不重要的，在考研英语阅读【例句】：Eventhoughtheday-to-dayexperienceofraisingkidscanbesoul-crushinglyhard,Seniorwritesthat"theverythingsthatinthemomentdampenourmoodscanlaterbesourcesofintensegratificationanddelight."【解析】：本句开头为eventhough引导的让步状语从句，本身是可以跳过不看的，从句与主句间方向性theverythingsthatinthemomentdampenourmoodscanlaterbesourcesofintensegratificationanddelight（当下让我们奔溃的东西时候都能让人感受到感激与愉悦）很多考生并不能很好的理解，但是eventhough所在的让步状语从句相对比较好理解raisingkidscanbesoul-crushinglyhard（），代表一种情绪，因此主句一定是一种正面的情绪，正好对应了delight和gratification。因此才说，让步本身虽然不重要，但是可以帮助理解主句的内比较状语从句 需要注意的是，考研英语阅读理解和翻译中都比较喜欢对比较状语从句进行。而其中有一些特殊结11【例1】：I’vebeendetainedhereformorethan2days（【例2】：Heismorethanabrothertome（【例句3】：Mymotherwasmorethankindtomyfriends（亲22【例1】：Hehasmoremoneythanme（【例句2】：Ihadlessopportunitiesthanmyclassmates（3MoreAthanB/lessAthanB和notsomuchAasB：前者是“是A而不是B/是B而不是A”，后者意思是“是B而不是A”。3【例句1】：He 【例句2】：Heisnotsomuchaplayasacoach（4Nomorethan和notmorethan：前者意思是“仅仅，只有”，后者意思是“不多于，至多”41】：Itisnomorethanonehourbeforewereachthedestination（2】：Itisnotmorethanonehourbeforewereachthedestination（5当于notso...as，只强调两者的程度不同，意思是“不如，不及”。5【例1】：HeisnomoreabletoplaybasketballthanIam（改写：NeitherheorIcanplaybasketball改写：HeisnotsostrongasI方式状语从句 as the11【例句】：WhenyouenterRoman,doasRomans223【例句】：Heactedasif/asthoughhehadneverbeenherebefore（）theway可以连接两个句子，意思是“就像...一样”3【例句】：Ishouldcompletethetaskthewayyoudid（Ifitrainstomorrowwewillnotgotothepark条件状语从句中，用一般时表示将来ThebosswillreviewyourworkaftershewillreturnfromvacationnextweekIwillgiveyouacallonmyassoonasmyplanewillland定语从句先行词物which 先行词人人的，物的whose=of时间when（其先行词一般为地点where（其先行词一般为一个具体地点）原因why（其先行词一般为reason）Thisisthewallthattheybuiltlast向向非限定性定语从句，引导词不能省略，指人只能用whom，指物只能用Thebabyissoadorable,whichwecansee（由whichthebabyissoThecompanywillgetbacktoyouinthreedays,whichisoneoftypicalrules（由WhichThecompanywillgetbacktoyouinthreedays）【例句】：Thisisthejobwhich/thatIhavedreamedoffor【例句】（2000年WithregardtoFuturistpoetry,however,thecaseisratherdifficult,forwhateverFuturistpoetrymaybe--evenadmittingthatthetheoryonwhichitisbasedmayberight--itcanhardlybeclassedasLiterature.12For之后为对于ratherdifficult的解释部分123双破折中thetheoryonwhichitisbased就是介词提前的情况，但是因为其带有even（让步）+本34本句真正的是thecaseisratherdifficult,foritcanhardlybeclassedasLiterature.（这个问题相4 1：Aswecanseethebabyisso2：ThebabyaswecanseeissoStratford-on-Avon,asweallknow,hasonlyoneindustry--WilliamShakespeare--buttherearetwodistinctlyseparateandincreasinglyhostilebranches.112asweallknow为双逗号之间的内容，可以看做是语（删除不影响整个句子的意思），还原后其实就是whichweallknow，对于整个主句进行了限定，表明是一个人尽皆知的事实。23increasinglyhostilebranches）34.由that引导的从句，that做与不做成分可以区分长难句的四种特殊结【例句1】：WhenareportcameintoLondonzoothatapumahadbeenspottedforty-fivesouthofWhenareportthatapumahadbeenspottedforty- southofLondoncameintoLondon2】：Concernswereraisedthatwitnessmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratedtheirstoryincourttoensureguiltyverdicts.ConcernsthatwitnessmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratedtheirstoryincourttoensureguiltyverdictswereconcernswereraisedThatconcerns的解释说明，但是并没有直接跟在concerns之后，而是被wereraised所分隔开。如果直接放在concerns之后会造成“头重脚轻”的感觉，因此将wereraised提前到concerns之后。3】：Asalinguist,heacknowledgesthatallvarietiesofhumanlanguage,includingnon-standardoneslikeBlackEnglish,canbepowerfullyexpressive--thereexistsnolanguageordialectintheworldthatcannotconveycomplexideas.1heacknowledgesthatallvarietiesofhumanlanguagecanbepowerfullyexpressive（他1223thereexistsnolanguageordialectthatcannotconveycomplexideasintheworld。that引导的定语从句限定language和dialect。但是为了保证句子的平衡，所以就将intheworld34】：Itcanbepredicted,howeverthatfromtimetotimequestionswillarisewhichwillrequirespecificscientificanswersItcanbepredicted,however,thatfromtimetotime,questionswhichwillrequirespecificscientificanswerswillwhichquestions，本句的主干是questionswillarise。但是为了保持句子的平衡，因此将which引导的定语从句后置到arise之后，造成结构。首先需要明确的是，从句本身即是对于主句的补充，从句中的从句对主句的会进一步的减弱，在1TheForealsodisplayedfamiliarfacialexpressionswhenaskedhowtheywouldrespondiftheywerethecharactersinstoriesthatcalledforbasicemotionalresponses.112233445如果精确翻译，本句意思应该是如果Fore是要求基本情绪回应的故事中的角色并被问到他们会52Whatweareinterestediniswhetherwecanconcludefromhismarkonthetestthatthechildwilldobetterorworsethanotherchildrenofhisageattaskswhichwethinkrequire“generalinligence”.1Whatweareinterestedin12in构成完整的主系表结构（我们感的是是否能够得出结论...）23thatthechildwilldobetterorworsethanotherchildrenofhisage为that3conclude，而fromhismarkonthetest为成分，构成结构4Which引导的定语从句先行词是tasks，wethink是语，构成结构，定语从句功能是限455【例句3】：Afewyearsago,inoneofthemostfascinatinganddisturbingexperimentsinbehaviouralpsychology,StanleyMilgramofYaleUniversitytested40subjectsfromallwalksoflifefortheirwillingnesstoobeyinstructionsgivenbya'leader'inasituationinwhichthesubjectsmightfeela aldistastefortheactionstheywerecalledupontoperform.1StanleyMilgramtested40subjects为本句的语法主干（SM测试了40个实验对象），fortheirwillingnesstoobeyinstructions（为的是知道他们遵守指示的意愿度）1234Inwhich引导同位语从句，解释situation为在实验对象可能有一种厌恶感的情况下进行实验theywerecalledupontoperformthatactions是他们被要求执行的。234【例句】：Ittendstoignore,andthuseventuallytoeliminate,manyelementsinthelandcommunitythatlackcommercialvalue,butthatareessentialtoitshealthyfunctioning1toignore和toeliminate12Lackcommercialvalue和areessentialtoitshealthyfunctioning233【例句】：ItissaidthatinEnglanddeathispressing,inCanadainevitableandinCaliforniaoptional.Smallwonder.Americans’lifeexpectancyhasnearlydoubledoverthepastcentury.Failinghipscanbereplaced,clinicaldepressioncontrolled,cataractsremovedina30-minutessurgicalprocedure（2003年text4首段）ItissaidthatinEnglanddeathispressing,inCanadadeathisinevitableandinCaliforniadeathisoptional.Smallwonder.Americans’lifeexpectancyhasnearlydoubledoverthepastcentury.Failinghipscanbereplaced,clinicaldepressioncanbecontrolled,cataractscanberemovedina30-minutessurgicalprocedure破译阅读理解中的长难句分号的作用和and基本是一致的，一旦出现分号，表示分号前后的内容属于并列结构，可以快速的Peopleareabsorbedinto“acultureofconsumption”launchedbythe19th-centurydepartmentstoresthatoffered“vastarraysofgoodsinanelegantatmosphere.1peopleareabsorbed（人们被吸引了），intoacultureofconsumption”为状语，12Launchedbythe19th-centurydepartmentstores非谓语短语做后置定语，修饰限定“消费文化”，是由19世纪的商店引起的，此后置定语为非重要内容。23thatofferedvastarraysofgoodsinanelegantatmosphere（在一个高雅的环境中提供了大量的商品）为定语从句，对departmentstores进行进一步的限定解释，为非重要内容。344The1990Censusrevealedthat“amajorityofimmigrantsfromeachofthefifteenmostcommoncountriesoforiginspokeEnglish‘well’or‘verywell’aftertenyearsofresidence.”1The1990Censusrevealedthat所引起的宾语从句，重要内容在宾语从句中（12amajorityofimmigrantsspokeEnglish‘wellorverywell’（大部分的23fromeachofthefifteenmostcommoncountriesoforigin（来自15个最主要国）为后置定语，修饰限定的出处，属于不重要内容。aftertenyearsofresidence为时间状语，同样是非重要内容。344RodrigueznotesthatchildreninremotevillagesaroundtheworldarefansofsuperstarslikeArnoldSchwarzeneggerandGarthBrooks,yet“someAmericansfearthatimmigrantslivingwithintheUnitedStatesremainsomehowimmunetothenation’sassimilativepower.”112Yet之前语法主干为Rodrigueznotesthatchildrenarefansofsupsts2

Rodriguez小孩都喜3Yet之后语法主干为someAmericansfearthatimmigrantsremainimmune（有人担心有免疫力），由于此内容表述存在缺失，需要对的后置定语livingwithintheUnitedStates（境内的）以及状语tothenation’sassimilativepower（对的同化能力）帮助进一步理解。34容），境内的对的同化能力有免疫力。4It’salldeliciouslyironicwhenyouconsiderthatShakespeare,whoearnstheirliving,washimselfanactor(withabeard)anddidhisshareofnoise-making.112whenyouconsiderthat...为时间状语从句内嵌套宾语从句，相对而言宾语从句较为重要，可以进2334Shakespearewashimselfanactoranddidhisshareofnoise-making（莎士比亚也是个演员，也会制造噪音），为并列结构，通过noise-making4ironic5566Itistheplaygoers,theRSCcontends,whobringinmuchofthetown’srevenuebecausetheyspendthenight(someofthemfourorfivenights)pouringcashintothehosandrestaurants.1本句是itis...who...引起的强调句型，theRSCcontends（RSC坚持认为）是语，主句真正的语法主干是theplaygoersbringinmuchofthetown’srevenue（看戏的人为小镇带来大部分的收入）。12theyspendthenightpouring23括号内内容是对spendthenight的时长的举例（有些人甚至待四五天），intothehosandrestaurants为pour的固定搭配，解释花钱的去除。都是对于从句的进一步解释，省去不看不影响对此从344Theirmethodsdonotattempttoestimatetheactualbiomass(theamountoflivingbiologicalmatter)offishspeciesinparticularpartsoftheocean,butratherchangesinthatbiomassovertime.1Theirmethodsdonotattempttoestimate……butrather（他们不想预估1而是预估...），从逻辑上讲butrather2谓语attempttoestimate之后由butrather并列了两个宾语theactualbiomass和23offishspeciesinparticularpartsoftheocean（海洋中特定地方的鱼类）theactualbiomass，inthatbiomassovertime（一段时期内的鱼类数量）为后置定语修饰限定changes。344Thatmeansahigherproportionofwhatisintheseaisbeingcaught,sotherealdifferencebetweenpresentandpastislikelytobeworsethantheonerecordedbychangesincatchsizes.112323presentandpastthantheonerecordedbychangesincatch（相对于之前记录的获鱼类的大小的改变，recordedbychangesincatchsizes为theone的后置定语）作为比较状语，与therealdifference构成对比。44Thenotionisthatpeoplehavefailedtodetectthemassivechangeswhichhavehappenedintheoceanbecausetheyhavebeenlookingbackonlyarelativelyshorttimeintothepast.112peoplehavefailedtodetectthemassivechanges（人们没有检测到巨大的变化）为表语从句，是整23Because引导原因状语从句，解释人们没有检测到巨大变化（failedtodetectmassivechanges）的344TheyshouldfocusonarelativelyrecentAlongertimeperiodisrequiredintheytical长难句阅读与解题1Thesamedramatictechnologicalchangesthathaveprovidedmarketerswithmore（andmorediverse）communicationschoiceshavealsoincreasedtheriskthatpassionateconsumerswillvoicetheiropinionsinquicker，morevisible，andmuoredamagingways（2011年text3）1语法主干是Thetechnologicalchangeshavealsoincreasedtherisk（技术同样会增加）12thathaveprovidedmarketerswithmore（andmorediverse）communicationschoices（为市场从数量上和种类上提供的交流选择）是对于主语technologicalchanges进行内容限定的定语