(WTO架构下之贸易谈判)课件

TradeBargainingundertheWTO:AnExampleofUS-ChinaTrade(WTO架構下之貿易談判)Dr.Pei-ShanKao,AssistantProfessorNationalChiaoTungUniversityCentreforGeneralEducationUnit6Unit61

I.Introduction

II.US-ChinaTradeContactsandExchange

III.BilateralTradeDisputesandFrictions

IV.AnalysisonUS-ChinaTradeBargainingundertheWTORegime

V.Conclusion

2Question1:DidtheWTOpromoteUS-ChinatradebargainingsinceChina’sentryin2001?Question2:HavetheirtradefrictionsbeenresolvedundertheWTOregime?Question3:CanthemechanismoftheWTOfacilitateeffectivelyUS-Chinatradebargaininghenceresolvestheirdisputesandpromotestheirrelations?

Question4:HowdidtheWTOchangeandaffectChina’stradebehaviorandChina’srelationswithitstradingpartners?↗Source:http://english.pravda.ru/img/2005/10/wto2.jpg,“consultedinMarch2009”.↗Source:http://english.pravda3US-ChinaTradeRelations:Sincetheyestablishedformaldiplomaticrelationsin1979,theysignedatradeagreementgrantingeachotherthemost-favoured-nation(MFN)status.↓Thetwo-waytradedevelopedandgrewrapidly.↓Manytradedisputesandfrictionsoccurred.↓Americanswereunsatisfiedwithmanyproblems:e.g.China’sarbitraryadministrativeinterferenceanddiscriminatoryregulatoryprocesses,tradebarriers,andunfairandnon-transparenttradepracticeswereprevalent.↓∴TheU.S.AwelcomedChina’sentryintotheWTOUS-ChinaTradeRelations:4Americans’andWesternCountries’ExpectationsofChina’saccessiontotheWTO*OpeningtheChinesemarkettobringhugecommercialbenefitstothem.*ReducingChinesetradebarriersingoods,servicesandagriculturalproducts.*ReducingChina’srestrictionsonimportsanddistribution.*TodecreasetheirtradedeficitwithChina.*ToensurethetransparencyofChina’stradepolicyandestablishafairandstabletradingenvironment.*ToobligeChinatobehaveaccordingtothewestern-stylerulesoflawandtoexpanditsOpenDoorpolicy.Americans’andWesternCountri5

II.US-ChinaTradeContactsandExchange*AccordingtotheUS-ChinaBusinessCouncil,thebilateraltradeincreasedfrom$85.5billionin1998to$386.7billionin2007;itgrew4.5times.Figure1AnnualGrowthRateofUS-ChinaBilateralTrade1998-2008

*AccordingtotheUS-ChinaBu6*Chinanowisworld’sthird-largesteconomyaftertheUnitedStatesandJapan.*Chinaisalsonowworld’sthird-largesttradingnation,followingtheUSAandGermany.*China-UStwo-waytradeaccountedfor17.7%ofChina’stotaltradeamount.*TheUnitedStatesnowisChina’slargesttradingpartner.ItisalsoChina’slargestexportmarket,anditsfourth-largestimportsupplier.*ChinaisAmerica’sthird-largestexportmarketanditisalsoAmerica’sfastestgrowingexportmarket.*ChinahaspassedCanada,becomesAmerica’sbiggestimportsupplier.*Chinanowisworld’sthird-la7(WTO架构下之贸易谈判)8↗Sourceofthephotos:

/power-generation.php;.sg/baby-products/baby-toys/soft-toys-plush-toy-TOY004-0.jpg;/1220/1145199436_c9e7505313.jpg;http://www.home-office-design.co.uk/acatalog/office_furniture_BOOKCASES.jpg,“consultedinMarch2009”.

Chinahasgraduallyshifteditsexportstructurefromlabour-intensiveproductssuchastextiles;shoes;andtoystocapital-intensivegoods.↗Sourceofthephotos:http://9

US-Chinatradereachedaparticularlyhighlevelofgrowth:theyearsafter1979,whentheyestablishedformaldiplomaticrelationsinthepost-ColdWarera.TotalUS-Chinabilateraltradeincreasedfrom$17.8billionin1989toover$409billionin2008

ChinahasbecometheUSA’slargestdeficittradingpartner,ChinahadatradesurpluswiththeUnitedStatesof$266.3billionin2008.

TradeDisputesandConflictsAppeared

10QuarrelsbeforeChinajoinedtheWTO:

China’sMFNstatus,Chineseexchangerate,IPR

III.BilateralTradeDisputesandFrictionsAfterChinajoinedtheWTO:DisputessenttotheDSBAdisputeariseswhenonememberbelievesanotherisviolatinganagreementoracommitment▼AppealtotheDSBtoresolvethedispute▼TheDSBwillestablish“DisputePanels”toconsiderthecase(Thepanelswillmakerecommendation)▼The“AppellateBody”canamendthepanels’recommendationDisputessettled“outofcourt”,orremaininaprolongedconsultationphaseQuarrelsbeforeChinajoinedt11Table3.US-ChinaTradeDisputesBroughttoWTO

ComplaintRespondentChinaChinaChinaUSAUSAUSAsteelsafeguards(DS252)anti-dumpingdutyoncoatedfreesheetpaper(DS368)anti-dumpingduties

(DS379)ChinapreferentialVATforIC(DS309)autoparts(DS340)ComplaintRespondentUSAUSAUSAUSAUSAChinaTaxrefunds(DS358)IPR(DS362)Publicationandaudiovisualservices(DS363)financialservices(DS373)grants,loans(DS387)Table3.US-ChinaTradeDispu12

IV.AnalysisonUS-ChinaTradeBargainingundertheWTORegimeSavetheconsultationandbargainingtime:e.g.OnthecasesofChina’spreferentialVATratefordomesticallyproducedICs(DS309);themeasuresChinaimposedonforeignfinancialinformationservicesandservicessuppliers(DS373)wereresolved“out-of-court”within4monthsevenwithoutestablishingapanelasChinaagreedtoamendthemeasures.2.Disputesresolvedwithoutexchangingconditionsasbefore:

e.g.(before)MFNlinkedwithhumanrightsissues (after)Tradeissuesdonotneedtobe“politicised”

Savetheconsultationandbar133.Toensuretherealisationofstates’commitment:∵WTOisalong-termanditerativegame,“theshadowofthefuture”canbelengthened;therewillbenocommitmentproblems.e.g.onthecaseofUSsteelsafeguardmeasures(DS252),althoughAmericawasunsatisfiedwiththepanelreport,andappealedtotheAppellateBody,iteventuallyacceptedthedecisionoftheDSBandpromisedtoterminatealloftherelativesafeguardmeasures.∵thegameisrepeated,ifChinaandtheUnitedStateswanttoplayit,theywilleventuallychoosetocooperate.3.Toensuretherealisationo144.TradePolicyReviewsMechanism(TPRM):WTOhelpstomonitorandsupervisestates’behaviourandtradepractices:e.g.PressreleasedbytheWTO(June2008):TheUnitedStateshastakenfurtherstepstoliberaliseitstraderegimesinceitspreviousreviewin2006.

5.Toprovideinformationaboutothers’preferencesandintentions;

decreasestates’uncertaintyandfearsforcooperatingwithothers:e.g.Onthecaseofrestrictingforeignfinancialinformationservicesandservicesuppliers(DS373),ChinareleasedinformationbytheWTOexpressingitswilltorevisethemeasuresandreachedanagreementwiththeUnitedStates.4.TradePolicyReviewsMechan15Conclusion

-SinceChinajoinedtheWTO,althoughtheWTOcouldnothelptheUnitedStatestodecreaseitsdeficitswithChina,itdidpromoteUS-Chinatraderelationsbyresolvingtheirtradefrictions.-ManydisputessuchasUSsteelsafeguardmeasures,China’sVATrefundsonICsoritschargesonimportedautomobilepartshavebeenresolvedsuccessfully.-Althoughsomecomplicateddisputesmaytaketimetoberesolved,orChinamayneedtimetoreviseitstradepractices,ahealthiertradeenvironmentinChinacanbeexpectedsinceChina’sentryintoWTO.-Thisthereforehelpstostabliseinternationaltradeenvironment,thatis,theworldneedsChina,andviseversa,particularlyundercurrentglobalfinancialcrisis.-TheregimeofWTOwillnotonlycontinuetoplayacriticalroleinUS-Chinatradebuthelptoresolvetheirtradedisputesandfrictionshencepromotethedevelopmentoftheirrelations.-Inaddition,sinceChinajoinedtheWTO,itstradepracticeshavebeenregulatedandperformedbetterthanbefore.Conclusion

-SinceChinajoined16TradeBargainingundertheWTO:AnExampleofUS-ChinaTrade(WTO架構下之貿易談判)Dr.Pei-ShanKao,AssistantProfessorNationalChiaoTungUniversityCentreforGeneralEducationUnit6Unit617

I.Introduction

II.US-ChinaTradeContactsandExchange

III.BilateralTradeDisputesandFrictions

IV.AnalysisonUS-ChinaTradeBargainingundertheWTORegime

V.Conclusion

18Question1:DidtheWTOpromoteUS-ChinatradebargainingsinceChina’sentryin2001?Question2:HavetheirtradefrictionsbeenresolvedundertheWTOregime?Question3:CanthemechanismoftheWTOfacilitateeffectivelyUS-Chinatradebargaininghenceresolvestheirdisputesandpromotestheirrelations?

Question4:HowdidtheWTOchangeandaffectChina’stradebehaviorandChina’srelationswithitstradingpartners?↗Source:http://english.pravda.ru/img/2005/10/wto2.jpg,“consultedinMarch2009”.↗Source:http://english.pravda19US-ChinaTradeRelations:Sincetheyestablishedformaldiplomaticrelationsin1979,theysignedatradeagreementgrantingeachotherthemost-favoured-nation(MFN)status.↓Thetwo-waytradedevelopedandgrewrapidly.↓Manytradedisputesandfrictionsoccurred.↓Americanswereunsatisfiedwithmanyproblems:e.g.China’sarbitraryadministrativeinterferenceanddiscriminatoryregulatoryprocesses,tradebarriers,andunfairandnon-transparenttradepracticeswereprevalent.↓∴TheU.S.AwelcomedChina’sentryintotheWTOUS-ChinaTradeRelations:20Americans’andWesternCountries’ExpectationsofChina’saccessiontotheWTO*OpeningtheChinesemarkettobringhugecommercialbenefitstothem.*ReducingChinesetradebarriersingoods,servicesandagriculturalproducts.*ReducingChina’srestrictionsonimportsanddistribution.*TodecreasetheirtradedeficitwithChina.*ToensurethetransparencyofChina’stradepolicyandestablishafairandstabletradingenvironment.*ToobligeChinatobehaveaccordingtothewestern-stylerulesoflawandtoexpanditsOpenDoorpolicy.Americans’andWesternCountri21

II.US-ChinaTradeContactsandExchange*AccordingtotheUS-ChinaBusinessCouncil,thebilateraltradeincreasedfrom$85.5billionin1998to$386.7billionin2007;itgrew4.5times.Figure1AnnualGrowthRateofUS-ChinaBilateralTrade1998-2008

*AccordingtotheUS-ChinaBu22*Chinanowisworld’sthird-largesteconomyaftertheUnitedStatesandJapan.*Chinaisalsonowworld’sthird-largesttradingnation,followingtheUSAandGermany.*China-UStwo-waytradeaccountedfor17.7%ofChina’stotaltradeamount.*TheUnitedStatesnowisChina’slargesttradingpartner.ItisalsoChina’slargestexportmarket,anditsfourth-largestimportsupplier.*ChinaisAmerica’sthird-largestexportmarketanditisalsoAmerica’sfastestgrowingexportmarket.*ChinahaspassedCanada,becomesAmerica’sbiggestimportsupplier.*Chinanowisworld’sthird-la23(WTO架构下之贸易谈判)24↗Sourceofthephotos:

/power-generation.php;.sg/baby-products/baby-toys/soft-toys-plush-toy-TOY004-0.jpg;/1220/1145199436_c9e7505313.jpg;http://www.home-office-design.co.uk/acatalog/office_furniture_BOOKCASES.jpg,“consultedinMarch2009”.

Chinahasgraduallyshifteditsexportstructurefromlabour-intensiveproductssuchastextiles;shoes;andtoystocapital-intensivegoods.↗Sourceofthephotos:http://25

US-Chinatradereachedaparticularlyhighlevelofgrowth:theyearsafter1979,whentheyestablishedformaldiplomaticrelationsinthepost-ColdWarera.TotalUS-Chinabilateraltradeincreasedfrom$17.8billionin1989toover$409billionin2008

ChinahasbecometheUSA’slargestdeficittradingpartner,ChinahadatradesurpluswiththeUnitedStatesof$266.3billionin2008.

TradeDisputesandConflictsAppeared

26QuarrelsbeforeChinajoinedtheWTO:

China’sMFNstatus,Chineseexchangerate,IPR

III.BilateralTradeDisputesandFrictionsAfterChinajoinedtheWTO:DisputessenttotheDSBAdisputeariseswhenonememberbelievesanotherisviolatinganagreementoracommitment▼AppealtotheDSBtoresolvethedispute▼TheDSBwillestablish“DisputePanels”toconsiderthecase(Thepanelswillmakerecommendation)▼The“AppellateBody”canamendthepanels’recommendationDisputessettled“outofcourt”,orremaininaprolongedconsultationphaseQuarrelsbeforeChinajoinedt27Table3.US-ChinaTradeDisputesBroughttoWTO

ComplaintRespondentChinaChinaChinaUSAUSAUSAsteelsafeguards(DS252)anti-dumpingdutyoncoatedfreesheetpaper(DS368)anti-dumpingduties

(DS379)ChinapreferentialVATforIC(DS309)autoparts(DS340)ComplaintRespondentUSAUSAUSAUSAUSAChinaTaxrefunds(DS358)IPR(DS362)Publicationandaudiovisualservices(DS363)financialservices(DS373)grants,loans(DS387)Table3.US-ChinaTradeDispu28

IV.AnalysisonUS-ChinaTradeBargainingundertheWTORegimeSavetheconsultationandbargainingtime:e.g.OnthecasesofChina’spreferentialVATratefordomesticallyproducedICs(DS309);themeasuresChinaimposedonforeignfinancialinformationservicesandservicessuppliers(DS373)wereresolved“out-of-court”within4monthsevenwithoutestablishingapanelasChinaagreedtoamendthemeasures.2.Disputesresolvedwithoutexchangingconditionsasbefore:

e.g.(before)MFNlinkedwithhumanrightsissues (after)Tradeissuesdonotneedtobe“politicised”

Savetheconsultationandbar293.Toensuretherealisationofstates’commitment:∵WTOisalong-termanditerativegame,“theshadowofthefuture”canbelengthened;therewillbenocommitmentproblems.e.g.onthecaseofUSsteelsafeguardmeasures(DS252),althoughAmericawasunsatisfiedwiththepanelreport,andappealedtotheAppellateBody,iteventuallyacceptedthedecisionoftheDSBandpromisedtoterminatealloftherelativesafeguardmeasures.∵thegameisrepeated,ifChinaandtheUnitedStateswanttoplayit,theywilleventuallychoosetocooperate.3.Toensuretherealisationo304.TradePolicyReviewsMechanism(TPRM):WTOhelpstomonitorandsupervisestates’behaviourandtradepractices