(最新整理)Stylistics(英语文体学)课件

(最新整理)Stylistics(英语文体学)2021/7/261(最新整理)Stylistics(英语文体学)2021/7/TheFirstSteptoStylisticsI.Keywords:Style(文体);stylistics(文体学)VarietyofEnglish(语体)Langue(语言)Parole(言语)Text(篇章)Discourse(/语篇/话语)Context(语境);register(语域)Occasion(场合)Appropriacy/Appropriateness得体(性)2021/7/262TheFirstSteptoStylisticsI.II.Whatisstyle?

styleasrhetoric—Gorgias（风格即修辞）;styleasform—Aristotle（风格即形式）;styleaseloquence—Cicero(风格即雄辩术);properwordsinproperplaces—Swift（在恰当的地方使用恰当的词）;2021/7/263II.Whatisstyle?

styleasrhII.Whatisstyle?Lestyle,c’estl’hommememe—Buffon（文如其人）

;Lestyle,C’estajouteraunepenseedonneetouteslescirconstancespropreaproduiretoutl’effectqueproduirecettepensee.—Stendhal（赋予既定思想并适合产生出它应有效果的全部形式）

;styleaspersonalidiosyncrasy—Murry（个人表达上的特点）

;2021/7/264II.Whatisstyle?Lestyle,c’II.Whatisstyle?styleastechniqueofexposition—Murry(解说技巧)

;styleasthehighestachievementofliterature—Murry（文学的最高成就）

;sayingtherightthinginthemosteffectiveway—Enkvist（以最有效的方式讲恰当的事情）

;2021/7/265II.Whatisstyle?styleastecII.Whatisstyle?styleasdeviation—Spitzer(对于常规的变异);styleastransformation—Ohmann（语言结构的转换）;styleasmeaningpotential—Halliday(风格即意义潜势);styleasexpressiveness—Ullman（认知意义的表达）。Languageisthedressofthought.—SamuelJohnson（语言就是思想的外衣）2021/7/266II.Whatisstyle?styleasdevII.Whatisstyle?styleasashellsurroundingapre-existingcoreofthoughtorexpression—Enkvist（环绕已存在的思想感情或感情内核的外壳）

;styleasthechoicebetweenalternativeexpressions—Enkvist（在不同表达方式中的选择）

;styleasasetofcollectivecharacteristics—Enkvist(集合特点的综合)

;2021/7/267II.Whatisstyle?styleasasII.Whatisstyle?styleasthoserelationsamonglinguisticentitiesthatarestatableintermsofwiderspansoftextthanthesentence—Enkvist（超出句子以外的语言单位之间的关系）

;styleasequivalence—JakobsonandLeviStrauss（结构的对等）；styleasfunction—ThePragueSchoolapproach（风格即功能）;styleasforegrounding—Mukarovsky（风格即突出）;2021/7/268II.Whatisstyle?styleasthoII.Whatisstyle?*Aninstrumentmadeofmetal,bone,etc.,havingoneendsharp-pointedforincisinglettersonawaxtablet,andtheotherflatandbroadforsmoothingthetabletanderasingwhatiswritten:=stylus(TheoxfordEnglishDictionary,NewEdition,1991)**A)Ageneralmannerofdoingsomethingwhichistypicalorrepresentativeofapersonorgroup,atimeinhistory,etc.B)Theparticularchoiceofwordsormannerofexpressionusedbyortypicalofawriterorspeaker(LONGMANDICTIONARYOFCONTEMPORARYENGLISH,1998)2021/7/269II.Whatisstyle?*Aninstrume

III.Whatisstylistics?

(1)Abranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofsituationally-distinctiveusesoflanguage,withparticularreferencetoliterarylanguage,andtriestoestablishprinciplescapableofaccountingfortheparticularchoicesmadebyindividualsandsocialgroupsintheiruseoflanguage(TheFontanaDictionaryofModernThought,1977,2ndedn1988)2021/7/2610

III.Whatisstylistics?

(1)III.WhatisStylistics?(2)Thestudyofstyle;…justasstylecanbeviewedinseveralways,sothereareseveraldifferentstylisticapproaches.Thisvarietyinstylisticsisduetothemaininfluencesoflinguisticsandliterarycriticism.Byfarthemostcommonkindofmaterialstudiedisliterary;andattentionislargelytext-centered….Thegoalofmoststylisticsisnotsimplytodescribetheformalfeaturesoftextsfortheirownsake,butinordertoshowtheirfunctionalsignificanceforthe

2021/7/2611III.WhatisStylistics?(2)Th

interpretationofthetext;orinordertorelateliteraryeffectstolinguistic‘causes’wherethesearefelttoberelevant….Stylisticianswanttoavoidvagueandimpressionisticjudgmentsaboutthewaythatformalfeaturesaremanipulated.Asaresult,stylisticsdrawsonthemodelsandterminologyprovidedbywhateveraspectsoflinguisticsarefelttoberelevant.

(Wales,1989:ADictionaryofStylistics)2021/7/2612interpretationofthetext;III.Whatisstylistics?(3)Abranchoflinguisticswhichappliesthetheoryandmethodologyofmodernlinguisticstothestudyofstyle.Itstudiestheuseoflanguageinspecificcontextsandattemptstoaccountforthecharacteristicsthatmarkthelanguageuseofindividualsandsocialgroups.2021/7/2613III.Whatisstylistics?(3)ACommoncoresof“stylistics”Stylisticsisconcernedwiththeideaof‘style’,withtheanalysisofliterarytexts,andtheuseoflinguistics.‘Style’isusuallyunderstoodwithinthisareaofstudyastheselectionofcertainlinguisticformsorfeaturesoverotherpossibleones.Somekeyaspectsofstylisticsare*theuseoflinguistics(thestudyoflanguage)toapproachliterarytexts**thediscussionoftextsaccordingtoobjectivecriteriaratherthanaccordingpurelytosubjectiveandimpressionisticvalues***emphasisontheaestheticpropertiesoflanguage(forexample,thewayrhymecangivepleasure)2021/7/2614Commoncoresof“stylistics”StIII.TheNeedsforStylistics：(i)Styleisanintegralpartofmeaning.(ii)Stylisticsmayhelpustoacquirea“senseofstyle”(iii)Stylisticspreparesthewaytotheintrinsicstudyofliterature.2021/7/2615III.TheNeedsforStylistics：Langue(语言)(LongmanDictionaryP382)TheFrenchwordfor“language”.ThetermwasusedbythelinguistSaussuretomeanthesystemofalanguage,thatisthearrangementofsoundsandwordswhichspeakersofalanguagehaveasharedknowledgeofor,asSaussuresaid,“agreetouse”.Langueisthe“ideal”formofalanguage.Saussurecalledtheactualuseoflanguagebypeopleinspeechorwriting“parole”.2021/7/2616Langue(语言)(LongmanDictionaryLanguevsParole(RoutledgeDictionaryP268)AtermintroducedindeSaussure’sCoursde

linguistiquegénéraletodistinguishbetweenlanguage(Fr.Langue)asanabstractsystemofsignsandrules,andthespokenword(Fr.Parole)astheconcreterealizationoflanguageasitisused.Langueischaracterizedasastaticsystemofsymbolswithbroad(social)value,duetotheinvariantandfunctionalnatureofitselements.2021/7/2617LanguevsParole(RoutledgeDiLanguevsParole(RoutledgeDictionaryP268)Instancesof

parole

arebasedonthissystemoflangueandvaryaccordingtoregister,age,dialect,amongotherfactors.Thegoalofstructualistlinguisticsistoresearchthesystematicregularitiesoflangue(referredtocorpusinP106)usingdatafromparole,whileparoleitselfcanberesearchedinvariousdisciplines,likephonetics,psychology,andphysiology.2021/7/2618LanguevsParole(RoutledgeDiLanguevsParole(RoutledgeDictionaryP268)Thetypeofdifferencedescibedbetweenlangueandparolehasbeentekenmanyforms:amongthem,ergonvsenergeia(W.vonHumboldt),SprachevsRede(H.Paul),Sprach-systemvsaktualisierteRede(G.v.d.Gabelentz),SprachgebildevsSprechakt(K.Bühler),registervsuse,typevstoken(referredtotype-token-relationship).(M.A.K.Halliday)2021/7/2619LanguevsParole(RoutledgeDiText(篇章)(quotedfromQianYuanP11)ATEXTisanypassage,spokenorwritten,ofwhateverlength,thatformsaunifiedwhole.Itmaybetheproductofasinglespeaker/writer(e.g.asign,aletter,anewsreport,astatute法令anovel),orthatofseveralspeakers(e.g.apieceofconversation,adebate).Atextmaytakeinformsofadialogue,oramonologue;italsocanbeacasualtalk.2021/7/2620Text(篇章)(quotedfromQianYuaText(篇章)(LongmanDictioanryP705-706)Itisnormallymadeupofoneorseveralsentencesthattogethercreateastructureorunit,suchasaletter,areport,oranessay.IthasdistinctivestructuralanddiscoursecharacteristicsIthasaparticularcommunicativefunctionorpurposeItcanoftenonlybefullyunderstoodinrelationtothecontextinwhichitoccurs2021/7/2621Text(篇章)(LongmanDictioanryPContext(语境)(RoutledgeDictionaryP100-101)

Asacomprehensiveconceptincommunicationtheory,“context”referstoallelementsofacommunicativesituation:theverbalandnon-verbalcontext,thecontextofthegivenspeechsituationandthesocialcontextoftherelationshipbetweenthespeakerandhearer,theirknowledge,andtheirattitudes.Catforddistinguishesbetweenlinguisticcontextandsituationalco-text.2021/7/2622Context(语境)(RoutledgeDictioContext(LongmanDictionaryP149)Thatwhichoccursbeforeand/orafteraword,aphraseorevenalongerUTTERANCEoraTEXT.Thecontextoftenhelpsinunderstandingtheparticularmeaningoftheword,phrase,etc.Forexample,thewordloudinloudmusicisusuallyunderstoodasmeaning“noisy”whereasinatiewithaloudpatternitisunderstoodas“unpleasantlycolorful”.Thecontextmayalsobethebroadersocialsituationinwhichalinguisticitemisused.Forexample,inordinaryusage,spinsterreferstoanolderunmarriedwomanbutinalegalcontextitreferstoanyunmarriedwoman2021/7/2623Context(LongmanDictionaryP1Contextualfactors

CharacteristicsoftheUSERoflanguage:a.Ageb.Sexc.Socio-regionalorethnicbackgroundd.EducationCharacteristicsoftheuser’sUSEoflanguageinsituationa.Mediumofcommunication:speechorwritingb.Setting:privateorpublic(tobecontinued)2021/7/2624ContextualfactorsCharacterisContextualfactorsc.Role-relationshipbetweenaddresserandaddressee:thedegreeofintimacy;thedegreeofsocialdistanced.Purposeforwhichlanguageisused:e.g.toinform;tocommand;toexpressfeelings;toestablishsocialrelations,etc.e.Subjectmatter(oflimitedstylisticsignificance)2021/7/2625Contextualfactorsc.Role-relaAppropriatenessWhenproducinganutterance,aspeakerneedstoknowthatitisgrammatical,andalsothatitissuitable(appropriate)forparticularsituation.(LongmanDictionary

P38)2021/7/2626AppropriatenessWhenproducing语境与言语交际的得体性美国语言学家J.A.Fishman:WhoSpeaksWhatLanguagetoWhomandWhen(谁何时对谁说什么话)美国社会语言学家DellHymes:语境要素SPEAKINGS—SettingandScene(背景和场景)P—Participants（参与者）E—Ends（目的和结果）A—ActSequence（信息的形式与内容）K—Key（信息传递方式）I—Instrumentalities（使用何种语言或方言）N—Norms（在特定情况下应该遵循的常规和规范）G--Genres（体裁）2021/7/2627语境与言语交际的得体性美国语言学家J.A.Fishman1.2语境与言语交际的得体性(一)狭义:语境可指语篇内部的上下文(co-text;linguisticcontext)e.ghottemper,hotnewsButsheturneditdown(Samcommittedtheftandwascaughtred-handedbyMary.SamofferedMary＄2,000tohushthematterup.ButsheturneditdownThesoundfromtheradiowassolowthatIaskedBobtoenhanceit,butheturneditdown2021/7/26281.2语境与言语交际的得体性(一)狭义:语境可指1.2语境与言语交际的得体性(二)语境可以指言语事件发生时的社会情境特征(socio-situationalfeatures)。社会情境特征有两种:一种与语言使用者(theuseroflanguage)有关,如社会地位社会角色文化修养职业所处的时代与地域处境与心情及其语言的可理解程度和范围(rangeofintelligibility);一种与语言使用者对语言的使用(theuser’suseoflanguage)有关,如交际双方(或多方)之间的关系熟悉程度、具体的交际时间、地点、交际方式、交际目的、交际的领域和题材等2021/7/26291.2语境与言语交际的得体性(二)语境可以指言语事件1.2语境与言语交际的得体性MichaelGregory三种情景语境划分:fieldofdiscourse话语范围modeofdiscourse话语方式语域(register)tenorofdiscourse话语基调(三)语境可以指交际双方(或多方)的言语社团之历史文化和风俗习惯,乃至价值观念等因素,故可称作“社会文化语境”(socio-culturalcontext),我们平常所说的社会文化背景知识.2021/7/26301.2语境与言语交际的得体性MichaelGreg1.2语境与言语交际的得体性对语境的了解既要考虑到语内因素(篇章或话语本身的上下文)又应考虑语外因素。这些复杂因素决定了人们语言形式的选择言语内容的信息传递和言语功能的实现,同时也决定了言语交际的得体性(appropriateness/appropriacy)2021/7/26311.2语境与言语交际的得体性对语境的了解既要考虑到语1.2语境与言语交际的得体性

JohnLyons(Semantics):得体性(1)言语活动的参与者必须知道自己在整个言语活动中所起的作用和所处的地位(2)参与者必须知道言语活动的空间和时间(3)参与者必须能够辨别言语活动的正式程度(4)参与者必须了解特定的情境所需要的合适的交际媒介(5)每个交际者都应该知道如何使自己的话语与言语活动与主题想适应,还应了解主题在选择方言或语言(如在多语社团)中所起的重要作用(6)每个参与者都必须知道如何使自己的话语与言语活动的情境所属的领域(province)和范围(domain)相适应2021/7/26321.2语境与言语交际的得体性JohnLyons1.2语境与言语交际的得体性(QinP17)1.Out!2.Runalong,now.3.Wouldyoumindleavingtheroomamoment,please?4.Theaudienceisrequiredtokindlyleavetheroomforafewmoments.5.Themanagementrespectfullyrequiredtheconfereestovacatetheauditoriumbetweensessionsinordertofacilitatetheoperationsofthecustodialstaff.2021/7/26331.2语境与言语交际的得体性(QinP17)1.Discourse(语篇/话语)DiscourseisthelanguagewhichhasbeenusedtocommunicatesomethingandisfelttobecoherentasaunifiedwholeDiscourseisreallanguageusedbyrealpeopleinrealcommunicationfortherealcommunicativepurposeDiscourseislanguageinusewithinmultiplecontexts—textual,social,cultural,andpsychological.2021/7/2634Discourse(语篇/话语)DiscourseisDiscourse(语篇/话语)(TextbookDiscourseand～AnalysisP2-3)Discourse–languagebeyondthesentence–issimplylanguage–asitoccurs,inanycontext(includingthecontextoflinguisticanalysis),inanyform(includingtwomade-upsentencesinsequence;atape-recordedconversation,meeting,orinterview;anovelorplay)—Tannen(1989)Ageneraltermforexamplesoflanguageuse,i.e.languagewhichhasbeenproducedastheresultofanactofcommunication.(LongmanDictionary,Richards,etal,1985:83)2021/7/2635Discourse(语篇/话语)(TextbookDisDiscourse/TextFirst,peopleoftentalkofspokendiscourseversuswrittentext.Oralternatively,discourseoftenisnaturallyoccurringspokenlanguage,asfoundinsuchdiscoursesasconversations,interviews,commentaries,andspeeches,whichimpliesinteractivediscourse;whereastextiswrittenlanguage,asfoundinsuchtextsasessays,notices,newspaperarticlesandchapters,whichimpliesnon-interactivemonologue,whetherintendedtobespokenaloudornot.2021/7/2636Discourse/TextFirst,peopleDiscourse/TextSecondly,discourseimplieslength,whereasatextmaybeveryshort.AnothertheoreticalwaytodrawadistinctionisproposedbyvanDijk(1977).Heusesthetermtexttorefertoanabstracttheoreticalconstructionwhichisrealizedindiscourse.Inotherwords,textistodiscourseassentenceistoutterance.Note:Halliday(1978:40)usesthetermtexttopointtothesamedistinction,buthechoosestheoppositetermtorefertosurfacerealization,andtalksoflanguagebeingactualizedintext.2021/7/2637Discourse/TextSecondly,discoRegister(语域)(LongmanDictionaryoflanguageteachingandappliedlinguistics0Aspeechvarietyusedbyaparticulargroupofpeople,usuallysharingthesameoccupation(e.g.doctors,lawyers)orthesameinterests(e.g.stampcollectors,baseballfans).Aparticularregisteroftendistinguishesitselffromotherregistersbyhavinganumberofdistinctivewords,byusingwordsorphrasesinaparticularway(ennis:deuce局末平分,love零分,tramlines双打时球场两侧的加道),andsometimesbyspecialgrammaticalconstructions(e.g.legallanguage)2021/7/2638Register(语域)(LongmanDictionarRegister(语域)(RoutledgeDictionaryoflanguageandlinguisticsP402)Mannerofspeakingorwritingspecifictoacertainfunction,thatis,characteristicofacertaindomainofcommunication(orofaninstitution),forexample,thelanguageofreligioussermons,ofparentswiththeirchild,orofanemployeewithhis/hersupervisor.RegistersplayaprominentroleinHalliday’sschoolofSystemicFunctionalgrammar.(systemiclinguistics)2021/7/2639Register(语域)(RoutledgeDictionRegister(语域)Thedifferencebetweenformalandinformallanguageisalsocalledadifferenceofregister.AformalregisterisappropriateforlegaldocumentsandofficialoccasionsliketheopeningofParliament,whileaninformalregisterisappropriateforcasualconversations.2021/7/2640Register(语域)ThedifferencebetFieldofDiscourse(话语范围)Eventsandexperiencesofthespeaker’sorthewriter’sreferredtointheuseoflanguageincommunication,whichmanifeststheintentiontoberealized.Itisconcernedwithdiscourseaspresentation,i.e.,howrealityisrepresentedinlanguage.(e.g.technicalEnglish,non-technicalEnglish)话语范围指的是言语交际过程中发生的事情进行的活动论及的事情或表达的经验等,它能体现语言使用者在特定情景语境中所要实现的交际目的.2021/7/2641FieldofDiscourse(话语范围)EventsModeofdiscourse(话语方式)Thewaypeoplearetalking.Itconcernsdiscourseasmessage,i.e.,howthelanguagebeingusedisorganizedinitsownright.话语方式指言语交际的渠道或媒介.*speaking(讲话):Conversing,monologuing;(spontaneously)reciting,thespeakingofwhatiswritten(non-spontaneously)*writing(写作):writingtoberead,writingtobespoken2021/7/2642Modeofdiscourse(话语方式)ThewayTenorofdiscourse(话语基调)Whomwearetalkingtoandhowweexpressourfeelingsandopinions.(interpersonalfunction)话语基调指的是交际情景中讲话者与受话者之间的关系和讲话者的交际意图(intention)。

personaltenor⇒degreeofformality(个人基调):角色关系(如父与子、母与女、夫与妻、至亲、好友、上级与下级等)决定个人基调,而个人基调又影响交际双方使用语言的正式程度()

functionaltenor(功能基调):instruct(传授)、persuade(劝说)、advise(告戒)、educate(训导)等等。功能基调可分为phatic(寒暄性)、expository(说明性)、persuasive(说服性)、didactic(说教性)等2021/7/2643Tenorofdiscourse(话语基调)WhomwRomanJakobson:语言交际六要素及其所对应的功能

发话人(addresser) ⇒

情感功能emotivefunction受话人(addressee)⇒意动功能conative~语境context ⇒

指称功能referential~代码code ⇒元语言功能metalinguistic~接触contact ⇒寒暄功能phatic~信息要旨message⇒诗学功能poetic~2021/7/2644RomanJakobson:语言交际六要素及其所对应的功VarietiesoflanguageAlanguagevarietyisasub-setofformaland/orsubstantialfeatureswhichcorrelatesregularlywithaparticulartypeofsocio-situationalfeatures.(J.C.Catford:ALinguisticTheoryoftranslation,P.84,1965)(语言变体是其形式和/或实质特征的一种分化,这种分化经常地与某一特定的社会情境特征相互关联。2021/7/2645VarietiesoflanguageAVarietiesoflanguageDialectalvarieties:方言变体1.Individuality(语言使用者的个人特征)2.Temporalfeatures(时代特征)3.Geographicalfeatures(地域特征)4.Socialfeatures(社会特征)5.可理解的程度和范围2021/7/2646VarietiesoflanguageDialectalVarietiesoflanguage(QinP20-21)Diatypicvarieties(register)话语类别变体(accordingtotheuser’suseoflanguage)Halliday:1)ideationalfunction;2)interpersonalfunction3)textualfunction1)fieldofdiscourse---Ideationalfunction2)tenorofdiscourse---interpersonalfunction3)modeofdiscourse---textualfunction(Gregory&Carroll:1978:46)2021/7/2647Varietiesoflanguage(QinP20Varietiesoflanguage(DiscourseanalysisP27-28)Theideationalfunctionreferstotheuseoflanguagetoorganizethespeaker’sorwriter’sexperienceoftherealorimaginedworldTheinterpersonalfunctionmeanstheuseoflanguagetoindicate,establish,ormaintainsocialrelationshipsbetweenpeopleThetextualfunctionistocreatewrittenorspokentextswhichcoherewithinthemselvesandwhichfittheparticularsituationinwhichtheyareused.2021/7/2648Varietiesoflanguage(DiscourOccasion

Timeorplaceinwhichaneventistakingplace.2021/7/2649Occasion

TimeorplaceinwhicSaussureSwisslinguist.Thefounderofstructurallinguistics,hedeclaredthatthereisonlyanarbitraryrelationshipbetweenalinguisticsignandthatwhichitsignifies.Theposthumouslypublishedcollectionofhislectures,CourseinGeneralLinguistics(1916),isaseminalworkofmodernlinguistics.索绪尔，费迪南德·德(1857-1913)瑞士语言学家，结构主义语言的创始人，他声称在语言符号和其所指含义之间仅有一种模糊的关系。他死后，他的讲演集出版为《普通语言学教程》(1916年），是现代语言学的开山之作2021/7/2650SaussureSwisslinguist.Thefo第一章导论

1.1什么是文体?1.1.1对STYLE一词的不同理解1.1.2文体研究中的“一元论”、“二元论”和“多元论”1.1.3小结1.2语境与语言交际的得体性1.3语言变体1.3.1方言1.3.2语域话语范围、话语方式、话语基调2021/7/2651第一章导论

1.1什么是文体?2021/第一章导论

1.1.1对STYLE一词的不同理解

“风格”既可指一个作家运用语言的特色,又可指某个时代盛行的“文风”既可指某种语篇体裁的语言特征,又可指某篇作品的语言格调和表现风格“文体”*狭义的文体指文学文体*广义的文体指包括文学文体在内的各种语言变体2021/7/2652第一章导论

1.1.1对STYLE一词1.1.1对STYLE一词的不同理解(1).“表达方式说”Leech&Short(1981:38)文体是“语言使用的一种方式,它属于言语,而不属于语言”Enkvistetal(1964:11-12)文体是“以最有效的方式讲恰当的事情”Ohmann(1964,inFreeman:1970:259)文体是“写作的一种方式”语言学家C.F.Hockett也认为:在同一种语言中,如果两段话语(utterance)表达大体上相同的信息,但其语言结构不同,便可以把它看作是属于不同的文体.(参见Hockett,C.F.:ACourseinModernLinguistics,p.556,NewYork:MacMillan.1958)2021/7/26531.1.1对STYLE一词的不同理解(1).“表达方式1.1.1对STYLE一词的不同理解(2)“外衣说”Leech&Short(1981:18)文体是“思想的外衣”

SamuelJohnson“语言就是思想的外衣”(Languageisthedressofthought.18thcentury)PhilipDormerStanhopeChesterfield“文体是思想之外衣”

（参见Milic,L.T.:“TheProblemofStyle”,inWinterowd,W.R.,ContemporaryRhetoric,pp.271-295,HarcourtBraceJovanovich,1975)CharlesBally,MichelRiffaterre(20世纪法国文体学家)认为文体就是富有表达性或情感性的语言成分,这些语言成分常附加在对信息所作出的中性表达之上N.E.Enkvist(1964)把文体归纳为“围绕已存在的思想或感情内核的一种外壳”2021/7/26541.1.1对STYLE一词的不同理解(2)“外衣说”1.1.1对STYLE一词的不同理解(3)“行为方式说”法国博物学家Georges-LouisLeclercdeBuffon(1753:Discourssurlestyle)提出“文体(风格)即其人本身”(lestyleestl’hommememe)RichardOhmann(1964)认为:STYLE的概念应该用来指“那些部分是不可变的、部分又可变的人类行为”,既“做某事的一种方式”;就写作而言,文体风格就是写作的一种行为方式。2021/7/26551.1.1对STYLE一词的不同理解(3)“行为方式说”1.1.1对STYLE一词的不同理解(4)“选择说”认为文体特征体现在对“不同的表达方式的选择”(Enkvistetal:1964)G.W.Turner(1973:21)认为:在对文体这一概念的各种理解中,看来有一个基本的要素,那就是“选择”.选择什么样的文体风格受语境所制约。Traugott&Pratt(1980:20)认为人们在说话或写作时总有一种进行选择的意向,从语言能提供的种种结构中进行选择;所谓文体风格,就是这种选择的结果2021/7/26561.1.1对STYLE一词的不同理解(4)“选择说”201.1.1对STYLE一词的不同理解(5)“社会情境制约说”语言的使用离不开社会情境.交际方式交际内容和交际双方的关系对语言使用和语言成分的选择起重要的制约作用。因而语言在使用中形成不同的功能变体,如“文学文体”、“广告文体”、“新闻文体”、“法律文体”以及“科技文体”等。2021/7/26571.1.1对STYLE一词的不同理解(5)“社会情境制1.1.1对STYLE一词的不同理解(6)“语言成分排列说”(源于布拉格学派)Enkvict(etal1964)认为文体特征体现在“集合特点的综合”,体现在“超出句子以外的语言单位之间的关系上”DonaldC.Freeman(1970:4)概括为:文体就是“语篇结构模式的重复出现(recurrence)”或聚合(convergence)著名语言学家RomanJakobson(1896-1982)提出著名论断:“语言的诗学功能将等价原则从选择轴投射到组合轴”。PaulKiparsky认为:诗歌的文体特征主要体现在“语言同项”(linguisticsames)即等值的语言成分:结构上的排比诗歌篇章的节奏和韵律等。2021/7/26581.1.1对STYLE一词的不同理解(6)“语言成分排列1.1.1对STYLE一词的不同理解(7)“偏离说”认为文体是对常见规的某种偏离(deviance/deviation),偏离常规可以产生“前景化”(foregrounding)的效果。明显违背语音词汇语法语义及书写形式等方面的常规,可使语言产生质的偏离(qualtitativedeviation);语言的某种成分出现的频率超乎寻常,则会构成量的偏离(quantitativedeviation)。该学说在西方文体研究领域颇为流行。2021/7/26591.1.1对STYLE一词的不同理解(7)“偏离说”20小结一简而言之,文体学是一门运用现代语言学理论和方法研究文体的科学。现代语言学理论有不同的流派,兼之不同的人可以出于不同的目的研究文体,于是就有如下“百花齐放”的局面:Wales(1989):“普通文体学”(GeneralStylistics)和“文学文体学”(LiteraryStylistics)“形式文体学”(FormalStylistics)“功能文体学”(FunctionalStylistics)“话语文体学”(DiscourseStylistics)“语言文体学”(LinguisticsStylistics)“社会历史/文化文体学”(Socio-historical/Socio-culturalStylistics)、“政治文体学”(PoliticalStylistics)2021/7/2660小结一简而言之,文体学是一门运用现代语言学理论和方法研究文1.1.2文体研究中的“一元论”、“二元论”、“多元论”“一元论”(monism)认为:文体风格和内容是不可分的,任何形式上的改变都会带来内容上的变化“二元论”的文体观是建立在形式主义语言学理论基础上的,其核心是关于内容与形式的二分对立(dichotomy)模式。(1)文体风格是“思想的外衣”;(2)文体风格就是“表达方式”“二元论”者认为形式与内容是可分的,讲话和讲话的方式是两码事。认为我们能够用“不同的方式说出同样的内容”(differentwaysofsayingthesamecontent)。语篇风格体现在语音、书写、词法、句法乃至语篇模式等不同的语言层面上。2021/7/26611.1.2文体研究中的“一元论”、“二元论”、“多元论1.1.2文体研究中的“一元论”、“二元论”、“多元论”“多元论”(pluralism)者认为语言可以完成许多不同的功能,任何语言形式都可能是不同的功能层次上的选择结果。I.A.Richards(1929)区分了语言的四种功能及四种意义(《实用批评》PracticalCriticism)意义sense情感feeling语气tone意图intention2021/7/26621.1.2文体研究中的“一元论”、“二元论”、“多元论1.1.2文体研究中的“一元论”、“二元论”、“多元论”当代功能主义语言观代表人物M.A.K.Halliday认为语言具有三种主要功能:1.表达说话者经验的概念功能(ideationalfunction);2.表达说话者态度、评价以及交际角色之间关系的人际功能(interpersonalfunction);3.组句成篇的语篇功能(textualfunction)2021/7/26631.1.2文体研究中的“一元论”、“二元论”、“多元论1.3语言变体(varietiesoflanguage)1.3.1方言变体(dialectalvarieties)方言变体亦称方言,是以语言使用者(theuseroflanguage)为基准而区分的语言变体。与交际者的社会地位地域年龄性别及所处的时代密切相关。它具有以下特征(一)语言使用者的个人特征(individuality)(二)时代特征(temporalfeatures)(三)地域特征(geographicalfeatures)(四)社会特征(socialfeatures)(五)可理解的程度和范围(standard/nonstandard)2021/7/26641.3语言变体(varietiesoflanguag话语范围(FieldofDiscourse)话语范围指的是言语交际过程中发生的事情进行的活动论及的事情或表达的经验等,它能体现语言使用者在特定情景语境中所要实现的交际目的.话语范围、话题/主题A:Hi,howarethings?B:Notsobad,andyou?A:Couldbeworse.B:HeartheBudget?A:WishIhadn’t.B:(Laugh)Nevermind,it’sgoingtobeagoodweekend.A:Ithadbetterbe.2021/7/2665话语范围(FieldofDiscourse)话语范围指的话语方式、话语基调话语方式指言语交际的渠道或媒介:讲话(speaking);写作(writing);话语基调指的是交际情景中讲话者与受话者之间的关系和讲话者的交际意图(intention)。

personaltenor(个人基调):角色关系(如父与子、母与女、夫与妻、至亲、好友、上级与下级等)决定个人基调,而个人基调又影响交际双方使用语言的正式程度(degreeofformality)

functionaltenor(功能基调):交际意图如传授、劝说、告戒、训导等等。功能基调可分为寒暄性(phatic)、说明性(expository)、说服性(persuasive)、说教性(didactic)等2021/7/2666话语方式、话语基调话语方式指言语交际的渠道或媒介:2021/小结二个人基调和功能基调可以是相互独立的。其典型的表现是某些功能基调可能处在“正式—熟悉”这一连续体(continuum)的任何一点上。个人基调和功能基调可以同时在语言交际过程中发挥作用,其间并没有固定的对应关系。有些语域主要是由话语范围决定的,而话语方式和话语基调的选择可以看作是对话语范围性质的补充。话语方式也和话语范围密切相关话语方式也与个人基调和功能基调密切相关ExercisesI2021/7/2667小结二个人基调和功能基调可以是相互独立的。其典型的表现是某些Assignments

Purposesofstylistics“Style”and“stylistics”(atleast10)VarietyofEnglish(语体)Langue(语言)Parole(言语)Text(语篇)Discourse(话语)Context(语境);register(语域)Occasion(场合)Appropriacy/Appropriateness得体(性)2021/7/2668Assignments

Purposesofstylis2021/7/26692021/7/2669(最新整理)Stylistics(英语文体学)2021/7/2670(最新整理)Stylistics(英语文体学)2021/7/TheFirstSteptoStylisticsI.Keywords:Style(文体);stylistics(文体学)VarietyofEnglish(语体)Langue(语言)Parole(言语)Text(篇章)Discourse(/语篇/话语)Context(语境);register(语域)Occasion(场合)Appropriacy/Appropriateness得体(性)2021/7/2671TheFirstSteptoStylisticsI.II.Whatisstyle?

styleasrhetoric—Gorgias（风格即修辞）;styleasform—Aristotle（风格即形式）;styleaseloquence—Cicero(风格即雄辩术);properwordsinproperplaces—Swift（在恰当的地方使用恰当的词）;2021/7/2672II.Whatisstyle?

styleasrhII.Whatisstyle?Lestyle,c’estl’hommememe—Buffon（文如其人）

;Lestyle,C’estajouteraunepenseedonneetouteslescirconstancespropreaproduiretoutl’effectqueproduirecettepensee.—Stendhal（赋予既定思想并适合产生出它应有效果的全部形式）

;styleaspersonalidiosyncrasy—Murry（个人表达上的特点）

;2021/7/2673II.Whatisstyle?Lestyle,c’II.Whatisstyle?styleastechniqueofexposition—Murry(解说技巧)

;styleasthehighestachievementofliterature—Murry（文学的最高成就）

;sayingtherightthinginthemosteffectiveway—Enkvist（以最有效的方式讲恰当的事情）

;2021/7/2674II.Whatisstyle?styleastecII.Whatisstyle?styleasdeviation—Spitzer(对于常规的变异);styleastransformation—Ohmann（语言结构的转换）;styleasmeaningpotential—Halliday(风格即意义潜势);styleasexpressiveness—Ullman（认知意义的表达）。Languageisthedressofthought.—SamuelJohnson（语言就是思想的外衣）2021/7/2675II.Whatisstyle?styleasdevII.Whatisstyle?styleasashellsurroundingapre-existingcoreofthoughtorexpression—Enkvist（环绕已存在的思想感情或感情内核的外壳）

;styleasthechoicebetweenalternativeexpressions—Enkvist（在不同表达方式中的选择）

;styleasasetofcollectivecharacteristics—Enkvist(集合特点的综合)

;2021/7/2676II.Whatisstyle?styleasasII.Whatisstyle?styleasthoserelationsamonglinguisticentitie