新目标大学英语综合教程4

新目标大学英语综合教程4新目标大学英语综合教程4新目标大学英语综合教程4资料仅供参考文件编号：2022年4月新目标大学英语综合教程4版本号：A修改号：1页次：1.0审核：批准:发布日期：Unit1研究表明：在两性及众多文化中，长相好的人，特别是从青春期开始，往往被评价为具有出色的性格特质的人。事情为何如此？有些人觉得，由于遇见外表迷人者和品德优良者都令人愉快，我们会不假思索地把这二者混为一谈。但是，这一说法似乎并不客观。西安大略大学(University

of

Western

Ontario)的桑波·保诺宁(Sampo

Paunonen)博士的研究发现，被形容为较诚实的人也会被认为更讨人喜欢，而越讨人喜欢的人，外貌也就更具吸引力。Research

has

shown

that

in

both

sexes

and

acrossnumerouscultures,especiallyfrom

adolescence,good-looking

people

are

oftenevaluated

to

be

oneswithexceptionalpersonalitytraits.WhyshouldthisbesoSomepeoplehaveperceivedthatsinceitispleasurabletomeetsomeonewithattractivephysicalappearanceandsomeone

withgood

moralcharacter,weautomaticallymixthemup.

Butthisstatementdoesnotseemtobeobjective.ThestudiesbyDr.SampoPaunonenoftheUniversityofWesternOntariorevealthatpeoplewhoweredescribedasbeingmorehonestwereratedasmorelikable,andthemorelikable,themorephysicallyattractive.Unit21960年简·古多尔开始了她在坦桑尼亚的贡贝溪国家公园对黑猩猩社群的研究。由于没有专业的训练来指导其研究，古多尔观察到了可能会被严格的科学教条(doctrine)所忽视的东西。她没有给进入观察的黑猩猩编号，而是给他们取名，如菲菲和灰胡子大卫，并发现他们具有独特的个性。古多尔在贡贝溪的研究在科学界最为人称道的是，她的发现打破了当时人们长期存在的两个信念：只有人类才会制造和使用工具，以及黑猩猩是素食者。JaneGoodallbeganstudyingthechimpanzeecommunityinGombeStreamNationalPark,Tanzania,in1960.Withoutprofessionaltrainingtodirectherresearch,Goodallobservedthingsthatstrictscientificdoctrinesmayhaveoverlooked.Insteadofnumberingthechimpanzeessheobserved,shegavethemnamessuchasFifiandDavidGreybeard,andfoundtheyhaduniqueandindividualpersonalities.Goodall’sresearchatGombeStreamisbestknowntothescientificcommunityforchallengingtwolong-standingbeliefsoftheday:thatonlyhumanscouldmakeandusetools,andthatchimpanzeeswerevegetarians.Unit3天坛(TheTempleofHeaven)是明、清两代皇帝“祭天”(offersacrificestotheheaven)、“祈谷”(prayforgoodharvest)的场所。坛域北呈圆形，南为方形，寓意“天圆地方”。四周环筑坛墙两道，把全坛分为内坛(theInnerAltar)、外坛两部分，总面积273公顷，主要建筑集中于内坛。内坛以墙分为南北两部。北为“祈谷坛”(theAltarofPrayingforBumperCrops)，用于春季祈祷丰年，中心建筑是祈年殿(theHallofPrayerforGoodHarvests)。南为“圜丘坛”(theCircularMoundAltar)，专门用于“冬至”(wintersolstice)日祭天(worshipHeaven)，中心建筑是一巨大的圆形石台，名“圜丘”(theCircularMound)。天坛集明、清建筑技艺之大成，是中国古建珍品，是世界上最大的祭天建筑群。1998年被联合国教科文组织确认为“世界文化遗产”。TheTempleofHeavenwasthevenueforemperorsoftheMingandQingDynastiestooffersacrificestotheheavenandprayforgoodharvest.Itisroundinthenorthandsquareinthesouth,implying"roundheavenandsquareearth".Coveringanareaof273hectares,itisdividedbytwoenclosedwallsintotheInnerAltarandtheOuterAltar.PrincipalbuildingscongregatewithintheInnerAltar.TheInnerAltarisalsopartitionedbyawallintotwogroupsofbuildings.ThenorthstructureistheAltarofPrayingforBumperCropswiththeHallofPrayerforGoodHarvestsastheprincipalbuildingusedtoprayinspringforabumperharvestintheyear.ThesouthstructureistheCircularMoundAltarusedtoworshipHeavenatthewintersolsticewheretheprincipalconstructionisalargeroundmarbleterracenamedtheCircularMound.AmasterpieceoftheMingandQingarchitecturalartandapreciousexampleofChina'sancientarchitecture,TheTempleofHeavenisthelargestarchitecturalgroupforworshippingHeavenintheworld.In1998,itwasrecognizedbytheUNESCOasaWorldCulturalHeritage.Unit4印刷术是中国古代四大发明之一，始于隋朝的雕版印刷。经宋仁宗（EmperorRenzonginSongDynasty）时的毕昇发展、完善，产生了活字印刷，并由蒙古人传至了欧洲，所以后人称毕昇为印刷术的始祖。中国的印刷术是人类近代文明的先导，为知识的广泛传播、交流创造了条件。印刷术先后传到朝鲜、日本、中亚、西亚和欧洲。1450年前后，德国的古腾堡（Gutenberg）受中国活字印刷的影响，用合金制成了拼音文字的活字，用来印刷书籍。古腾堡使用活字印刷，比毕昇使用活字印刷已经晚了四百多年。AsoneofthefourgreatinventionsofancientChina,typographywhichbeganfromthewoodblockprintinginSuiDynastyevolvedintoamovable-typeoneafterBiSheng’sdevelopmentandimprovementinthereignofEmperorRenzonginSongDynasty.Afterthat,itwasintroducedintoEuropebytheMongolians,soBiShengwasregardedasthepioneeroftypography.Chinesetypography,whichcreatedpossibilityforthewidedisseminationandexchangeofknowledge,istheforerunnerofmodernhumancivilization.IthasbeenintroducedtoNorthKorea,Japan,CentralAsia,WestAsiaandEurope.Around1450,Gutenberg,aGerman,whowasinfluencedbytheChinesemovable-typeprinting,inventedmovablealloytypesforalphabetsandusedtheminprintingbooks.Therefore,Gutenberg’suseofmovable-typeprintingwasover400yearsbehindBiSheng’suse.Unit5绿色能源对于建设可持续发展型社会至关重要，不仅仅因为它能提供诸多就业机会，更在于它能为投身于该领域的学生提供大量激发创造性的机会。据国家能源部(NationalEnergyAdministration)七月份预计，截止到2020年，新能源产业将创造1.5亿个就业岗位。2007年《京东议定书》(KyotoProtocol)发起建立清洁能源发展机制(CleanDevelopmentMechanism)的新方案，旨在帮助发展中国家实现减排目标。一些公司可以由此获取新能源项目资金。Greenenergyiscrucialtobuildingasustainablesociety.Notonlyaretherejobsinthefield,butinvolvementintheindustryprovidesplentyofopportunitiesforstudentsinthisfieldtobecreative.AccordingtotheestimateoftheNationalEnergyAdministrationinJuly,thenewenergysectori