许可频谱和无线电信对美国经济的重要性（英）-2022.12-46正式版

TheImportanceofLicensedSpectrumandWirelessTelecommunicationstotheAmericanEconomyArenMegerdichian,Ph.D.CompassLexeconDecember7,20221ContentsI.ExecutiveSummary 3II.OverviewofSpectrumandtheWirelessIndustry 4A.OverviewofSpectrumandSpectrumLicensees 4B.ConsumersHaveBenefitedFromSubstantialInvestmentsMadebyWirelessOperators 7C.DemandforWirelessServicesandMobileBroadbandisProjectedtoContinuetoGrow 12III.TheCoreWirelessIndustryContributesSubstantiallytotheAmericanEconomy 14A.TheCoreWirelessIndustryContributesSubstantiallytoOutput 15B.TheCoreWirelessIndustryEmploysaLargeNumberofPeopleandProvidesHigh-WageJobs 17IV.TheCoreWirelessIndustryGeneratesAdditional,SecondaryBenefitstotheAmericanEconomy 18A.TheCoreWirelessIndustryGeneratesAdditionalEconomicOutput 19B.TheCoreWirelessIndustryContributesSignificantlytotheEmploymentofPeopleinOtherIndustries..21V.ThereareBroader,DownstreamEconomicBenefitsFromWirelessandMobileBroadbandServices 22A.SocialNetworkingSites 24B.MobileGaming 26C.SmartphoneAppDevelopers 29D.SearchEngines 31E.DigitalAdvertisingAgencies 32VI.Conclusion 34AppendixA:AdditionalTablesSummarizingGrossOutput,GDP,andEmployment 37AppendixB:AdditionalDetailsOnInput-OutputAnalysesandMultipliers 402EXECUTIVESUMMARYBetween1985and2020,wireless(mobile)networkoperatorshavespentmorethan$600billionincapitalinvestment,notincludingover$120billionpaidtothefederalgovernmentfortherighttousespectrumtopowerthenetworksandsupportthewirelessservicesthatconsumersdemand.Duringthepastdecadealone,spectrumauctionspertainingtowirelessserviceshaveraised$155billioninrevenues.Duringthedecade,wirelessnetworkoperatorsinvested$265billionininfrastructure,deployedhundredsofthousandsofcellsitesandotherantennastructures,andcutthecostofmobiledataby98%,evenwhiledeliveringnearly50xthevolumeofdata,athigherspeeds.ThesubstantialinvestmentsinlicensedspectrumandinfrastructureduringthepastdecadehaveallowedtheindustrytodeliverwirelessservicestohundredsofmillionsofconsumersthroughouttheU.S.,contributingnearly$9.5trillioningrossoutputand$5.4trillioninGDPtotheAmericaneconomy,andemployinganannualaverageofmorethanthreemillionpeople.SeeTable1.In2020alone,thewirelessindustrycontributedover$1.3trillioningrossoutput,$825billioninGDP,andnearly4.5millionjobstotheAmericaneconomy.Thesetrillionsinoutputandmillionsofjobsincludethedirecteffectsofthecorewirelessindustry(mobilenetworkoperatorsandresellers)ontheeconomy,aswellasthesecondaryeffectsofthewirelesssupplychainandselectdownstreammarketsegmentsthatrelyheavilyuponwirelessandmobilebroadbandservices(includingsmartphoneappdevelopers,searchengines,digitaladvertisingagencies,mobilegaming,andsocialnetworkingsites).ItdoesnottakeintoaccountthecontributionsmadebyothersectorsthatalsodependonandusewirelessservicesthatcouldrepresenthundredsofbillionsinadditionalgrossoutputandGDP,aswellasmillionsofworkers.Therefore,theestimatespresentedinthisstudyareabaseline,orlowerbound,forthecontributionsmadebywireless-relatedsectorstotheAmericaneconomy.3Forthewirelessindustrytocontinuetoprovidetheseconsiderable,widespreadpositiveeffectstotheAmericaneconomy,itisnecessarytoprovidemobilenetworkoperatorsaccesstodedicated,licensedspectrum.Itisalsoimportanttoallowpotentiallicenseestocompetetoacquirethespectrumlicenses,and,onceacquired,toallowthelicenseestodeterminetheoptimalallocationandusageofthatspectrumintheeconomybasedoneconomicmarketforces.Thiswillpromoteeconomicefficiencyinthedistributionandallocationofspectrum—ascarceresource—andwillallowthewirelessindustrytocontinuetogrowandprovidenumerous,substantialeconomicbenefitstotheAmericaneconomy.Table1–SummaryofEconomicBenefitstotheU.S.Economy,2011-2020GrossGDPEmployment(AnnualOutput($B)($B)Avg.)DirectEffects:CoreWireless(MNOs,MVNOs)$2,702.3$1,329.9252,022SecondaryEffects:CoreWirelessSupplyChain$3,794.7$2,431.41,568,011DirectEffects:SelectedDownstreamAppand$1,478.9$753.5270,267MobileIndustriesSecondaryEffects:SelectedDownstreamApp$1,501.2$857.7982,154andMobileIndustrySupplyChainsTotal$9,477.1$5,372.63,072,454OVERVIEWOFSPECTRUMANDTHEWIRELESSINDUSTRYA.OverviewofSpectrumandSpectrumLicenseesRadiospectrumistheradiofrequencypartoftheelectromagneticspectrum.TheFederalCommunicationsCommission(FCC)overseeslicensedspectrumforcommercialuse,whiletheNationalTelecommunicationsandInformationAdministrationoverseeslicensedspectrumforfederaluse.Commerciallylicensedspectrumenablesservicessuchasmobilebroadband(BB),broadcasttelevision,broadcastradio,andsatellitecommunications.AspectrumbandisacquiredthroughalicensefromtheFCC,typicallyspecifyingagivengeographicarea,timeperiod,andoperatingrulesthatalicenseemustfollow.4Incontrasttolicensedspectrum,unlicensedspectruminvolvesradiofrequenciesthattheFCCmanagesgenerallywithoutlicenses.Unlicensedspectrumoftenincludesnear-rangeandlow-powerservices,suchasWi-Fi,certainwirelessdevices,Bluetoothdevices,andso-calledinternet-of-thingsdevices.Unlikelicensedspectrum,whichguaranteeslicenseeshaveexclusiverightstoaparticularfrequencyrange,unlicensedspectrumisdedicatedtopublicandcommercialuse.Thisreportfocusesontheeconomicbenefitsoflicensedspectrum.Duringthefive-yearperiodFY1997to2001,theFCChad24spectrumauctions,resultingin12,545licenseswon,generatingabout$5.5billion.Twodecadeslater,duringFY2017to2021,thisgrewto49,245licenseswon,generatingabout$115billion.SeeTableSinceFY1994,theFCC’sspectrumauctionsprogramhasgenerated$233billion,withanexpenseof$2.3billion,fortheU.S.government.1Between2011and2020,spectrumauctionspertainingtowirelessserviceshaveraised$155billioninauctionrevenues.2Asof2020,theFCCreportedthat5,693MHzoflicensedspectrumareavailablefortheuseandprovisionofmobilewirelessservices.3FCC,2023BudgetEstimatestoCongress,March2022,p.48.FCCaggregatefiguresreflectsomeauctionsthatmaynotbeapplicabletowirelessnetworkoperatorsorwirelessservicesthatarediscussedwithinthispaper,suchasFMBroadcastauctions.CTIAestimatessuggestthatsuchauctionsaccountforonlyabout$4billionofthe$233billion.Thisincludesauctions92,96-97,101-103,105,107and1002.SeeFCC,“Auction92:700MHzBand,”availableat/auction/92;FCC,“Auction96:HBlock,”availableat/auction/96;FCC,“Auction97:AdvancedWirelessServices(AWS-3),”availableat/auction/97;FCC,“WinningBiddersAnnouncedForAuctionof28GHzUpperMicrowaveFlexibleUseServiceLicenses(Auction101),”availableat/public/attachments/DA-19-484A1.pdf;FCC,“Auctionof24GHzUpperMicrowaveFlexibleUseServiceLicensesCloses,”availableat/public/attachments/DA-19-485A1.pdf;FCC,“Auction103–Upper37GHz,39GHz,and47GHz,”availableat/public/projects/auction103;FCC,“Auction105-3.5GHz,”availableat/public/projects/auction105;FCC,“FCCAnnouncesWinningBiddersInC-BandAuction,”availableat/public/attachments/DOC-370267A1.pdf;FCC,“ForwardAuction,”availableat/public/projects/1000.FCC,2020CommunicationsMarketplaceReport,December31,2020,pp.22-23.ThisincludesmmWspectrum.TheFCC’sspectrumscreenincludesspectrumthattheFCCfinds“suitableandavailablefortheprovisionofmobilewirelessservices.”SeeId.,n.92.5Table2–FCCAuctionStatistics1994-1997-2002-2007-2012-2017-ThruJan.Total1996200120062011201620212022NumberofAuctions10243016710198LicensesWon2,75912,54514,5346,4635,18949,2454,04194,776AmountGenerated$10.9$5.5$16.4$19.2$43.3$115.3$22.4$233.0(billions)Source:FCC,2023BudgetEstimatestoCongress,March2022,p.48.Datarangesarebasedonfiscalyears(FY2021=Oct1,2020toSept30.2021).Deployinglicensedspectrumforwirelessconsumerservicesrequireswirelessinfrastructure.Mobilenetworkoperators(MNOs)haveinvestedsignificantlyintheU.S.tobuildandmaintaintheinfrastructurethatenableshigh-quality,low-costwirelessandmobileservicestoconsumers.Between1985and2020,wirelessoperatorsintheU.S.hadcollectivelymadeover$600billionincapitalinvestments.4Duringthedecadespanning2011to2020alone,thecumulativeinvestmentwasover$265billion.5ExtensivecapitalspendingintheU.S.byMNOshasallowedforarapidlygrowingwirelessinfrastructure.Wirelessserviceprovidersdeploycellsitestoexpandortoimprovecoverageinexistingserviceareasandtoaccommodatenewertechnologies.6CTIAestimatesthatthenumberofcellsitesincommercialusehasincreasedfrom283,385in2011to417,215in2020.7CTIA,CTIA’sWirelessIndustryIndicesReport(July2021),Table14andAppendixB.Excludesthecostoflicenses.56

Id.FCC,2020CommunicationsMarketplaceReport,December31,2020,p.25.CTIA,CTIA’sWirelessIndustryIndicesReport(July2021),Chart19andAppendixB.CTIAnotesthat“[t]he417,215cellsitesinactiveserviceatyear-end2020includetraditionalmacrocells,smallcells,DASnodes,andothercell-extendingdevices.Thecellsitecountoriginallyincludedrepeatersandothercell-extendingdevices,someofwhichhavebeenrenderedobsoletebynewtechnologygenerations.Theextenttowhichonecategoryoranothermayhavegrownorshrunkisnotreported.WhileCTIAtracksthetotalnumberofcellsitesinserviceasoftheendofeach6Asdescribednext,MNOsusethelicensedspectrumandtheirwirelessinfrastructuretodeliverwirelessservicestohundredsofmillionsofconsumersthroughouttheU.S.,includingsellingaccesstotheirwirelessnetworkstomobilevirtualnetworkoperators(MVNOs),alsoknownasresellers,atwholesalerates,whichMVNOsusetoselltheirownwirelessservicestoconsumers.Consumersofwirelessservices,includingmobileBB,havebenefittedfromlowerprices,higheroutput,andhigherqualityovertimeassociatedwiththeinvestmentsmadebyMNOsinlicensedspectrumandwirelessinfrastructure.B.ConsumersHaveBenefitedFromSubstantialInvestmentsMadebyWirelessOperatorsTheextensiveinvestmentsinspectrumandwirelessinfrastructurebyMNOs,coupledwithacompetitivewirelessindustry,havedeliveredtoconsumerslowprices,highoutput,andhigh-qualitywirelessservicesoverthepastfewdecades,promotingconsumerwelfareandthusfulfillingawell-establishedgoalofcompetitionpolicyintheU.S.8PriceindicespublishedbytheBureauofLaborStatistics(BLS)demonstratedecliningpricesforwirelessservices.Bothwirelessconsumerandproducerpriceindiceshavefallensteadilyandmarkedlyovertheyears.Between2000and2021,thewirelessservicesconsumerpriceindex(CPI)declinedbynearly37%,andthewirelesscarriersproducerpriceindex(PPI)declinedbyover50%.9Incontrast,theCPIforallitemsintheU.S.increasedby57%between2000and2021.SeeFigure1.Similarly,averagerevenuesurveyperiod,itdoesnottrackthenumberthatareremovedfromservice,northenumberofnewlyaddedcellsitesinanyspecificsurveyperiod,thoughweknowthatsuchremovalsandadditionshaveoccurredasnewgenerationsoftechnologyhavebeendeployed.Nordowetrackbasestations.”Id.,p.54.TheconsumerwelfarestandardemployedbytheantitrustagenciesandcourtsintheU.S.isintendedtopromotecompetitionandprotectconsumers.See,e.g.,OpeningStatementofProfessorCarlShapiro,SenateJudiciaryCommittee–SubcommitteeonAntitrust,ConsumerProtectionandConsumerRights,“TheConsumerWelfareStandardinAntitrust:Outdated,oraHarborinaSeaofDoubt,”December13,2017,p.2,availableat/imo/media/doc/12-13-17%20Shapiro%20Testimony.pdf.WirelessCPIisbasedonWirelessTelephoneServices(CUUR0000SEED03).WirelessPPIisbasedonWirelessTelecommunicationsCarriers(PCU517312517312).7perunit(ARPU)—thatis,theaveragerevenuepersubscriberpermonthforwirelessservices—hasdeclinedfrom$48.6to$35.3,orabout27%,between2000and2020.10Finally,theaverageservicerevenuepergigabyte(GB)ofmobiledatahasdeclinedfrom$195.9/GBin2011tojust$4.5/GBin2020,representingadeclineofabout98%.11Figure1–BLSPriceIndices,2000-2021180.02021160.0157.42015140.02010137.62005126.6120.02000113.4100.0100.02005201085.582.1201580.0200572.7202160.084.6201063.468.52015202140.056.345.920.00.02000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021CPI-AllCPI-WirelessPPI-WirelessSource:BLSDataSeriesCUSR0000SA0,CUUS0000SA0,CUUR0000SEED03,PCU517312517312.Whilepriceshavebeenfalling,outputinthewirelessindustryhassteadilygrownovertime.Theestimatednumberofwirelessconnectionsincreasedfromapproximately109millionin2000to469millionin2020intheU.S.,representingafour-foldincrease.12PewResearchreportsthatownershipofcellularphonesintheU.S.increasedfrom83%inMayCTIA,CTIA’sWirelessIndustryIndicesReport(July2021),Chart17andAppendixB.TheFCCnotesthatwhile“[…]itisdifficulttodirectlycomparepricesbetweenprovidersorovertime,becauseprovidersofferavarietyofplans[…],”measuresofARPUare“frequentlyusedasaproxyforprice[…].”SeeFCC,2020CommunicationsMarketplaceReport,December31,2020,pp.31-33.CTIA,CTIA’sWirelessIndustryIndicesReport(July2021),Charts2and14.Id.,Table5.82011to97%inFebruary2021,andsmartphoneownershipincreasedfrom35%to85%duringthesameperiod.13Thenumberofactivesmartphonesincreasedfrom111.5milliontoover296millionbetween2011and2020,andthenumberofwireless-enabledlaptops,tablets,androutersactiveonnetworksmorethandoubledfrom20.2millionto41.3millioninthesameperiod.14Thisisespeciallynoteworthygiventhatanincreasingshareofhouseholdsarerelyingonmobiledata.Between2016and2019,theshareofinternet-subscribinghouseholdswithmobiledatahadincreasedfrom83.3%to90.0%.15Moreover,theshareofinternet-subscribinghouseholdswithonlymobiledataplanshadincreasedfrom13.2%to14.1%inthesameperiod.16Anotherkeymeasureofoutputismobiledatatraffic.AsshowninFigure2,totalmobiledatatrafficintheU.S.grewnearly50-foldfrom867billionmegabytes(MB)in2011toover42trillionMBin2020.Mobiledatausageperdevicealsoincreasedmarkedlyduringthesameperiod,withtheaveragemonthlydatatrafficperaveragesmartphonegrowingover21-foldfrom0.5GBin2011to10.8GBin2020.SeeFigure3.Minutesofuseexperiencedmodestgrowthwithinthesameperiod,increasingfrom2.3trillionto2.9trillionminutesbetween2011and2020.17PewResearch,“MobileFactSheet,”April7,2021,availableat/internet/fact-sheet/mobile/.CTIA,CTIA’sWirelessIndustryIndicesReport(July2021),AppendixB.FCC,2020CommunicationsMarketplaceReport,December31,2020,Fig.II.B.33.Id.,Fig.II.B.32.CTIA,CTIA’sWirelessIndustryIndicesReport(July2021),Chart2andAppendixB.9Figure2–TotalMobileDataTraffic,2010-2020(TrillionMB)

45.042.240.037.135.030.028.625.020.015.013.715.79.710.04.15.03.20.020102011201220132014201520162017201820192020Source:CTIA2020IndicesReport,Chart2andAppendixB.Figure3–AverageGBPerAverageSmartphonePerMonth,2010-202012.010.810.09.28.06.66.05.14.020102011201220132014201520162017201820192020Source:CTIA2020IndicesReport,Chart4.10Inaddition,asaresultoftheconsiderableinvestmentsinlicensedspectrumandwirelessinfrastructure,wirelessservicecoveragehasexpandedintheU.S.InJanuary2012,89.6%ofthepopulationintheU.S.wascoveredbyatleastthreeserviceproviders(3Gorbetter).ByJanuary2017,thecoveragehadincreasedto98.2%.ByDecember2019,theshareofpopulationcoveredbyatleastthreeLTEprovidershadincreasedto99%.SeeFigure4.Increasedwirelesscoveragealsohasoccurredinruralareas.AsofMay2020,therewere2,885counties(89%)nationwidewiththreeormoretowerorcellsiteoperationsand2,457counties(76%)withfourormoretoweroperators.18Moreover,inJanuary2012,theshareoftheruralpopulationcoveredbyatleastthreeserviceproviderswasabout58%,increasingtojustover91%fiveyearslater.TheshareofruralpopulationcoveredbyatleastthreeLTEprovidershadreached95.5%by2019.SeeFigure4.Figure4–ShareofU.S.PopulationWithThreeorMoreProviders100.0%93.4%98.2%99.0%95.5%89.6%91.2%80.0%72.0%60.0%58.4%40.0%20.0%201220142017201920122014201720190.0%(3G+)(3G+)(3G+)(LTE)(3G+)(3G+)(3G+)(LTE)OverallRuralSource:FCCCommunicationsMarketplaceReports.FCC,2020CommunicationsMarketplaceReport,December31,2020,Fig.II.A.17.11Whilepriceshavebeenfallingandoutputhasbeenincreasing,wirelessservicequalityhasbeenincreasing.AnimportantmeasureofperformanceandqualityinthewirelessindustryismobileBBspeed.HighermobileBBspeedscanenhanceuserexperience(e.g.,streamingvideo)andfacilitatenewsoftwareapplications(e.g.,virtualreality).Themediandownloadspeedfor4GLTEnationwidemorethandoubledfrom11megabitspersecond(Mbps)to26.2Mbpsbetween2014and2019.19Moreover,datafromOoklashowsthattheoverallaveragemobiledownloadspeedintheU.S.increasedfrom19.3MbpsinJuly2016to31.2MbpsinNovember2018,andfurtherincreasedto128.3MbpsbyJune2022.20AccordingtoOokla,medianmobiledownloadspeedintheU.S.increasedfrom36MbpsinOctober2020to59.5MbpsinJune2022.21Othermeasuresofquality,suchasconsumersatisfaction,alsohaveincreasedovertime.TheAmericanCustomerSatisfactionIndex(ASCI)—anationalindicatorofthequalityofeconomicoutputforgoodsandservicesasexperiencedbyconsumers—showsthattheASCIforwirelessphoneserviceincreasedfrom63in2005to74in2021.22C.DemandforWirelessServicesandMobileBroadbandisProjectedtoContinuetoGrowItisclearthattherehasbeenimmensegrowthinwirelessservicesandservicequality,primarilydrivenbymobileBB.ThegrowthinoutputandincreasingqualityofmobileBB,Id.,Fig.II.A.29.Ookla,“Speedtest,”July2017,availableat/web/20170812155126//global-index/united-states;Ookla,“Speedtest,”November2019,availableat/web/20200106224809//global-index/united-states;Ookla“Speedtest,”June2022,availableat/web/20220728224651//global-index/united-states.Ookla,“Speedtest,”October2021,availableat/web/20211130112014//global-index/united-states;Ookla“Speedtest,”June2022,availableat/web/20220728224651//global-index/united-states.AmericanCustomerSatisfactionIndex,WirelessPhoneService,availableat/industries/telecommunications-and-information/wireless-phone-service/.12aswellasdecliningprices,intheU.S.hasbeenfacilitatedbyextensiveinvestmentsbyMNOstoacquirespectrumlicensesandassociatedcapitalspendingonwirelessinfrastructuretomeetgrowingconsumerdemand.ThegrowthindemandformobileBBisexpectedtocontinue.IndustrymarketresearchreportspredictthatdemandforwirelessandmobileBBserviceswillincrease,primarilydrivenbythegrowthin5GmobileBBtechnology.AGSMAreportfindsthat5Gconnectionsrepresentedonly3%oftotalconnectionsintheU.S.in2020butisprojectedtogrowtorepresent68%oftotalconnectionsby2025.23GSMAalsoestimatesthatmobileBBusersasashareofthepopulationintheU.S.willincreasefrom78%to82%between2020and2025.24AccordingtoareportbyEricsson,400million5GsubscriptionsinNorthAmericaareanticipatedbytheendof2027,accountingfor90%ofallmobilesubscriptions,andaveragedatausageisexpectedtoreach52GBpersmartphonepermonthin2027.25AsshowninFigure3,theaveragemonthlydatatrafficpersmartphonewasabout10.8GBin2020.Therefore,Ericsson’sprojectionsuggestsanalmostfive-foldincreaseindatatrafficpersmartphoneby2027.IBISWorldnotesthatthewirelesstelecommunicationscarriersindustry“iswell-positionedforgrowthoverthefiveyearsto2027,”andthat“enhancedspeedoffourth-generation(4G)andLTEnetworkshasalreadydrivenmorecustomerstoabandonlandlinesaltogether.”26ThereportalsonotesthattheshareofhouseholdsintheU.S.withonlywirelessservicewillcontinueincreasing,whiletheshareofhouseholdswithbothwirelineGSMA,TheMobileEconomy–NorthAmerica,2021,p.6,availableat/mobileeconomy/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/GSMA_ME_NorthAmerica_2021_WebSingles.pdf.Id.,p.12.Ericsson,MobilityReport,June2022,pp.7,16,availableat/49d3a0/assets/local/reports-papers/mobility-report/documents/2022/ericsson-mobility-report-june-2022.pdf.IBISWorld,WirelessTelecommunicationsCarriersintheUS,March2022,pp.14-15.13andwirelessserviceisprojectedtodecline,attributabletotherolloutof5Gnetworks.27IBISWorldforecaststhatthenumberofmobileinternetconnectionswillgrowfrom334millionin2022to348millionin2028.28THECOREWIRELESSINDUSTRYCONTRIBUTESSUBSTANTIALLYTOTHEAMERICANECONOMYThecorewirelessindustry—comprisedofMNOs(wirelesscarriers)andMVNOs(resellers)thatprovidewirelessservicestoconsumers—hasplayedacriticalroleintheAmericaneconomy,bothintermsofgrowingoutputandprovidingrelativelyhigh-payingjobscomparedtotherestoftheprivatesector.Asaresultofitsinvestmentsinspectrumandwirelessinfrastructure,thecorewirelessindustryprovidesgoodsandservicestoconsumersintheU.S.thatamountedto$2.7trillioningrossoutputandover$1.3trillioninGDPduringthedecadespanning2011to2020,aswellasover250,000jobsonaverageperyearduringthesameperiod.In2020alone,thecorewirelessindustrygeneratedover$300billioningrossoutputandover$160billioninGDP,aswellasnearly218,000jobs.SeeTable1andAppendixA.ForthewirelessindustrytocontinuetoplayamajorroleintheAmericaneconomy,especiallyinaclimateofcontinuedexpectedgrowthindemandformobileBB,extensiveinvestmentsinspectrumlicensesandaccompanyinginvestmentsinwirelessinfrastructurebyMNOswillberequired.Id.Id.14A.TheCoreWirelessIndustryContributesSubstantiallytoOutputAnnualgrossoutput29fromthecorewirelessindustry30grewfrom$222.3billionin2011to$303.7billionby2020,orapproximatelya37%increase.Wirelessmobilenetworkoperatorscontributedabout85%ofthisgrowth(approximately$69billion),andwirelessresellersaccountedfortheremaining15%(approximately$12.3billion).31Incomparison,grossoutputfromthewiredtelecommunicationsindustryhadonlyincreasedfromapproximately$316billionto$339billionduringthesamedecade.32Duringthedecadespanning2011to2020,thecorewirelessindustrydirectlycontributedover$2.7trillioningrossoutputtotheU.S.economy,oranannualaverageofabout$270billion.SeeTable3.Intermsofvalueadded(GDP),duringthedecadespanning2011to2020,thecorewirelessindustrydirectlycontributed$1.3trilliontotheAmericaneconomy.33SeeTable3.Grossoutputisameasureofsalesorrevenuefromproductionformostindustries,althoughitismeasuredassalesorrevenuelesscostofgoodssoldformarginindustrieslikeretailandwholesaletrade.SeeBEA,“Whatisgrossoutputbyindustryandhowdoesitdifferfromgrossdomesticproduct(orvalueadded)byindustry?”February12,2018,availableat/help/faq/1197.NAICS517312reflectsthe2017NAICScodeforthewirelesscarriers.TheNAICScodewasupdatedto517112in2022.SeeCensusBureau,NorthAmericanIndustryClassificationSystem-WirelessTelecommunicationsCarriers(exceptSatellite),availableat/naics/?input=51&chart=2022&details=517112.AmericaMovilQuarterFilings;FCCLocalTelephoneCompetitionreports;FCCVoiceTelephoneServicesreports.GrossoutputforMVNOsisestimatedastheproductofTracFone’smonthlyaveragerevenueperuser(includingequipmentrevenues)andtheFCC’sestimatesofthenumberofMVNOsubscriberseachyear.BureauofEconomicAnalysis,GrossOutputbyIndustry,availableat/iTable/iTable.cfm?reqid=150&step=2&isuri=1&categories=ugdpxind.Valueadded(GDP)forMVNOsisestimatedbycalculatingtheMVNOrevenues(seen.31)asashareoftotaloutputfromIMPLAN’sSatellite,telecommunicationsresellers,andallothertelecommunicationssector,andappliedtoIMPLAN’sestimatesofvalueaddedforthissector.15Between2011and2020,nominalGDPintheU.S.grewby$5.3trillion.34Duringthesameperiod,nominalGDPforMNOsalonegrewby$54billion,representingjustover1%ofthegrowthinGDPintheeconomy.35Bycomparison,thewiredtelecommunicationsindustryexperiencedanincreaseofjust$8billioninGDPduringthesameperiod,representingjust0.15%shareoftotalGDPgrowthintheU.S.36MNOsrank33outof138sub-industrieswithintheAmericaneconomyintermsofallsub-industries’shareofGDPgrowthbetween2011and2020intheU.S.37Bycomparison,wiredtelecommunicationsranks94outof138.Table3–TotalCoreWirelessIndustry,SelectEconomicDataWirelessCarriersWirelessResellersCoreTotalGrossGrossGrossOutputGDP($B)EmployeesOutputGDP($B)EmployeesOutputGDP($B)Employees($B)($B)($B)2011$216.7$99.4238,071$5.6$2.328,337$222.3$101.7266,4082012$230.5$101.6230,101$7.2$3.031,547$237.7$104.6261,6482013$238.2$118.3230,409$9.3$3.833,411$247.5$122.1263,8202014$256.9$117.8232,169$10.6$4.235,782$267.5$122.0267,9512015$261.6$126.3235,818$10.6$4.234,556$272.2$130.5270,3742016$265.2$130.9216,537$11.7$4.736,541$276.9$135.6253,0782017$263.8$131.4207,324$12.8$5.140,741$276.6$136.5248,0652018$281.5$147.7206,855$13.9$5.540,215$295.4$153.2247,0702019$287.1$156.8188,639$15.4$6.335,355$302.5$163.1223,9942020$285.7$153.4179,460$18.0$7.238,356$303.7$160.6217,816Total$2,587.2$1,283.6$115.1$46.3$2,702.3$1,329.9Average$258.7$128.4216,538$11.5$4.635,484$270.2$133.0252,022Sources: GrossOutput:BEA,GrossOutputby IMPLAN,AmericaMovilQuarterIndustry;IMPLAN. Filings;FCCLocalTelephoneValueAdded(GDP):BEA,ValueAddedCompetitionreports;FCCVoicebyIndustry;IMPLAN. TelephoneServicesreports.Employees:CTIA2020IndicesReport,Table17,Appendix