托福TPO8Lecture生物类 精讲+翻译

学术讲座—学生版生物tpo8lecture1背景介绍：在生物世界，什么是动物栖息地，在栖息地被破坏之后人类是如何采取措施的，蓝莺和黑头莺如何选择栖息地的等。分类表格：TPOLecture生物BiologyTPO1TPO2TPO4TPO6TPO7TPO8TPO10TPO11TPO12TPO14TPO15TPO16TPO17TPO18TPO19TPO20TPO21TPO22TPO23TPO24TPO25TPO26TPO27TPO27TPO28TPO28TPO29TPO304242211112434434333142132312考点分析及各分类常见逻辑结构：生物类考点分析分类部位及特征用途（植物）习性（动物）栖息地繁殖与其他生物的关系生存状况相关研究生物类常见逻辑结构在课堂演讲中，教授常常会就某一生物现象或者生物特征进行讲解，并举出相应的例子进行证明，期间往往会有老师的自问自答和已经和学生之间的讨论。四、十三大原则中这节课会用到的原则+举例1.开头原则：2.强调原则（语义的强调）：3.举例原则4.转折原则5.因果原则6.问答原则五、本次课可能用到的笔记法1.笔记热身1）中文简写2）符号2.TPO1Conversation1笔记六、词汇，短语及句式1）生物类场景常用的词汇英语汉语species物种sub-species亚种genepool基因库ancestor祖先descend传承extinction灭绝endanger濒危eradicate灭绝introducedanimals外来动物wildlifereserve野生动物保护区sanctuary保护区refuge保护区habitat栖息地quarantineservice检疫局parasite寄生虫insect昆虫reptile爬行动物mammal哺乳动物pollinate授粉2）本次课常用词汇英语汉语dispersev.分散；传播recapv.扼要重述plovern.千鸟；啄木鸟depressionn.洼地；沮丧；不景气fledglingn.刚会飞的小鸟；无经验的人warblern.鸣鸟densityn.密度reproductiveadj.生殖的；再生的；复制的correlatev.使有相互关系；关联suitabilityn.合适；适合randomadj.随机的；任意的3）本次课常用短语及句式：英语汉语preferencesfor偏爱haveinfluenceon对….有影响comeup走近;走到跟前；被提及;被讨论；即将发生;即将到来lookat看待focuson致力于；使聚焦于；对（某事或做某事）予以注意；把…作为兴趣中心preventfrom预防befamiliarwith对…熟悉gothrough经历，经受（尤指苦难或艰难时期）；翻阅，翻找，整理；通读；彻查beawayfrom远离，从…离开afew一些七、文章框架分析Troubleandneedsomehelp:Womancannotfindwherethejournalsare.Mansaysthatshehasfocuswhichisgoodandshecanfindthebookonthereserve.Howtodotheresearchandfindmorejournals:Mantellsherthereareelectronicresources.Thewomanthinksitisunabletousecomputerathome.Butactuallyshecandoitathome.Howtosavetimetodoresearch:narrowdowntheresearchbydisplayabstractandsummary.Whatwillthewomandonext:Thewomanwillresearchtheresourceinthelibraryjustincase.八、听力文本Pro:OK.Well,lasttime(提示词，典型的回顾型开头方式)wetalkedaboutpassivehabitatselection,likeplantsforexample,theydon’tmakeactivechoicesaboutwheretogrow.Theyaredispersedbysomeotheragent,likethewind.Andiftheseedslandinasuitablehabitat,theydowellandreproduce.(针对例子出题是lecture中常见的出题方式，这里即可以针对此例出一道题)Withactivehabitatselection,anorganismisabletophysicallyselectwheretoliveandbreed.Andbecauseananimalbreedinghabitatissoimportant,weexpectanimalspeciestodeveloppreferencesforparticulartypesofhabitats.Placeswheretheiroffspringhavethebestchanceforsurvival.Solet’slookattheeffectsofthepreferencecanhavebylookingatsomeexamples(回顾完了之后转到本次的主题，本句话是主旨的体现),butfirstlet’srecap.Whatdowemeanbyhabitat?(在进入主体部分前进行相关名词解释，这也是听了lecture里常见的一个环节)Frank?

Stu:Well,it’sbasicallytheplaceorenvironmentwhereanorganismnormallylivesandgrows.

Pro:Right,andaswediscussed,therearesomekeyelementsthathabitatmustcontain,foodobviously,water,andit’sgottohavearightclimateandbasicsforphysicalprotection.(这里可针对habitat所需的keyelements出双选题或多选题)Andwesawhowimportanthabitatselectioniswhenwelookatthehabitatweresomeofthefactorsareremoved,perhapsthroughhabitats’destruction.Ijustreadaboutashortbird,theplover.

Theploverlivesbytheoceanandfeedsonsmallshellfish,insectsandplants.Itblendsinwiththesand,soitwellcamouflagefrompredatorbirdsabove.(可以针对这里的信息出关于plover的细节题)Butitlagseggsinshallowdepressionsinthesandwithverylittleprotectionaroundthem.Soiftherearepeopleordogsonthebeach,theeggsandfledglingsinthenestarereallyvulnerable.OutingCaliforniaweatherhasbeenalotofhumandevelopmentbytheocean.Theploversarenowisthreatenspecies.Soconservationistriedtorecreateanewhabitatforthem.Theymadeartificialbeachesandsandbarsinareainaccessibletopeopleanddogs.Andtheploverpopulationisupquiteabitinthoseplaces.(此处可出细节题，针对如何挽救plover)

Ok.Thatisanincidencewhereahabitatismadelesssuitable.Butnow,whataboutcaseswhereananimalexhibitsaclearchoicebetweentwosuitablehabitats?Incaseslikethat,doesthepreferencematter?Let’slookatthebluewarbler.(这几句话是联系上下文的过渡句，Thatisanincidence..Butnow,whataboutcases…Let’slookat…这些语言都是需要重点注意的常见过渡表达，帮助我们建立框架)TheBluewarblerisasongbirdthatlivesintheNorthAmerica.Theyclearlypreferhardwoodforestswithdenseshrubs,bushesunderneaththetrees.Theyactuallynestintheshrubs,notthetrees.Sotheyprettyclosetotheground,butthesewarblersalsonestintheforeststhathavelowshrubdensity.Itisusuallytheyoungerwarblersthatnesttotheareabecausetheirpreferredspotswherealotofshrubsaretakenbyoldermoredominantbirds.(可以针对这块儿的细节信息出关于Bluewarbler的细节题)

Andthechoiceofhabitatseemstoaffectthereproductivesuccess.Becausetheolderandmoreexperiencedbirdswhonestinthehighdensityshrubareashavesignificantlymoreoffspringthanthoseinlowdensityareas(可以针对这里出推断题，推断住在foreststhathavelowshrubdensity里的bluewarbler有什么特点，答案可设置为“Theyarelessexperienced.”),whichsuggeststhatthechoiceofwheretonestdoeshaveimpactonthenumberofchickstheyhave.Butpreferredenvironmentdoesn’talwaysseemtocorrelatewithgreaterreproductivesuccess.Forexample,InEurope,studyhasbeendoneofblackcapwarblers.(可以出回放题，问教授说这2句话的意思；另外，这里是需要重点听的联系上下文的过渡句)Wejustcallthemblackcaps.Blackcapscanbefoundintwodifferentenvironments.Theirpreferredhabitatisforestthatneartheedgeofstreams.However,blackcapsalsoliveinpinewoodsawayfromwater.(可针对前面的信息出关于blackcap的habitat特点的问题)Studyhasbeendoneonthereproductivesuccessrateforbirdsinbothareas,andtheresultshowedsurprisinglythatthereproductivesuccesswasessentiallythesameinbothareas---thepreferredandthesecondchoicehabitat.Well.Why?

Itturnsout(表结果的表达，需重点注意)therewereactuallyfourtimesasmanybirdpairsorcoupleslivinginthestreamedgehabitatcomparedtotheareaawayfromthestream,sothisstreamedgeareahasmuchdenserpopulationwhichmeantmoremembersofsamespeciescompetingfortheresources.Whenintofeedonsamethingorbuildtheirnestsinthesameplaces,whichlowerthesuitabilityoftheprimehabitateventhoughit’stheirpreferredhabitat.Sotheresultsofthestudysuggests(表结果的信息是我们重点要的听的地方，往往是对前面情况的总结)thatwhenthenumberofthecompetitorsintheprimehabitatreachesacertainpoint,thesecondrandomhabitatbecomesjustassuccessfulastheprimehabitat,justbecausetherearefewermembersofthesamespecieslivingthere.Soitlookslikecompetitionforresourcesisanotherimportantfactor(表列举的词another提示我们这句话的信息很重要)indeterminingifparticularhabitatissuitable.

九、学生听力过程注：此过程中，“小节”的长度由老师根据每个学生的水平来决定，两个句子到两个自然段不等。注意不要让学生听起来太吃力，有挫败感，也不要让学生听着太简单而没有提升。第一小节学生听+记学生复述学生猜考点老师讲解（结合笔记法，带领学生逐句听，该小节进行完之后综合听一遍，保证学生每句话都听明白了再进行下一小节）第一段笔记：第二小节学生听+记笔记学生复述+回顾之前的内容学生猜考点老师讲解（结合笔记法，带领学生逐句听，该小节进行完之后综合听一遍，保证学生每句话都听明白了再进行下一小节）第二段笔记：第三小节学生听+记笔记学生复述+回顾之前的内容学生猜考点老师讲解（结合笔记法，带领学生逐句听，该小节进行完之后综合听一遍，保证学生每句话都听明白了再进行下一小节）第三段笔记：全部小节进行完之后，让学生全文一起综合听一遍十、题目，答案及解析1.Whatisthemainpurposeofthelecture?TocompareactivehabitatselectionwithpassivehabitatselectionToshowthatmosthabitatpreferencesinanimalsarelearnedTocomparethehabitatrequirementsofseveralbirdspeciesToexaminetheconsequencesofhabitatselectionbyanimalsAnswer:2.Whatelementoftheplover’shabitatinCaliforniawasthreatened?TheavailabilityoffoodTheavailabilityofwaterThesafetyofnestsfromhumanactivityTheprotectionofnestsfrompredatorybirdsAnswer:3.Whatdoestheprofessorillustratewiththeexampleofthebluewarbler?TherelationshipbetweenhumanactivityandhabitatlossTherelationshipbetweenhabitatandreproductivesuccessTheadvantagesofhabitatswithlowvegetationdensityThereproductiveadvantagethatyoungwarblershaveoverolderwarblersAnswer:4.Whydoestheprofessormentionthepopulationdensityofblackcapsintwodifferenthabitats?ToexplainthesimilarreproductiveratesinthetwohabitatsToexplaintherelationbetweenaspecies’populationdensityanditsnestingbehaviorToill