学会分析句子成分与写句

PAGEPAGE7学会分析句子成分一、英语句子的种类英语的句子种类主要包括简单句、并列句和复合句。简单句是并列句和复合句的构成基础。二、英语简单句的特点至少包含一个主语和一个谓语。主语可以是并列主语，谓语也可以是并列谓语。谓语动词有某种时态和语态形式。祈使句其实是一种省略了主语you的简单句。三、简单句、并列句和复合句的基本形式简单句：主语＋谓语并列句：简单句A＋并列连词(and/so/but或其他)＋简单句B复合句：主句(简单句A)＋从句(含有引导词的简单句B)或从句(含有引导词的简单句B)＋主句(简单句A)如：Theyoungshouldrespecttheold.(简单句)Jackwasillyesterdaysohedidn'tattendthemeeting.(并列句)Aslongasyoustudyhard，youareboundtosucceed.(复合句)四、谓语动词谓语是英语句子中的核心成分，谓语主要由动词来充当，它有时态和语态的变化。两个或两个以上动词构成并列谓语，要在最后两个谓语动词之间加上适当的连词(如：and/so/but)。如：Hehaslivedherefortwentyyears.Iwillbewaitingforyouattheschoolgateatninetomorrow.Hestoodupandwalkedoutoftheclassroom.Youarerequiredtokeepsilentinthereadingroom.练习：一、请判断下列各题是不是句子(“是”用“√”表示，“不是”用“×”表示)。1．Therewasaprettytoyonthetable.()2．Itbeingagoodlookingcleverdog.()3．Hebeabouttotellusthefact.()4．Becauseofhiscominglate.()5．Bookmeasingleroom.()二、请判断下列句子是对还是错，如错，请改正。1．Theweatherisfine，we'llgooutforapicnic._____________________________________________2．Hehasthreesons，butnoneofthemtakesgoodcareofhim.______________________________________________3．Thereare5teacherswillgowithus.______________________________________________4．LookafterthechildrenisMary'sjob.________________________________________________5．Hedidn'tpasstheexammadehisparentsveryangry._______________________________________________句子成分分析(一)句子的各个组成部分，叫做句子成分。英语的句子成分有：主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等。句子的成分一般由实词担任。实词有名词、代词、形容词、数词、动词和副词。虚词有冠词、介词、连词、助动词等，它们在句中只起辅助和联系作用，不能单独作句子成分。主语(subject)：是一句话的主题，表示所谈的是“谁”或“什么”，主语一般在谓语之前。可充当主语的有：1．名词或代词Thebookonthedeskiswrittenbymyfather.TheyhavelivedinGuangzhousince1996.2．数词Tenisaveryimportantnumber.3．不定式(todo)或动名词(doing)Toreadinthesunisbadforyoureyes.Smokingisbadforourhealth.4．从句Whatyouneedismorepractice.It'snotyourfaultthatthishashappened.(it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的that从句)句子成分分析(二)谓语(predicate)谓语是说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或者“怎么样”的一种成分。谓语通常由动词充当，一般放在主语之后。动词分为实义动词、连系动词、情态动词及助动词。情态动词和助动词不能单独充当谓语，常与实义动词或系动词连用。实义动词包括及物动词和不及物动词，及物动词后要带宾语。谓语有时态、语态、语气和人称等的变化。如：Ihadlefttheroombeforeyougotthereyesterday.Thefilmisfullofviolence.Parentsshouldencouragetheirchildrentothinkindependently.HewilldrivetoWashingtontomorrow.句子成分分析(三)表语(predicative)表语通常是跟在连系动词be，seem，look，sound，feel，get，smell，become，remain，turn等后面的词或从句，用来说明主语的身份、特征和状态等。可充当表语的有：1．名词或代词Thatsoundsagoodidea.Thesweetsonthetablearemine.2．形容词或副词You'llfeelbetteraftertakingthemedicine.Afterfiveminutes，themeetingwasover.3．介词短语Mybooksareonthedesk.4．非谓语动词Herjobistolookafterthosechildren.Whathelikesisreadingnovels.Areyousatisfiedwithyournewjob?5．从句That'swhereMr.MaoZedongoncelived.句子成分分析(四)宾语(object)宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。可充当宾语的有：1．名词或代词Theyseeeachothereveryyear.WemetwithalotofdifficultiesintheconstructionoftheTVtower.2．不定式或动名词HewantedtoborrowmyCDplayer.Iadmitbreakingthewindow.3．从句DoyouunderstandwhatImean?英语中有些动词需要带两个同等的宾语，即直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语一般指动作的承受者，间接宾语指动作所向的或所为的人或物。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前，如间接宾语置于直接宾语后，则其前需用介词to或for。Igavehimmyaddressatthepartyyesterday.(Igavemyaddresstohimatthepartyyesterday.)Ihavefoundhimaplace.(Ihavefoundaplaceforhim.)句子成分分析(五)定语(attribute)定语是用来修饰名词或代词的句子成分，分为前置定语和后置定语。单个词作定语通常放在被修饰词的前面(前置定语)，短语作定语则放在被修饰词的后面(后置定语)。注意：形容词修饰不定代词something，nothing，anything，everything等时，一般放在这些词的后面。一、可充当前置定语的有1．形容词或数词Hesaidhehadanimportantmeetingtoattend.Wehavefourlessonsinthemorning.2．代词Tomfoundhiscapinthediningroom.3．名词或名词所有格Hewasthinkingaboutamathproblem.Weshouldfollowthedoctor'sadvice.4．动名词或分词Iwillfocusonsomelearningmethodsinthisclass.Hewantstocirculatehisknowledgeinlessdevelopedcountries.二、可充当后置定语的有1．介词短语Thebookonthedeskisveryinteresting.2．非谓语动词Doyouknowthemanstandingthere?HewasreallyangrywiththeboybeingcriticizedbyMr.Zhang.Themantogiveusaspeechtomorrowisaprofessor.3．从句Theboywhoisreadingneedsthepenwhichyouboughtyesterday.4．副词Everynight，themanupstairscamebacklate.Whoisthemanoverthere?句子成分分析(六)状语(adverbial)(A)修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成分叫状语。一、可充当状语的有1．副词副词作状语，位置比较灵活，可置于句末、句首和句中。Hespeaksthelanguagebadlybutreadsitwell.Naturallyweexpecthotelgueststolocktheirdoors.Hehasalwayslivedinthathouse.2．介词短语Withouthishelp，wecouldn'tworkitout.3．非谓语动词Atthetopwestoppedtolookattheview.Arrivingatthestation，welearnedthatthetrainhadalreadygone.4．从句IwillreturnthebooktoyouonMondayifIhavereaditbythen.Evenifshelaughsathim，hestilladoresher.二、使用状语要注意的几个方面1．句末一般为最常见的状语位置。2．副词修饰形容词和其他副词，一般作前置定语。但enough作状语则要后置。Istheroombigenoughforaparty?3．一个以上的时间状语并列使用时，最小时间单位在前，后接较大的时间单位，最大的时间单位应置于最后。Theyreachedhomeatfiveo'clockintheevening.He'llbestayinghereforthesummereveryyear.4．并列的地点状语也应将小的地点放在前面，将大的地点放在后面。ThemeetingwillbeheldintheGreatHallofthePeopleinBeijinginChina.5．地点状语与时间状语并列时，一般将地点状语置于时间状语之前。Istayedthereforthreeweekslastyear.句子成分分析(七)状语(adverbial)(B)状语的分类：状语按用途可分为：1．地点状语：Thestudentsaredoingtheirhomeworkintheclassroom.2．时间状语：IlearnedalotfromthepeasantswhenIlivedinthecountryside.3．目的状语：DidyoucometoLondonforthepurposeofseeingyourfamily?4．原因状语：Forreasonsofhealthhewasunabletofinishthebook.5．结果状语：Shewokesuddenlytofindsomeonestandinginthedoorway.6．程度状语，单词多置于所修饰的句子成分前或后，短语和从句一般置于其所修饰的句子成分之后：Inearlyforgotwhathehadpromised.Atthattimepoliticianswerenotknowntothedegreethattheyaretoday.7．方式状语：Don'tlookatmelikethat.8．条件状语：IfyouworkhardatEnglish，youwi