数字图书馆技术的渊源进展和反思

DigitalLibrariesandtheFutureof

LibraryProfessions

数字图书馆技术的渊源，进展，和反思

蔡

国

瑞CollegeofInformationSciencesandTechnologyPennStateUniversityPennStateandi-schoolmovement宾州州立大学是

iSchool团体的发起者。Refocusoninformationascoreconstruct,versuscomputingorcomputers

MultidisciplinaryapproachWorkwith,anddirectlyincorporate,manydisciplinaryperspectivesCognitiveScience,CommunicationStudies,ComputerScience,Design,Economics,InformationManagement,Law,LibraryScience,OrganizationalScience,Policy,SoftwareEngineering,SystemAssurance,…globalizationi-schoolcommunityUniversityofCalifornia,BerkeleyUniversityofCalifornia,IrvineUniversityofCalifornia,LosAngelesDrexelUniversityFloridaStateUniversityGeorgiaInstituteofTechnologyUniversityofIllinoisIndianaUniversityUniversityofMarylandUniversityofMichiganUniversityofNorthCarolinaThePennsylvaniaStateUniversityUniversityofPittsburghRutgers,theStateUniversityofNewJerseySyracuseUniversityUniversityofTexasUniversityofTorontoUniversityofWashingtonWuhanUniversity
美国“大科学的先驱”范内瓦·布什

VannevarBush科学家、教育家和政府官员罗斯福总统的科学顾问信息时代的教父曼哈顿计划,NSF,ARPA,Internet、硅谷，都与他密切相关。相当于中国的

钱学森信息时代的教父

VannevarBush1945年，布什发表著名的论文《如我们所想》（AsWeMayThink）Busharguedthatthesheervolumeofinformationwouldoverwhelmtraditionalmethodsofacquisition,storage,andanalysis.Hearguedthatscienceandtechnologycouldhelpinthetaskoforganizingknowledge.OurMindsneedtoolstohelpWehavetoolsforhands,eyes,clothing,food,SheltersWhatabouttoolsforourmind?MEMEXBush(1945)设想了一种能够存储大量信息，并能在相关信息之间建立联系的机器

MEMEX。这个想象正是现在的Digital

Libraty

和Internet。Memex（memory&index）之设计构思Memex为一个人以机器判读资料之资料库系统，透过建立联结路径，搜寻，处理及整合等技术，供研究人员蒐集，分析各类资料并加以应用Bushdistinguishbetweentwokindsormodesofthought.Routineorrepetitive:‘‘logicalprocessesofthought’’(canbeautomated).‘‘Mature’’and‘‘creative’’:therealworkofdeepandoriginalthinking.(thereisnomechanicalsubstitute)数字图书馆技术

CommonLISprofessionalpracticesExperimentalinformationretrieval(IR);Citationanalysis;Practicalretrieval;Bibliometrics;Generallibrarysystemstheory(includinglibraryautomation);Sciencecommunication;Userstudiesandtheory;Indexingtheory;Citationtheory;andCommunicationtheory.CrowdsourcingGoalsforlibrarycrowdsourcing:gettinguserstomarktheerrorsinourcatalogues;ratingthereliabilityofinformation/records;addinginformationtorecords;verifyingnameauthorityfiles;addingusercreatedcontenttocollections;creatinge-books;correctingfulltext;transcribinghandwrittenrecords;describingitemsthatwehavenotmadeaccessiblebecausetheyarenotcatalogued/describedyet.Example:DigitalHumanityScholarshiphttp:///lancelot_grail/CrowdsourcingBenefitstolibraries:Buildingnewvirtualcommunitiesandusergroups.Activelyinvolvingandengagingthecommunitywiththelibraryanditsotherusersandcollections.Utilisingtheknowledge,expertiseandinterestofthecommunity.Improvingthequalityofdata/resource(e.g.bytext,orcataloguecorrections),resultinginmoreaccuratesearching.Addingvaluetodata(e.g.byadditionofcomments,tags,ratings,reviews).Makingdatadiscoverableindifferentwaysforamorediverseaudience(e.g.bytagging).Gainingfirst-handinsightonuserdesiresandtheanswerstodifficultquestionsbyaskingandthenlisteningtothecrowd.FutureLibrarianProfessionalpracticesCataloging:notmuchleft,alldonecentrallyAcquisitions:mostlybecomeslargeandbundledCirculation:largelyautomated,replacedbyon-lineaccessReserveshelf:almostcertainlygoneReference:perhapsmorecomplex,anddifferentRemoteclientsEmphasisonelectronicsearching&deliverySpecialcollections:increasedinimportanceReinventtheprofessionFromLibraryProfessiontoInformationProfessionBroadenthesenseof“information”and“informationScience”Whatisinformation?Manyinterpretations:Informationasphenomena(likephysics)Informationasresource(Librarytradition)Informationassignalstravelingthroughcomputersandnetworks(Electronicsandnetworks)Informationisthatwhichaffectsorchangesthestateofamind.Informationistreatedasdirectlyinvolvingcognitiveprocessingandunderstanding“Information”intheBroadsenseInformationistreatedinacontext.Informationinvolvesnotonlymessages(firstsense)thatarecognitivelyprocessed(secondsense),butalsoacontext—situation,task,problem-at-hand,andthelike.Usinginformationthathasbeencognitivelyprocessedforagiventaskisanexample.Inadditiontoothersenses,itinvolvesmotivationorintentionality,andthereforeitisconnectedtotheexpansivesocialcontextorhorizon,suchasculture,work,orproblemat-hand.MovementofInformationProfessionFrom“system-centered”to“Human-centered”Concentratesonthecognitive,interactive,andcontextualendoftheprocess.Itaddressedusers,use,situations,context,andinteractionwithsystems,ratherthanIRsystemsaloneasaprimaryfocus.Data,Information,knowledge

SupportingKnowledgeproductionKnowledgeCrystallizationNewProfessionalPracticesandSkillsetsTechnologyskills:(fromhightolow)DLarchitectureandsoftwareTechnicalandqualitystandardsWebmarkuplanguagesDatabasedevelopmentandmanagementsystemsWebdesignskillsLibrary-related:TheneedsofusersDigitalarchivingandpreservationCataloging,MetadataIndexingCollectiondevelopmentNewProfessionalPracticesandSkillsetsOthers:CommunicationandinterpersonalskillsProjectmanagement/leadershipskillsLegalissuesGrant/proposalwritingskillsTeachingandgrouppresentationskills反思More-Fast-BetterEffectofindustrializationAccelerationofjustabouteverythin’:work,love,life,speech,politics,work,TV,leisure.consumersapparentlyfeltnoneedtoconsumelargerquantitiesatafasterpace.WeareequippedtoproducemoreofthegoodsthatsatisfyhumanwantsthanwecanuseThis‘more-faster-better’philosophyoflifeischallengedNoTimetoThinkTheacceleratingpaceoflifeisreducingthetimeforthoughtfulreflection(Levy2009)thelossoftimetothinkisoccurringatexactlythemomentwhenscholars,educators,andstudentshavegainedaccesstodigitaltoolsofgreatvaluetoscholarshipBush’svisionfailedVannevarBush(60yearsago)wastoaugmentthescholar’sabilitytothink.Byproposingtechnologiestoautomatethemoreroutineaspectsofthought,Bushhopedtofreeupmoretimeforscholarstodevotetothecreativeaspectsoftheirwork.Howhasitcometopassthattechnologiesdevelopedtomakemoretimetothinkhaveseeminglyhadtheoppositeeffect?whatdoesitmeanforlibrarians?Leisure:ThebasisofculturePieper(1952)WorriesaboutthedehumanizingeffectsofeconomicandproductionworkPieperarguedthatleisurewasthehighestgood,theultimateaimofhumanlife,andworkwasalesser,thoughstillnecessary,formofactivity.DistinguishtwokindsofworkRatioisthepowerofdiscursivethought.Intellectusreferstotheabilityof‘simplylooking’WaysofThinkingDeepreflectioncouldn’tbehurried‘‘scholar’’arederivedfromtheGreekwordforleisureSupportingContemplativeScholarshipCreativeenvironmentfordiscussionandcontemplationLibraryasplaceforcontemplativescholarshipUnderstandcreativethinkingandfollowthenature.(neuroscienceismakinggreatstridesinunderstandingmindandbrainprocesses)Howtoavoidthetrendofaccelerationinscholarshipproduction?………moreideas!GeographicalInformationRetrievalProblemDocument/QueryGeographicScopeThematicScopeFootprints(coordinates)Spatialindexing

SpatialrelevanceKeywords(termvectors)Textualindexing

ThematicrelevanceGeographicRepresentationThematicRepresentationProblemDocument/QueryGeographicScopeThematicScopeFootprints(coordinates)Spatialindexing

SpatialrelevanceKeywords(termvectors)Textualindexing

VectorspacerelevanceGeographicRepresentationThematicRepresentationOnerelevancescoreHow?RelatedWorkCurrentmethods:(Martinsetal.2005)(Cai,2002)(Vogt&Cottrell,1999)WeightedsumofindividualrelevancescoresProductofindividualscoresMaximum(winnertakeall)Step-linearfunctionAstaticformulaisusedtocombinegeo-andthematicrelevancescores.--Aproblem!AndradeandSilva(2006)showedthattherelativeimportanceofthematicandgeographicrelevanceisquery-dependentOurWorkInfertherelativeimportanceofgeographicandthematicrelevancebyanalyzingthenatureofthequery.Userstendtousemorespecifictermswhentheyemphasizeanaspectofthequery.Thatleadstothenotionofqueryspecificity.MethodThenotionofqueryspecificity:howspecific(orgeneral)aqueryis.Thematicspecificity:howspecificthethematictermsinaqueryareGeographicspecificity:howspecificthegeographicscopeinaqueryisAssumption:Thematicorgeographicspecificityrevealstherelativepowerofcorrespondingrelevancescoreindeterminingthedocumentranking.MethodQueryThematicspecificityGeographicspecificityQ1:“HiltonhotelsincentralPennsylvania”HighLowQ2:“HotelsalongtheAthertonStreetinStateCollege,PA”LowHighComputingThematicSpecificityConsiderthethematicspecificityasafunctionofthespecificityofitscomposingterms.(SUMisusedhere)Thematicspecificityofatermisdeterminedbycombiningacollection-basedmeasure

(Jones,1972)withanontology-basedmeasure

(ZakosandVerma,2005).(PRODUCTisusedhere)ComputingGeographicSpecificityTheratiooftheareaofthegeographicscopeofthequerytermtothatofthedocumentcollectionDynamicCombinationSchemeMethod1:weightedsum

WhereDynamicCombinationSchemeMethod2:Dempster-ShafertheoryTworelevancescoresastwoindependentsourcesofevidencetoindicatetheprobabilitythatadocumentisrelevanttoauserqueryThespecificitymeasuresasindicatorsofthecertaintyforeachsourceofevidenceDonotassumecompleteknowledge(comparetoMethod1)EvaluationExperimentSetup

Dataset:3000ofnewsandblogsextractedfromtheWeb.Parsingandindexing:Thematicindexing:standardinvertedfile(Lucene)Geographicindexing:pointsandpolygons(PostGIS)ExperimentalDesignFourqueries(representingfourtypesofspecificitycombination)QueryQueryphraseThematicSpecificityGeographicSpecificityQ1‘animalsinPennsylvania’LowL