工程量清单说明

Specification规范TableofContents目录Specification工料规范MethodofspecifyingTechnicalSpecification工料规范之技术要求UsualcontentsofasectionintheTechnicalSpecification工料规范之技术要求每章通常应有的内容ProvisionofSpecificationBQdescriptionstoreflecttheSpecification工程量清单分项说明要反映规范SpecificationnotesonDrawings图纸上的规范说明LiningthroughSpecification规范上画线Specification

工料规范Preliminaries(ifnotincludedasBillNo.1infull);TechnicalSpecification技术规范

技术要求;GeneralSpecificationorStandardSpecification;ParticularSpecification;andTechnicalSchedules.Methodofspecifying说明的方法Prescriptivespecification.规定性说明Performancespecification.性能说明Byspecificbrandsormodels.具体的选型Byprimecostrates.指定价格TechnicalSpecification

工料规范之技术要求Tospecifythematerials,workmanshipandacceptancestandard.

说明用料、工艺及验收标准.MaycontainsomegeneralrequirementswhichwouldnotberepeatedontheTenderDrawings.

会有一些图纸不再表达的一般性规定.MayalsocontainsomespecialrequirementswhichcouldnotbeshownontheTenderDrawings.

亦会有一些图纸表达不了的特殊规定.UsualcontentsofasectionintheTechnicalSpecification

工料规范之技术要求每章通常应有的内容Scope

范围.Contractor'sdesignrequirements

承包方承担的设计要求.Performancerequirements

功能要求.Warrantyrequirements

质保要求.Contractor'ssubmissionsandapprovalprocedures

承包方要提交文件及审批程序:Samples

样品；Manufacturers'certificates

生产厂证书；Independentlaboratories'testreports

独立实验室測试报告；Shopdrawings

制配图；Fieldinstallationdrawings

现场安装图；Ancillarybuilder'sworkdrawings

土建配合图.Materials

用料.Workmanship

工艺.Testing

测试.Commissioning

调试.Acceptanceinspection

验收.

ProvisionofSpecificationSpecificationshouldbeobtainedfromtheArchitectsandEngineersuponcommencementoftaking-off.

在开始计量时由设计方提供.（工程量计算）Occasionally,theArchitectsandEngineersmayasktheQuantitySurveyorstoprovideSpecification.Strictlyspeaking,provisionofSpecificationisnotpartoftheQuantitySurveyors’usualservicesandisexcludedfromthefees.SomeQSfirmshavetheirstandardspecification.ProvisionofsuchstandardspecificationfortheArchitects’andEngineers’referenceshouldbequalifiedastotheliabilityforerrors.Makinggeneralreferencestolocalgovernmentornationalorindustrystandardspecificationsmaylackprecisionbecauseofthepresenceofdifferentlevelsofoptionalrequirementsinthestandardspecifications.

若纯叁阅政府或国家或行业标准，因有不同程度的选择性规定，会太笼统.TheTechnicalSpecificationshouldbedraftedtosuittheneedfortheWorks.

工料规范之技术要求应就本工程的需要编写.BQdescriptionstoreflecttheSpecification

工程量清单分项说明要反映规范TheSpecificationmaycontainadditionalinformationonmaterialsandworkmanshipwhicharenotshownontheDrawings.Theremaybedifferentgradesforthesameclassofmaterials.Theremaybedifferentcomponentsmakingupacompleteworkwhichrequireseparatemeasurement.Therefore,careshouldbeexercisedtoensurethattheBQitemsrepresentandcorrespondtothematerials,workmanship,kind,type,grade,etc.givenintheSpecification.TheSpecificationisusuallyverylengthy,itwouldbeimpracticablefortheBQdescriptionstorepeattheSpecificationclauses.TheSpecificationshouldbereadtogetherwiththeBQdescriptions.InsteadofrepeatingtheSpecificationclausesindetail,theBQdescriptionsshouldbeadequatetodefinethescopeofcomponentmaterialsandworkrequiredsothattherewouldbenoambiguityastowhatarerequiredtobeincludedintheBQrates.编标者要：阅读工料规范；并在工程量清单分项说明反映;小心同类物料工艺有不同规格及等级。要综合反映图纸上或工料规范中影响造价的内容，以便投标者充分地计价。若工料规范的有关规定太长，不能在清单分项说明内重复的：可在分项说明内指明工料规范的有关条款；但分项说明仍要简单地列明辅项范围；若条款有不同规格供选择的，应予以说明。SpecificationnotesonDrawings图纸上的规范说明ThespecificationnotesonDrawingsshouldbescrutinizedaswell.ThespecificationnotesgenerallyreflecttheparticularsofaparticularprojectmorethantheSpecificationwhichcanbeverystandardforallprojects.AnydiscrepanciesbetweentheclausesintheSpecificationandthespecificationnotesshouldbeclarifiedwiththeArchitectsorEngineers.TheterminologyofspecificationnotesonDrawingsandannotationsonDrawingscanbelooselyused,andinconsistencywiththeterminologyusedintheSpecificationisnotuncommon.TheterminologyusedintheSpecificationshouldbefollowedintheBQdescriptions.编标者要：阅读图纸上的规范说明；并在工程量清单分项说明反映。图纸上的规范说明：视乎设计方的习惯，可能简单可能长篇；可能是设计方很标准的写法；亦可能是特别写给本工程的；太标准的写法很容易不适用于个别工程；如与工料规范的要求有矛盾，应与设计方澄清；小心图纸上的用词未及工料规范的严谨，应使用工料规范的用词。LiningthroughSpecification规范上画线SimilartothepracticeofliningthroughnotesandannotationsonDrawings,theclausesintheSpecificationshouldalsobelinedthrougheachbyeachasandwhenthecontentshavebeentakenintoconsiderationinthemeasurementorwritingBQdescriptions.

如在图纸上的文字说明及数字画线一样，工料规范的条款在计算工程量或写分项说明时已予以反映的，该条款便应画线以资识别。逐段画线的图例:

​​SincetheSpecificationclausesmayinvolveworkmeasuredbymorethanoneTaker-off,theSpecificationclausesshouldbelinedthroughbyallTakers-offinvolved.DifferentcolourpencilsmaybeusedbydifferentTakers-offandthebottomofthelineorpagesshouldbeinitialled.

涉及的计量员都应以不同的木颜色笔画线，并在每页的线底端签名，以资负责.HandwrittendraftchangestotheSpecificationshouldbemarkedbyfountainpens,ballpensorfeltpensusingredink.

发觉工料规范有需要修改的地方，应以不褪色的笔标记，留待最后时打印修订.Uponcompletionoftaking-off,thepresenceofanySpecificationclausesnotlinedthroughmaymeanthattheyhavenotyetbeentakenintoaccount.

计量完毕时，任何未画线的条款表示未在工程量清单内应用及反映.BillsofQuantities工程量清单ConceptsofBillsofQuantities工程量清单的概念TableofContentsWhatareBillsofQuantities?工程量清单是甚幺?FunctionsofBillsofQuantities工程量清单的功能TypesofBillsofQuantitiesContractors’BillsofQuantities/ScheduleofQuantitiesandRatesAdvantagesofBillsofQuantitiesDifficultiesforBillsofQuantities工程量清单的困难VerificationofBillsofQuantitiesWhatareBillsofQuantities?ABillofQuantitiesisalistofquantifieditemsofworkorservicesrequiredforthecompletionofconstructionworkswiththequantitiesoftheworkorservicesstatedinappropriateunitsofmeasurementandwithmaterials,workmanship,qualityandstandardrequiredfortheworkorservicesfullydescribed."BillsofQuantities"areusuallygiveninpluralsinceusuallytherearemorethanonebillinasetofBillsofQuantitiesandmorethanoneiteminaBillofQuantities.BillsofQuantitiesareusuallypreparedbyQuantitySurveyors,amemberoftheConsultantteamstotheDevelopersofconstructionprojects.工程量清单是甚幺?列项把完成某工程所需的实物或服务分项列出量化以恰当的计量单位予以量化说明对所需的材料、工艺、质量及标准充份说明FunctionsofBillsofQuantitiesTheprimaryfunctionofBillsofQuantitiesisforinclusioninTenderDocumentsissuedtoTenderersforpricingsuchthatalltendersarepricedbasedonthesamesetofitemsandquantitiesandthereturnedpricedBillsofQuantitieswillbeusefulfortenderanalysis.Thesecondaryfunctions,notnecessarilylessimportantfunctions,ofBillsofQuantitiesare:TheratesinthepricedBillsofQuantities,whenaccepted,willbecomethecontractratesforthepurposesofpricingpayments,variationsandvaluations.ThepricedBillsofQuantitiescanbeusedforvaluingworkinprogress.ThepricedBillsofQuantitiescanbeanalyzedtoproducecostanalysisofthebuildingorconstruction.工程量清单的功能招标传达工程内容较准确的投标–编标者在编清单过程与建筑师及工程师保持密切的沟通，编出的工程量清单会比较由承包方自己编的更有代表性较少的合同后争议–编得好的工程量清单可减少项目涵盖范图不清楚所带来的争议及减少索赔投标为计价依据投标乃按同样的基础计价减低投标者的投标费用，投标者不需要花金钱及资源去计算工程量评标便于比较评标的比较分析可集中于单价方面灭少数量差对中标资格的影响定标成为合同文件的一部份工程量清单所填写的单价获接纳后成为合同单价，用作付款估值、变更计价施工为施工及验收标准比图纸或规范有更明确说明付款方便计算进度款结算有约束力的单价较易计算减帐–在计算工程变更的减帐时，可以查阅原来的计算来扣减，而不必再计。造价分析可予以分析得出建筑物或建设工程的造价指标和工程含量TypesofBillsofQuantitiesBasedonthenatureofthequantities,BillsofQuantitiescaneitherbe:FirmBillsofQuantities;or确实工程量清单ProvisionalBillsofQuantities(sometimescalledApproximateBillsofQuantities).ForFirmBillsofQuantities,allquantitiesaremeanttohavebeenaccuratelymeasuredbasedontheTenderDrawingsandSpecificationandthereforedonotrequireremeasurementinthesettlementoftheFinalAccounts.Ifitisfoundaftercontractawardthatthequantitiesarewrong,theContractSumwillbeadjustedfortherectificationoftheerrors.TherisksoftheerrorsintheBillsofQuantitiesthereforerestwiththeEmployer.ForProvisionalBillsofQuantities,allquantitiesaremeanttohavebeenapproximatelymeasuredfromtheTenderDrawingsandSpecificationorestimatedbasedonpredictions.ThequantitieswillrequireremeasurementinthesettlementoftheFinalAccounts.AnyerrorsorimprecisioninestimatingthequantitiesordescribingtheworkwillberectifiedonceandforallintheRemeasurementBills.However,ifthefinalasconstructeditemsandquantitiesdifferfromtheoriginalprovisionalitemsandquantitiessubstantially,theContractormayargueforanadjustmentoftheunitrates.IfthetotalvalueoftheRemeasurementBillsvarysubstantiallyfromthevalueoftheoriginalProvisionalBillsofQuantities,theClientmayalsoquery.Contractors’BillsofQuantities/ScheduleofQuantitiesandRatesIfBillsofQuantitiesarenotprovidedtoTenderersfortendering,theTendererswillberequiredtomeasuretheirownquantitiesandsubmittheirownitemizedquantitiesandratesbuild-uporbreakdownofthetendersums.Todistinguishsuchkindofbuild-uporbreakdownfromBillsofQuantitiesprovidedtoTenderers,theyarecalled"ScheduleofQuantitiesandRates"orsimply"ScheduleofRates".ThequantitiesofScheduleofQuantitiesandRatesdonotformpartoftheContract.ThismeansthatanyerrorsoromissionsorexcessinthequantitiesoritemsintheScheduleofQuantitiesandRateswillberegardedastherisksoftheTenderersandtheContractSumwillnotberectifiedfortheerrors.Intheory,thequantitiesofadefinedscopeofworksshouldbethesame.However,theformat,classification,sequence,itemsanddescriptionsofSchedulesofQuantitiesandRatespreparedbydifferentTendererswillbedifferent.Thiswouldmaketenderanalysisandcomparisonverydifficultandlessprecise.EachTendererwouldhavetospendmoneyandresourcestopreparetheScheduleofQuantitiesandRates.However,onlyoneoutofseveralTendererswillbesuccessfulinobtainingthecontractforeachtendering,andthereisnoguaranteethatthevalueofworksecuredwillbeequallyspreadamongstTenderers.Tendererswouldhavetomakeshort-cutsorapproximationswhenpreparingtheScheduleofQuantitiesandRatesinordertoreducethecostoftendering.WiththecommonpracticeofawardingthecontracttothelowestTenderer,itissometimessaidthatthelowestTendereristhelowestbecausehehasmadeseriouserrorsbyunder-measurement计量不足orunder-pricing.Contractorswhohaveunder-priced报价太低willbemorelikelytoexploreavenuesforclaimsinordertorecovertheloss.Thiswouldmakepostcontractmanagementdifficult.SincethequantitiesintheScheduleofQuantitiesandRatesdonotformpartoftheContract,foreachvariation,thequantitiesofworkomittedshouldbemeasuredratherthanrelyinguponthequantitiesstatedintheScheduleofQuantitiesofRates.Forexample,iftheScheduleofQuantitiesandRatesincludedaseparateitemfor100m2offalseceilingsintheliftlobbiesandthereisavariationrequiringomissionofallfalseceilingsintheliftlobbies,thequantitytobeomittedcannotsimplybe100m2butshallbeaccuratelymeasuredwhichmayturnouttobemoreorless.DescriptionsintheScheduleofQuantitiesandRatesaregenerallysimplifiedorimpreciseorincomplete.Thiswillcreatedifficultiesininterpretingwhatareactuallycoveredbyandallowedforbyanitem,andwillleadtoargumentwhensuchitemsareusedforpricingofadditionsoromissions.Takingasidethecommercialconsiderationofminimizingthecosts,theprincipleandtechniquedescribedinthiswikifortheproductionofBillsofQuantitiesshouldalsobeapplicabletotheproductionofScheduleofQuantitiesandRates.AdvantagesofBillsofQuantitiesHavingdiscussedthecharacteristicsofScheduleofQuantitiesandRates,itisapparentthattheadvantagesofprovidingBillsofQuantitiestoTenderersforpricingare:Comparisonoftendersoncommonbasis-Tendersarepricedonacommonbasis.Analysisandcomparisonoftenderswouldbeontheratesandpricesonly.SavingTenderers’costsoftendering-TendererswouldnotneedtospendmoneyandresourcestomeasuretheBillsofQuantities.Moreaccuratetenders-ThequalityofBillsofQuantitiesproducedbyQuantitySurveyorshavingdialoguewiththeArchitectsandEngineersoveralongerperiodoftimeshouldbebetterthantheScheduleofQuantitiesandRatesproducedbyTendererswithinshorterperiodoftimewithlessbudget.Easiertocalculateomissions-Foromissionofquantitiesduetovariationsinthepostcontractstage,insteadofremeasuringthequantitiestobeomitted,theoriginalmeasurementscanbereferredtoforthequantitiestobeomitted.Lesspostcontractproblems-WellpreparedBillsofQuantitieswillreducetheuncertaintyastothecoverageofitemsandreduceclaims.DifficultiesforBillsofQuantitiesProductionofgoodBillsofQuantitiesdorequiresubstantialnumberofman-hourswhichspanoverasignificantperiodoftime.Thismeansfeesandtimeonprogramme.SomeDevelopersbecauseoftightdevelopmentbudgetsorsmalldevelopmentsizewouldnotwanttospendmoneyinproducingBillsofQuantities.SomeDeveloperswouldnotwanttospendanextrafewweeksonprogrammetoproduceBillsofQuantities.SomeDevelopersmaygototheextremetosaythatthequalityofBillsofQuantitiesproducedbytheQuantitySurveyorsisnobetterthantheScheduleofQuantitiesandRatesproducedbyTenderers.WithouttheneedtoproduceBillsofQuantities,theQuantitySurveyors’feeswillbereduced,itisthereforeofparamountimportancethatQuantitySurveyorsshouldtakethebestmeasuresandmakethebestefforttoproducequalityBillsofQuantitieswithintheshortestpossibletime.ItshouldalsobeborneinmindthatwithoutBillsofQuantities,thetimerequiredtodealwithtenderanalysisandpostcontractmanagementwillbeincreased.工程量清单的困难编制好的工程量清单需要很多任务时及工日发包方未必愿意花钱或花时间亦有些发包方让承包方自己计算承担错误的风险要持续地取得任务的关键是省时地编到好的工程量清单VerificationofBillsofQuantitiesBecauseofthefearthattheBillsofQuantitiesmeasuredbytheQuantitySurveyorsarenotaccurateenoughthattherewillbepostcontractclaimforincreaseintheContractSumforrectificationoferrorsofomissions,thereisatendencythatsomemajorDevelopersrequiretheTendererstoverifytheaccuracyoftheBillsofQuantitiesduringthetenderingperiod.TenderersarerequiredtocorrecttheerrorsandsubmitTenderSumsinclusiveofrectificationoferrors.TherisksoftheerrorsintheBillsofQuantitiesarethereforetransferredtotheContractors.SuchpracticeindicatesamistrustofQuantitySurveyorsanddefeatstheoriginalideasofsavingTenderers’costsoftendering.SomeDevelopersarguethat,withoutdiscreditingQuantitySurveyors,theywouldratherplaysafe.TheywouldratherlettheTendererspricehightocovertheerrorsthantolettheerrorscomingupunexpectedlyduringthepostcontractthusupsettingthebudgetplan.Inreality,thetenderingperiodwouldnotbesufficientfortheTendererstocarryoutthoroughdetailedcheckoftheBillsofQuantities.Theycanonlycarryoutbulk-checking.CompetitivemarketpressureoftenderingwilldeterTenderersfromallowingbuffersforerrors.SomeTenderDocumentswilldeclarethattheBillsofQuantitiesafterverificationwillbedeemedtobetheContractor’sBillsofQuantitiesorScheduleofQuantitiesandRatesandthatthequantitiesdonotformpartoftheContract.TheTenderDrawingsandSpecificationbecomethesolebasisoftheContractwiththeBillsofQuantitiesexcluded.AbenefitofBillsofQuantitieswherebyinadequacyinTenderDrawingsandSpecificationcanbemadeupbyproperlydescribedormeasureditemsintheBillsofQuantitieswillbelostsincethecorrectmeasurementisnotevidencedfromtheTenderDrawingsandSpecification.TheadoptionofthepracticetorequiretheTendererstoverifytheBillsofQuantitiesthereforeshouldnotbeencouraged.AbetteralternativeistorequirethesuccessfulContractortoverifytheBillsofQuantitieswithinadefinedperiodafterawardoftheContract.ThiswouldsavetheTenderers’costsoftenderingandrisksofuncertainty,yetgivetheClientsearlierwarningoferrors.QuantitySurveyorsshouldproduceBillsofQuantitiesasaccurateaspossibleforthebenefitofeverypartyinvolvedintheproject.However,itshouldbecautionedthat"accuracy"doesnotmeanmeasuringquantitiesinundulyfineandtediousdetailswithoutregardtothetimerequiredandthesignificanceofthecostsoftheitemsinvolved.Accuracymustbejudgedagainstthecostsoftheitemsinvolved.Priorityandemphasisshouldbegiventocostsignificantitems.FormatsofBillsofQuantities工程量清单的格式TableofContentsSectionsofBillsofQuantities工程量清单分部MeasuredWorks BillsPagelayoutofBQpagesPageheaderandfooterBQColumnsAlphabeticalitemreferenceNumericitemreferenceItemreferencesaccordingtotheStandardMethodofMeasurementDescriptionsExtraoverorextraforRangeAncillaryitemsHeadingsSingularandpluralPunctuationsSecondaryquantitiesSequenceUnitsQuantitiesRateonlyitemsRatesandamountsExtendingthetotalCastingdownthetotalCarriedforward/broughtforwardCarryingthetotalStyleandconsistencyModelbillsandpastBQ项目名称文字的表示​数字的表示清单编号序号编页、分册及目录SectionsofBillsofQuantities

工程量清单分部Traditionallyandtypically,BillsofQuantitiesaredividedintothefollowingBills:

传统及典型的工程量清单分为下列的清单：BillNo.1–Preliminaries;

​一号清单:开办经营费用；BillNo.2-Preambles;

二号清单:清单说明；BillNo.3-Substructure;

三号清单:基础工程；BillNo.4-Superstructure;

四号清单:上盖工程；BillNo.5-Drainage;

五号清单:地下排水工程；BillNo.6-ExternalWorks;

六号清单:外围工程；BillNo.7-PrimeCostandProvisionalSums;

七号清单:指定项目暂定价及暂定款；BillNo.8-DayworkSchedule;and

八号清单:点工费用；GeneralSummary.

投标价汇总。Thesubstructureandsuperstructuremaybefurthervariedasfollows:

基础工程及上盖工程可变化如下：BillNo.1-Preliminaries;

一号清单:开办经营费用；BillNo.2-Preambles;

二号清单:清单说明；BillNo.3-Basement;

三号清单:地下室；BillNo.4-Podium;

四号清单:裙房；BillNo.5-Tower;

五号清单:塔楼；BillNo.6-Drainage;

六号清单:地下排水；BillNo.7-ExternalWorks;

七号清单:外围；BillNo.8-PrimeCostandProvisionalSums;

八号清单:指定项目暂定价及暂定款；BillNo.9-DayworkSchedule;and

九号清单:点工费用；GeneralSummary.

投标价汇总。MeasuredWorks

BillsBillsNo.3to6inthefirstexampleandBillsNo.3to7inthesecondexampleareMeasuredWorks

BillsbecausethephysicalworkaremeasuredandpresentedintheseBills.MeasuredWorksBillsareusuallyfurtherdividedintoTradeSectionsarrangedaccordingtothetradesequenceinStandardMethodofMeasurementIIIortheworksectionssequenceinStandardMethodofMeasurementIV,e.g.ExcavatororExcavation;ConcretororConcreteWork;BricklayerorBrickwork;etc.ExternalWorksBillcontainsitemsinvolvingalltrades.Therefore,itisusualtoarrangeitemsintheExternalWorksBillaccordingtothetypeofconstruction,e.g.Siteformation;Fencewalls;Roadsandpavings;Planters;Guardhouse;Etc.PagelayoutofBQpagesSamplepagelayoutofMeasuredWorksBill:

SamplelayoutofCollectionpage:

SamplelayoutofSummarypage:

SamplelayoutofGeneralSummarypage:

​PageheaderandfooterThepositionsoftheprojectandcontracttitlesandthecompanynameorlogomaybeinterchanged.Withthepopularityofcomputeruse,itispreferredtohavethefilenameshowntohelpidentifyingthecomputerfile.Thefilenameshouldbesystematicandself-explanatory.BQColumnsPagesforMeasuredWorksBillshaveruledcolumnslikethefollowingexamples:

PagesforPreliminaries,CollectionandSummarypagesdonothavecolumnsforquantity,unitandrate.Thecolumnsareasfollows:

​TheQty,Unit,RateandAmountcolumnsshouldbewideenoughtoaccommodatethetextsandfigureswhentypedin.ThewidthoftheDescriptioncolumnismoreflexible.BillNo.2-Preamblesdonothaveruledcolumnsbecausetheitemstherearenotsupposedtobeindividuallypriced.RecenttrendistochangethePreamblesBilltoaPreamblesSectionwithoutBillNo.CarehowevershouldbemadetodeclarethatthePreamblesSectionstillformpartoftheBillsofQuantities.Alternatively,theSectionshouldbecalled"PreamblestoBillsofQuantities"toevidentitsstatus.SomeofthePreliminariesclausesarelengthyanddonotdirectlyattractaprice.Therefore,pricesenteredinthePreliminariesBillsarescatteredthroughthepages.RecenttrendistomovethePreliminariesclausestotheSpecificationandcallit"Specification-Preliminaries".BillNo.1-PreliminariesthenonlycontainstheclauseheadingoftheSpecification-Preliminaries.TheSpecification-Preliminarieswithoutcolumnforpricingcanusewiderpagewidthandthisreducesthenumberofpages.BillNo.1-Preliminariespresentsthepricesinamorecompactmanner,andwouldbeconvenientandconciseifthesameBillisusedforsubsequentpaymentvaluationsincethelengthydescriptionsareleftout.AlphabeticalitemreferenceTraditionally,itemreferencesaregivenasA,B,C,D,E,etc.foritemswithunits.TheitemreferencesstartfromAagainoneverypageunlesstheitemcontinuesfromthelastpage.Headingsarenotreferenced.WhenitemAonpage3/1isreferredto,itisreferredtoasBQitem3/1/A.AlphabeticalreferencesystemusingA,B,Ciseasiertousesinceeverypagestartswithanewsequence.Whenanitemreferenceisincorrectlyassigned,simplycorrectitandthesubsequentitemreferencesonthesamepage.Subsequentpageswouldnotbeaffected.However,if,afterassigningtheitemreferences,itemsareinsertedordeletedinvolvingshiftingofitemsoverpages,alphabeticalitemreferencesonmorethanonepagewouldneedtobere-assigned.ThisworksfinebeforeBQareactuallyissuedfortenderingsincetheitemreferencescanbecorrectedatwill.However,if,afterissuingtheBQfortendering,insertionofitemsarerequiredastenderamendments,thenitwouldbeundesirabletoshiftthepositionsofallsubsequentitemsoverthesubsequentpages.IftheBQaretypedbytypewritersorbywordprocessors,likeintheolddays,theeffectmightbereducedifsomespaceshavebeenreservedatthebottomofpagesorifthefontsizeandspacingarereducedtosuit.However,withthepopularuseofspreadsheet,database,orBQproductionsoftwarewheretheitemsareautomaticallytightlyprintedoneaftertheotherandthefontsizesarestandardized,insertionofitemswithoutdisturbancetothepositionsoritemreferencesofsubsequentitemsisimpossible.Somepeopleuseanewpagewiththepagenumberdesignatedsomethinglike3.2/1+1or3.2/1Atodenoteanadditionalpage.Bythismethod,theitemsonthesubsequentpagescanremainintact.ThemethodrequiresthesoftwareusedtoproduceBQtobeintelligentenoughtodealwiththeadditionalpagenumber,otherwisethepagenumberwillhavetobeassignedmanually.NumericitemreferenceAnalternativetoalphabeticalreferenceistousenumericreferenceintheformof1,1.1,1.1.1continuouslythroughthesameTradeSection."3.2/"inthefollowingsampleisusedtorepresenttheBillNo.Headingsarealsoreferenced.Whenthefirstitemisreferredto,itisreferredtoasBQitem3.2/1.1.1.

​Numericreferencesystemrequiresitemsoverallpagestobeconsecutivelyreferenced.Thereforegreatercareisrequiredtoensurecorrectness.Ifareferenceisincorrectlyassigned,allsubsequentreferencesofthesamelevelwillneedtobeassignedagain.If,afterassigningtheitemreferences,itemsareinsertedordeletedi