中考复习专题 介词和连词

.*;;第18页专题五介词和连词介词介词属于虚词，不能独立充当句子成分，它一般与后面的名词、代词等组成介词短语，在句子中充当定语、状语、表语和宾补。一、常用介词的根本用法〔一〕表示时间的介词1.at表示时刻、时间点或泛指中午夜晚：at5o’clockatthemomentatnight2.in表示时间段、年月、季节或泛指上午、下午和晚上：inspringinJulyin2019intheyearinthemorningintheafternoonintheeveningin后跟时间段也可表示“……之内〞，一般用于将来时态中，如：Iwillcomebackinaweek.Inafewminutes,hewillcallyou.3.on指详细的某一天或某一天的上午、下午和晚上：onThursdayonJune3,2019onthemorningofSunday4.after“……之后〞，不受时态的限制：Iwillcomebackafter12o’clock.Afteraweek〔=Aweeklater〕,hereceivedtheletter.after+时间段=时间段+later5.for+时间段表示持续了多长时间，相当于since+时间点“自从……以来〞常用于如今完成时中：JackhasstayedinChinaforaweek.JackhasstayedinChinasinceMonday.6.until〔till〕“直到……〞，与not连用表示“直到……才……〞：Mymotherwaitedmeuntil6o’clock.Hedidn’treturnuntiltheendofthisyear.通常，在肯定句中until〔till〕与延续性动词连用，在否认句中，它与终止性动词连用。7.from…to…“从……到……〞：ThepictureswillbeonshowfromMondaytoFriday.这个介词构造也可表示地点，如：Herunsfromtheschooltohishome.8.during“在……期间〞：ProfessorWangvisitedmanymuseumsduringhisstayinFrance.9.by“不迟于，到……之前〞：Wemustfinishtheworkbytheendofthismonth.10.before“在……之前〞：You’dbettergotobedbefore10o’clock.11.through〔throughout〕“从头到尾，整个〔晚上、天、年……〕〞：It’sharmfultoworkthrough/throughoutthenight.〔二〕表示方位地点的介词1.in“在……里面〞或“在某地〞，通常指大地点：inChinaarriveinBeijing2.at“在某个地点〞，通常指小地方：attheairportatthehospital3.on“在……上面〞，指有接触面：onthetableonthetreeonthewall注意比照：over“在……的正上方〞，没有接触面，与under相对：Lookatthebridgeovertheriver.Thereisaballunderthetable.above“在……的正上方〞，有接触面，与below相对：Thereisaflagabovetheblackboard.4.inside“在……内部〞，与它对应的是outside“在……外部〞：Itiswarmerinsidetheroom.Outsidethedoor,theboysareplaying.5.near“在……附近〞：Anewbuildingisbeingbuiltnearourschool.6.beside“在……旁边〞：Theboysitsbesidehisfather.7.by“在……近处，靠近〞，意思与near和beside相近：Therearemanytreesbytheriver.8.nextto“紧靠……、在……隔壁〞：Shelivesnexttous.9.infrontof“在……前面〞：Shestoodinfrontoftheteacher.注意与inthefrontof“在……内部的前面〞的区别，如：Wecanseetheblackboardinthefrontoftheclassroom.10.behind“在……之后〞：Dadplantedanappletreebehindthehouse.11.between“在两者之间〞，among“在多者之中〞：Thereisarailwaybetweenthetwocities.Youcandiscussthequestionamongyou.12.around和round“在……周围〞，美国人多用around，英国人多用round：Thechildrenareplayingaround/roundthetable.〔三〕表示运动方向的介词1.at“朝着，向着〞，表指向某一固定点；to“通往……方向，到某地〞；toward〔s〕“朝向某一方向〞，但不一定到达：Don’tshootatme.Canyoushowmethewaytothestation?Hewalkstotheschooleveryday.他每天走路去学校。Herunstowardstheschool.他朝着学校的方向跑。2.up“向上，往高处〞：Let’sclimbupthemountainandbreathethefreshair.3.down“往下〞，“沿着〞〔同along〕：Thechildrenrundownthehill.Walkdown/alongtheroadandyouwillseeapostoffice.4.across“穿过，横过〞，表示从外表通过〔注：crossv.穿过，crossingn.十字架，十字路口〕；through表示从内部穿过；by表从旁边走过、路过：Theriverrunsthroughthecity.Becarefulwhenyouwalkacrossthestreet.Ipassedbythemuseumthismorning.5.for+目的地，“到……，以……为目的地〞：Dr.LiuhasleftforWashington.6.off“分开，落下〞，相当于awayfrom或downfrom：Thebirdsflyoffthetree.To“进入内部〞；与它相对的是outof“从……出来〞：Thethiefbrokeintotheshopandrunoutofitwithseveralbagsofmoney.8.onto“到……之上〞，比on更强调动作：Hegotontothebusandleft.9.round/around“环绕，围绕〞：Theearthmovesround/aroundthesun.〔四〕表示方式手段的介词1.with“用某种工具、身体某一部分、方法等〞：Iwritewithmynewpen.Peopleusuallyworkwiththeirhandsinthepast.2.in“用某种语言、材料等〞：ShecansinginJapanese.Theteacherwritesinredchalk.注：用with时，名词前加物主代词或冠词；用in时，后跟物质名词，名词前不加物主代词或冠词。3.by“通过某种手段或方法等〞：Areyougoingtosendthepackagebyairmail?表示搭乘交通工具时，by/on+交通工具，但in+限定词+交通工具，如：bybus,byplane,onfoot,inmycar等。4.as“作为……，以……身份〞，“如同〞：WestudyEnglishasasecondlanguage.Heworkshereasateacher.Weshoulduniteasaman.5.like“像……一样〞，可和系动词连用：Theyplaytogetherlikebrothers.〔五〕表示原因或目的的介词1.for"因为"“为了〞：Thecityisfamousforitsbeauty.2.becauseof“因为〞：Wehavetoputoffourtravelplanbecauseofthebadweather.3.at“因为……而引发某种情感或行为〞，有时可换成with：Hebecameangrywith/athisson’sbaddeed.4.outof“出于〞：Hestudiesphysicsoutofthegreatinterest.〔六〕其他介词1.about/on“关于〞：Whatareyoutalkingabout?Iamreadingabookonthewar.2.without“没有……〞：Wecanhardlylivewithoutwater.3.with“和，具有，伴随〞：Withwhomwillyougototravel?Bringanumbrellawithyou.4.besides“除……之外，还有〞〔包括在内〕，except和but“除……之外，其余都……〞〔不包括〕，but多与不定代词连用：BesidesJack,allstudentspass.〔杰克也通过了考试〕Wedoexerciseexcept/butontherainyday.〔雨天时，我们不锻炼。〕二、省略介词的几种情况〔一〕在表示时间的短语中，假设有this,that,these,those,next,last,one,some,any,all,every和each修饰时：eachyearthismorningnextweek〔二〕whattime前的at常被省略：──WhattimewilltheTVprogrambeshown?──At8:00p.m.〔三〕inthis/thatway,inthesameway短语中，介词in常被省略：Pleasefollowmethisway.三、几组常见介词辨析〔一〕“除了……〞besides,except,exceptfor,exceptthat,butbesides除了……之外〔还包括〕，except除了……之外〔不包括〕，but与except同义，但常与不定代词连用。这三个介词后可以跟名词，动名词，代词和从句。exceptthat与except同义，但只能跟从句。exceptfor表示除了一些瑕疵之外，强调部分地修正；此外，所除去的部分往往和整体不属于一类，如：Yourcompositionisgoodexceptforsomespellingmistakes.Thestreetisemptyexceptforacar.〔二〕“关于〞about,on,ofabout侧重于与人或事物有关的事迹或情况；on侧重于阐述或论及相对重大的理论、学术等问题；相对而言of，那么是粗略地涉及人或事物的情况。〔三〕表示方位的in,on,to,offDABDABCBisintheeastofACisontheeastofADistotheeastofAin表示在某地范围之内；on表示在某地边境上，强调两地相邻；to那么强调在某地之外，两地之间有一定间隔，但假如两地是在海域中相离那么用off。〔四〕for和to表示后置的间接宾语1.buy,cook,fetch,get,find,make,order,save,sing,pay…+sth.+for+sb.2.bring,leave,lend,offer,pass,read,teach,promise,give,write,send…+sth.+to+sb.〔五〕for与of表示不定式复合构造的逻辑主语It+be+adj.+for+sb.+todosth.当形容词说明不定式动作的性质特征时用for,for“对于某人来说做某事怎么样〞。It+be+adj.+of+sb.+todosth.当形容词说明对逻辑主语的评价时用of，of“某人做了某事如何〞。连词和介词一样，连词也属于虚词，不能独立充当句子成分，它只能用来连接单词、短语、从句或句子。按语法意义，连词可分为并列连词和附属连词。一、并列连词〔一〕and“和，而且〞，三者或三者以上并列，只需在最后两者间加and，前面各个之间用“，〞：Hegotupanddressedhimself.Thewomanboughtapples,peasandmeatinthesupermarket.〔二〕or“或者〞；“否那么〞〔=otherwise〕：Heorshewilltellyouthetruth.You’dbetterreadcarefullythebook,oryoucan’tlearnsomething.〔三〕but“但是，然而〞：Hetriedhard,butstillfailed.注意比照：but通常位于句中，其后紧跟句子，不用“，〞相隔；however可单独用，位于句首或句中，后有“，〞：Hetriedhard,however,hestillfailed.〔四〕so〔therefore〕“因此，所以〞：Sheisbusycollectingmaterials,so/thereforeshecanfinishthereport.〔五〕both…and…“……和……都〞：BothMaryandhersisterstudyinthisschool.〔六〕either…or…“或者……或者……〞：Eitheryouoryourfriendisgoingtohandinthereport.〔七〕neither…nor…“既不……也不……〞：Hehasneithereatennordrunkthewholeday.〔八〕notonly…butalso…“不仅……而且……〞：Notonlymymumbutalsomydadhasbeenmyfriend.注：both…and…构造是复数概念，做主语时，谓语动词用复数;either…or…,neither…nor…和notonly…butalso…构造做主语时，应遵照就近原那么，即谓语动词的单复数由最靠近的部分主语决定。二、附属连词附属连词主要用于引导从句。〔一〕引导宾语从句：that,whether,if,如：Hetoldmethathehadmovedtothetown.〔口语中，that可省略〕〔二〕多数附属连词用于引导状语从句：〔三〕when,while,as“当……的时候〞：when运用范围较广，可表示“在一段时间中的时候〞，也指“正在这时〞，如：MumiscookingwhenIreturn.ThephonerangwhenIenteredtheroom.while强调主句和从句动作同时发生，它引导的从句谓语动词应为延续性动词；有时，while含有“而〞的意思，表示比照关系：Whileweweretalking,hecamein.Theboyisdoinghishomework,whilehissisterissleeping.as强调主句和从句动作同时发生，甚至主句的动作随从句的行为变化而变化，“在……过程中〞：Thechildrensangastheywalked.Ashewasyoung,hereadmanyusefulbooks.〔四〕because,since,as“因为……，由于〞，不与so连用：Theydidn’tgotohaveapicnicbecauseitrained.Sinceeverybodyishere,let’sstartourmeeting.Asyouareready,showyouropinionfirst.注：①because表直接原因，强调因果关系；since语气不如because强，表附带或间接的音素，含有“既然〞之意；as语气最弱，“由于〞，多用于口语中。②答复why的问题，只能用because答复，引导的原因状语从句通常放在主句之后；since和as引导的原因状语从句的位置可前可后。〔五〕although,though“尽管〞，不与but连用：Although/Thoughdadwasverytired,hewentonworkinguntildeepnight.〔六〕assoonas“一……就……〞：Shecalledassoonasshecameback.〔七〕After“………之后〞，before“……之前〞：Mr.Hilldrovebackafterhefinishedthework.Tomdrugsadeepholeinthegardenbeforeheplantsayoungtree.[例题精析]例1.Thereisnolightinhisroom.Wherecanhehavegone____suchacoldnight?A.duringB.inC.onD.at解析：“在晚上〞应用atnight，但假如特指某一个晚上、早晨、下午等时间，那么用介词on。这些表示时间的名词前往往有修饰词。答案：C。例2.Theyhadapleasantchat_______acupofcoffee.A.forB.withC.duringD.over解析：此题考察介词的搭配。Tochatoveracupofcoffee意思为边喝咖啡边聊，over“边……边……〞。for和during作为“在……期间〞之意时通常后面加时间段，而且during是连词，后面只能跟从句。with“随着〞表原因或伴随的状态。答案：D。例3._______youcallmetosayyou’renotgoingtotheplay,I’llseeyouatthetheatre.A.OnceB.AslongasC.UnlessD.Assoonas解析：once一旦，aslongas只要，unless除非，相当于if……not,assoonas一……就……根据题意应选C。例4.AsIwasabouttospeak___youinterruptedme.A./B.whenC.asD.but解析：此题的陷阱就在于beabouttodo往往和when搭配，表示“刚要做某事的时候发生了什么〞，所以较容易误选B。实际上，题目句首已经有了连词as当……的时候，故没有必要再加其他连词。答案：A。专题测试1.Iwillnotbelieveit______Ihaveseenitwithmyowneyes.A.afterB.untilC.whenD.since2.Itis______hot______coldinthisplacealltheyearround,soitattractssomanytouristseveryyear.A.both,andB.either,orC.neither,norD.notonly,butalso3.Pleasehurryup,________youwillbelateforthemeeting.A.orB.butC.andD.so4.___mysurprise,theydidn’tquarrelwitheachother.A.ToB.InC.OnD.At5.Japanlies____theeastofChina.A.atB.inC.onD.off6.TheGreatWallwindsitsway______alotofhighmountains.A.overB.acrossC.throughD.above7.Hesteppedintotheslightly____hemightwakeupthesleepingbaby.A.inorderthatB.incaseC.soD.sothat8.Manypeopledie__anearlyage___heartillness.A.on,fromB.in,ofC.at,ofD.to,from9.Theplanisallright,___,itcanbemadebetter.A.butB.whileC.soD.however10.Wearecopyingthenewwords____ourteachercamein.A.whileB.asC.whenD.unless11.___laziness,noonelikestogetonwithhim.A.AsB.ForC.BecauseD.With12.Thepatientwillhavetowaitallday_____thedoctorworksfaster.A.unlessB.whetherC.ifD.that13.─Somebodywantsyouonthetelephone.─____nooneknowsIamhere.A.ForB.AndC.ButD.So14.Itwassometime____werealizedthetruth.A.whenB.untilC.sinceD.before15.Itissnowingoutside,___itissobrightatnight.A.becauseB.forC.asD.since16.─Idon’tlikesinging____dancing.Whataboutyou?─Idon’tlikedancing,___Ilikesinging.A.and,butB.and,andC.or,butD.but,or17.Johnseemstobeaniceperson,______,Idon’ttrusthim.A.evensoB.eventhoughC.thereforeD.though18.___Iknowthemoneyissafe,Ishallnot