国际海事组织与海洋防污染

一．打造高分作文深谙阅卷老师的期待心理。2.精心构造全文的引言段。3.多多制造语言的闪光点。如，在表达“我认为”，“我想”时，大家第一反应就是Ithink。但还有其他的如Ibelieve,Iargue,Imaintain,Iassert,Iinsist,Iclaim,Iemphasize,Isuggest,Iagree,Ihold,Iassume,Iconsider,Ireckon,inmyopinion,asIseeit,asfarasI’mconcerned等等。再如，“越来越多的人”我们可以表达为peopleingrowing/increasing/expanding/mountingnumber.“目的是，为了”可以说inanattemptto,inabidto,withaviewto,aimto,aimat,forthepurposeof等。4.尽量避免中国式英语。5.尽量使用过渡词.英语文章讲究起承转合。启：开启观点，亮出话题。Nowadays,atpresent,recently,inrecentyears,now,inmoderntimes,lately,currently,Whenitcomesto…Itisgenerallybelieved/argued/accepted/acknowledged/held/recognized/agreedthat…Itgoeswithoutsayingthat…Itisnodoubtthat…Itisself-evidentthat…Itisatruismthat…Itisclear/apparentthat…Little/No/Smallwonderthat…Facedwith/Confrontedwith…,somepeoplemaintain/argue/insist/claim/hold/deem/assertthat…,whileothersthink/consider/assume/believe…Nowadaysthereisahearteddiscussion/debateasto/concerning…Recently,theissueof…hasbeeninthelimelight/broughtintofocus.Withtheamazingdevelopment/advance/progress/boom/prosperityofeconomy/scienceandtechnology,…Accordingtoarecentsurvey/investigation/poll/questionnaire,…Itisreportedthat…承：承接话题，进一步展开分析论证What’smore,moreover,inaddition,besides,apartfromthat,asidefromthat,atthesametime,meanwhile,inthemeantime,also,furthermore,next,forexample,forinstance,acaseinpoint,asanillustration,inthefirstplace,first,firstly,firstofall,aboveall,tobeginwith,tostartwith,ontheonehand..ontheotherhand,foronething..foranother,moreimportantly,whatismoreimportantisthat…,whatisevenworseisthat…,worsestill,tomakematters/thingsworse,infact,asamatteroffact,indeed,actually,virtually,surely,certainly,ofcourse,nodoubt,inspecifics,tobeexact,inparticular,inotherwords,sotospeak,thatistosay,similarly,likewise,obviously,apparently.转：语义转折，讲对立面However,nonetheless,nevertheless,notwithstanding,instead,conversely,oppositely,reversely,inspiteof,despite,forall,ontheotherhand,by/incontrast,onthecontrary,afterall,unluckily,unfortunately,still,yet,although,though,but,while,whereas.合：总结归纳，得出结论Inshort,inbrief,inaword,inanutshell,inthefinalanalysis,inconclusion,tosumup,tosummerize,toconclude,togetitboileddownasfollows,onthewhole,asawhole,ingeneral,byandlarge,generallyspeaking,therefore,thus,so,hence,consequently,asaresult,finally,lastly,eventually,ultimately,intheend,aswhatIhavediscussed/analyzedabove,fromwhathasbeenmentionedabove.除此之外，其他常用的过渡词还有:表示时间关系：Meanwhile,inthemeantime,meantime,afterawhile,afterwards,andthen,shortlyafter,soonafter,atthattime,finally,eventually,atlast,atlength,earlier,recently,lately,currently,presently,atpresent,now,nowadays,uptonow,tillnow,sofar,atthatverymoment,since,before,after,when,soon,thereafter,then,next,until,till,subsequently,formally,previously,priortoone’sdeparture,in/duringthepastseveraldecades/years表示举例关系Forexample,forinstance,asanillustration,acaseinpoint,take…forexample,take…asanexample,suchas,like,including,toillustratethispoint,let’sconsider/lookat/imagine/assume/suppose…,atypical/convincing/compelling/exampleis,justconsider/imagine…表示同位关系Thatis,thatistosay,namely,alternatively,forexample,forinstance,inotherwords,or,rather,orrather,tobeexact,toputitmildly,toputitbluntly,i.e.,sotospeak表示因果关系Because,as,for,since,becauseof,dueto,owingto,onaccountof,byvirtueof,onthegroundsof,thanksto,duetothefact,forthereasonthat,inthat,so,thus,hence,therefore,consequently,accordingly,asaresult,asaconsequence,sothat,nowthat表示强调关系Indeed,infact,asamatteroffact,virtually,ofcourse,certainly,aboveall,itistruethat…表示比较关系Likewise,similarly,equally,correspondently,inthesamemanner,inthesamefashion,bythesametoken,incomparison(with),incontrastto/with,in/bycontrast,while表示次序关系First,second,firstly,secondly,tobeginwith,tostartwith,firstofall,forastart,aboveall,firstandforemost,inthefirstplace,inthesecondplace,moreover,furthermore,besides,inaddition,what’smore,next,finally,lastly,eventually,intheend,lastbutnotleast,foronething…(and)foranother(thing),ontheonehand…ontheotherhand表示过渡关系Asto,asfor,with/inregardto,withreferenceto,regarding,concerning,considering,inthecaseof,bytheway,incidentally,asregards,toresume,whenitcomesto…二．选词原则1．选词准确性如“假”一次的表达在不同语境和搭配中不一样：假花，假肢，假钞，假画，分别应该是：artificialflower,artificiallimbs,counterfeitmoney,fakepictures,还有如假牙falseteeth,假象falseappearance,假警察fakepoliceman,假医生phony/quackdoctor,假唱lip-synch,假酒adulteratedwine,假新闻pseudo-event,假发wig,假话lie,假山rockery,假装pretend,假扮disguise,假冒forge,假意hypocrisy选词多样性。如anincreasingnumberof,agrowingnumberof,anexpandingnumberof…选词的亮点。Eg:SaudiArabiaannouncedplanstoincreaseproduction,atleasttemporarily,toeasetheworldwidefuelcrunch.TheaveragenumberofchildrenborntoawomaninKenyaisnoweight:thatiscombinedwithadeclininginfantmortalityrate,thecountry’spopulationcouldballoonfrom20millionto83millionin2025.Asthesummerheatwavesdissipateandtropicalstormsstartrollingin,thenationturnsitseagereyestotheweatherforecasters.Attendanceisrocketingatalloutdoorstadia/stadiumsthisyear.Hisbestjokesfellflat.Thetownboastsabeautifullakeandanancientpagoda.三．选词的注意事项很多学生在写作时不注意选词，往往同一个词或词组反复使用，尤其喜欢滥用make,let和be动词。如何避免滥用make和let1）在句中原有make,let后的形容词上添加合适的前后缀，是形容词转化为相应的使役动词。如：①Moreoftenthannot,onlywhenthepollutionmakespeople’slivesdangerousdotheyrealizetheimportancetoprotecttheenvironment.---Moreoftenthannot,onlywhenthepollutionendangerspeople’slivesdotheyrealizetheimportancetoprotecttheenvironment.②Thelocalauthoritiesmadebuyinggunsforpersonaluseillegalandthispolicyquicklytookeffectafteritwasissued.2）原句中make,let后是由过去分词转化而来的形容词，可直接将具有使动意义的过去分词移至make后的宾语前，这一简单操作就可把make,let去掉，使表达更此道。如：①Themother’scriticismofherdaughterinpublicmadeherdaughterveryannoyed.---Themother’scriticismofherdaughterinpublicannoyedherdaughter②Theresultofhisfinalphysicsexammadehimverydisappointedanditalsomadehisclassmatesrathersurprised.3）在make+名词/代词+形容词。。。的结构中，如果make后那个做宾语补足语的形容词具有贬义色彩，就可将make替换为render，如果make后那个做宾补的形容词（或过去分词转化而来的形容词）是个中性词，可将make替换为keep。如：①Thenewpolicymakesthousandsofworkersinthiscitywhoareover50unemployedandhelpless.---Thenewpolicyrendersunemployedandhelplessthousandsofworkersinthiscitywhoareover50.②Internetmakesusbetterinformedaboutthecurrenteventsathomeandabroad.4）使用同义或近义结构表达。这一方法通常在上述三种方法行不通时采用。它需要一定的发散性联想。如：①Thisbookmakesmethinkofmysweetchildhoodinthatsmallvillage.---Thisbookremindsmeofmysweetchildhoodinthatsmallvillage.②Foreigninterferencehasmadethiscountryinvolvedinacivilwar.③Thenewconstitutionmadewomanunabletoparticipateinthestateaffairs.5）将make或let引导的结构转化为allowsb.todosth.,enablesb.todosth.,compel/impel/propelsb.todosth.,causesb.todosth.,stimulatesb.todosth.,setsb.doing.等结构。如：①Thenewly-adoptedmethodmakestheworkersworkmuchharderthanbefore.---Thenewly-adoptedmethodstimulatestheworkerstoworkmuchharderthanbefore.②WatchingTVprogramsmadetheyounggenerationbecomemoreknowledgeableandletthemfollowthelatestdevelopmentsinscienceandtechnology.6）在表示“使。。。不能”等否定意义的结构中，可以将make或let引导的结构转换为prevent/keep/stop/inhibitsb.from(doing)sth.之类结构。如：①Hiscriminalrecordmadehimunabletobeadmittedtothisfamousuniversity.---Hiscriminalrecordstoppedhimfrombeingadmittedtothisfamousuniversity.②Thefather’spoorhealthmakeshimselfunabletoworkoutsidetosupportthebigfamily.7）在make/let+sb.+动词+名词结构中，可使用earnsb.sth.或winsb.sth.的结构予以替换表达。如：①Theprofessor’sexcellentteachingperformancemadehimwinthetitleas“themostpopularteacher”intheuniversity.---Theprofessor’sexcellentteachingperformancewonhimthetitleas“themostpopularteacher”intheuniversity.②Hislatestsciencefictionhasmadehimefamousasabrilliantcreativewriterofanewgeneration.练习一：写出适当的形容词（至少3-5个）a_____hint;_____remarks;cooperation;knowledge;smile;scenery;measure;manner;judgement;weather;voice;look;effort;argument;analysis;attitude;criticism;discussion;joke;opportunity;smell;belief;difficulties;二：请给出下列词组或短语尽可能多的表达方式我认为；重要的；越来越；因为，由于；因此，所以；为了，目的是；如果，假如；例如，比如；尽管，虽然；不但，而且；大多数，大部分；许多，大量；引起，导致；尽力，努力；赞成/反对；与。。。成交；对。。。太苛求三：用英语表达下列句子的表达，避免滥用make和let中国体育代表团在广州亚运会上的骄人成绩使全体中国人都感到无比自豪。ThepeakperformanceoftheChinesedelegationinGuangzhouAsianOlympicGamesfilledallChinesewithhonorandexcitement.或者:ThepeakperformanceoftheChinesedelegationinGuangzhouAsianOlympicGameswasasourceofhonorandexcitementtoallChinese.奥运会的召开使北京成为国内各大媒体关注的焦点之一。ThehostfortheOlympicGamesbroughtBeijinginthelimelight/spotlight.儿子的粗鲁行为使年迈的母亲十分恼怒。Theson’srudebehaviorangered/annoyed/irritatedtheelderlymother.各种各样沉重的家务活使他不能一心一意投身于自己的工作当中。Heavychorespreventedhimfromapplyinghimselftohiswork.或者Heavychorescameasahindrancetohiswork.湖南卫视举办的“超级女声”节目使来自普通家庭的平民女孩有机会站在T型舞台上展示自己的非凡歌唱才华，也使平民偶像的梦想成为灿烂的现实。TheTVprogram“SuperGirl”hostedbyHunanCableTVStationprovidesarareopportunityforordinarygirlsfromcommonfamiliestoshowtheirtalentsinpopsongsanditalsotransformsthedreamofgrass-rootidolsintoabrilliantreality.长期超负荷劳动，加上营养不良，使他最终住进了医院。Constantexposuretoheavyworkloadsaddledwithmalnutritionendedhiminhospital.希望工程的大力实施使数以千计的贫困失学儿童重返校园，接受教育。ThevigorousimplementationoftheProjectHopebroughtbacktoschoolandreceivededucationthousandsofchildrenwhohaddroppedoutofschoolforpoverty.中国加入世贸组织后，国内外市场的激烈竞争使不少国有企业濒临倒闭。AfterChina’saccessiontotheWorldTradeOrganization,quiteafewstate-ownedenterprisesarecrawlingonthevergeofbankruptcyadmistkeencompetitionondomesticandinternationalmarkets.第二讲如何避免滥用be动词Be动词主要是指“be”的各种形式，“therebe”结构的各种形式，被动语态bedone结构中的各种形式及定语从句的各种表达形式。Be动词在英语中属于静态动词，往往给人送她疲软，缺乏生气的感觉。一下是有效避免be动词的15种方法。用联系动词appear，seem，fall，look，become，turn替换表达。如：Hewasverytiredaftersittingupwritinghistermpaperlastnight.----Helookedverytiredaftersittingupwritinghistermpaperlastnight.Duringthedragonboatfestival,whichisonthe5thdayofthefifthruralmonth,theChinesepeoplecustomarilyeatZongzi,aglutinous(粘性的)ricepudding,shapedlikeapyramidorapillowwrappedinbambooorreedleaves.----Duringthedragonboatfestival,whichfallsonthe5thdayofthefifthruralmonth,theChinesepeoplecustomarilyeatZongzi,aglutinous(粘性的)ricepudding,shapedlikeapyramidorapillowwrappedinbambooorreedleaves.2)用proveto,turnouttobe替换表达。如：①Itwassunnywhenwewentoutforapicnicthatday.----Itturnedouttobesunnywhenwewentoutforapicnicthatday.3)用感官动词smell,sound,feel,look,taste替换表达。如：①Theblackpopsinger’ssongsareverysoftandsweet.----Theblackpopsinger’ssongssoundverysoftandsweet.②ThisChinesedishwassohotandspicythatfewguestsdaredtotryit.----ThisChinesedishtastedsohotandspicythatfewguestsdaredtotryit.4)用词组comeas,standas,emergeas,serveas,functionas,actas,projectas,impresssb.as,strikesb.as替换表达。如：①ItwassomethingofasurprisewhenDiana,PrincessofWales,madeatriptoAngolain1997,tosupporttheRedCross’scampaignfroatotalbanonallanti-personnellandmines.----ItcameassomethingofasurprisewhenDiana,PrincessofWales,madeatriptoAngolain1997,tosupporttheRedCross’scampaignfroatotalbanonallanti-personnellandmines.②Suchplanswereperhapsasurprisetosome,giventhatenvironmentallydestructivecoalremainsakeysourceofenergyinChina,andeachyeardozensofminersperishintheireffortstodigupcoal.----Suchplansperhapsemerged/stoodasasurprisetosome,giventhatenvironmentallydestructivecoalremainsakeysourceofenergyinChina,andeachyeardozensofminersperishintheireffortstodigupcoal.ThisnewlyreleasedcompensationlawwasamixedblessingtomostAmericanworkers.----Thisnewlyreleasedcompensationlawstruck/impressedamixedblessingtomostAmericanworkers.5)用词组arisefrom,resultfrom,originatefrom,stemfrom,derivefrom等替换表达。如：①HisfailureintheCET6wasaresultofthelackofgoodpreparationbeforetheexamandhisbadperformanceduringtheexam.----HisfailureintheCET6resulted/arosefromthelackofgoodpreparationbeforetheexamandhisbadperformanceduringtheexam.②Herbookisonthebasisofashortstory.----Herbookoriginatesfromashortstory.6)用表示“充满，大量”的词组，如abound(in/with),teemwith,bristlewith等替换表达。如：①Therearealotofsecretpoliceagentsinthatcountry.----Secretpoliceagentsaboundinthatcountry.②Thereisplentyofraininthatregionalltheyearround.----Thatregionaboundedwithrainalltheyearround.③Theapproachingworldofthe2010sisfullofchallengeswhoseresolution,forbetterorworse,willdependlargelyonthequalityofresearchandeducation.----Theapproachingworldofthe2010sbristleswithchallengeswhoseresolution,forbetterorworse,willdependlargelyonthequalityofresearchandeducation.7)用feature,characterize,typify,define,underline,highlight等替换表达。如：①TheChinesenationishard-workingandbrave.----IndustryandbraverycharacterizestheChinesenation.②Thericecrisiswasanembarrassingproblemthatthegovernmentfaces.----Thericecrisisunderlined/highlightedanembarrassingproblemthatthegovernmentfaces.8）用lie,stand,come,run,flow,wind,zigzag等替换表达。如：①Thereisatempleatthetopofthemountain.----Therestandsatempleatthetopofthemountain.②Thereisariverbeforemyhouse.Itisaneast-to-westriverandconnectswiththeYangtzeRiver.Itisnotverylongbutdeep.----Ariver,notverylongbutdeep,runs/flowsbeforemyhouseandconnectswiththeYangtzeRiver.③Thereisapathleadingtothepeakofthebigmountain.----Apathzigzagsuptothepeakofthebigmountain.9)用find,enjoy,suffer,present,pose,boast,receive,help,stay等替换表达。如：①WashingtonIrving’sshortnovelswasverypopularwhenitsawthelightoftheday.----WashingtonIrving’sshortnovelsenjoyedmuchpopularitywhenitsawthelightoftheday.②TheWestLakeismostcharminginspringwhentressbytheriverareallgreen.----TheWestLakeboastsitsmostcharmingsceneryinspringwhentressbytheriverareallgreen.③Thereisaheavylossinthecropharvestthisyear.----Thecropharvestsuffersaheavylossthisyear.10)用post,register,manage,see,witness,experience,undergo等替换表达。如：①Itisquotedassayingthattherewasabigincreaseinthesharepricesyesterdayafternoon.----Itisquotedassayingthatthesharepricesregistered/posted/managed/witnessed/say/experiencedabigincreaseyesterdayafternoon.11)用go,has等替换表达。如：①Thereisafamousproverb,“Morehaste,lessspeed.”----Theregoesafamousproverb,“Morehaste,lessspeed.”②TherewasarumorthatthenewlyelectedpresidentoncehadacompromisingchatwithhisinternintheWhiteHouse.----RumorhasisthatthenewlyelectedpresidentoncehadacompromisingchatwithhisinternintheWhiteHouse.12)用tendto,inalllikelihood等替换表达。如：①Thereistendencythatgraduatesingrowingnumberareswarmingintoforeigncompaniesinbigcities,suchasShanghai,BeijingandGuangzhou.----Graduatesingrowingnumbertendtoswarmintoforeigncompaniesinbigcities,suchasShanghai,BeijingandGuangzhou.②Thereismuchpossibilitythatacompanywithoutasoundmanagementwillgobankrupt.----Acompanywithoutasoundmanagementwillinalllikelihoodgobankrupt.13)用主动形式表示被动含义。如：①ThisSouthAfricanleader,whowasreleasedfromthejaillastmonth,waswarmlyreceivedbythousandsofpeoplewhogatheredvoluntarilyforhispresence.----ThisSouthAfricanleader,whowonhisreleasefromthejaillastmonth,receivedawarmgreetingbythousandsofpeoplewhogatheredvoluntarilyforhispresence.②This65-year-oldAmericaneconomistwasawardedtheNobelPrizeforEconomicsin2004.----TheNobelPrizeforEconomicsin2004wenttothis65-year-oldAmericaneconomist.14)用动态动词来替换表达。如：①Mutualtrustandmutualbenefitarethebasesofbilateralco-operation.----Mutualtrustandmutualbenefitsustain/underlinebilateralco-operation.②Enoughsleepisagoodguaranteeforefficientworkorstudy.----Enoughsleepguarantees/ensuresefficientworkorstudy.15)改变或调整句子结构，简化表达。如：①BecauseIwasconsideredasanexcellentworkerinthecompanywhereIworked,Iwasluckilyselectedasamemberforanin-servicetraininginBostonthissummer.----ConsideredasanexcellentworkerinthecompanywhereIworked,Iwasluckilyselectedasamemberforanin-servicetraininginBostonthissummer.②TheAmericaniswearingatraditionalChinesecostumewhichistypicalofacertainChineseminorityethnicgroup.----TheAmericaniswearingatraditionalChinesecostumetypicalofacertainChineseminorityethnicgroup.第三讲写作语言表达的五大机密1．使用逗号。逗号是非常重要的标点符号，以下仅就其用法举个别例子。每个用法都有大量其他例子需要大家平时积累和应用。1）非限定性定语从句的使用。Eg:Nowadays,thecallforquality-orientededucationisbecomingwidespreadandthedrawbacksoftest-orientededucation,whichhavearousedgreatconcernthroughoutChina,arebecomingincreasinglyapparent.2)非谓语动词结构做状语的使用Eg:Parentsaretooeagertomoldtheirkids,disregardingtheirindividualitywithacallousattitudetowardtheirpersonaldevelopment.(现在分词作结果状语)3)同位语或插入语的使用Eg:Asisdistinctfromabove,thenumber“13”,along-heldsymbolofominousnessintheeyesofmostwesterners,seemtobeplaguingthem.4)With结构的使用Eg:Wenowliveinasocietywherecompetitioninthejobmarketrages,withgraduatesandjob-huntersfromallwalksoflifescramblingfordesirablejobs.5)独立主格结构的使用Eg:Rosydreamsshattered,theyarebewilderingatthejunction:“Tobeornottobe?Thatisaquestion”–Hamlet’sperplexedmonologueisechoingintheirears.形容词或形容词短语做状语或定语的使用Eg:Disillusionedanddisheartened,theyaremostlikelytobecollapsedundertheweightoflife.7)平行并列结构的使用Eg:Studiesservefordelight,forornamentand,forability.8)评注性状语的使用Eg:Morespecifically,twowindows,sotospeak(插入语),ofopportunityappeartobeopening.9)连接性状语的使用Eg:Bycontrast,theprocessofpersonalgrowthismuchmoredifficulttodetermine,sincebydefinitionitisajourneyandnotthespecificsignpostsorlandmarksalongtheway.10)介词或介词词组的使用Eg:Apartfromthis,thedomesticwatersupplyisfluoridatedtoreducedentaldecay.此外，本地的食水加有氟气，以减低蛀牙率。11)状语从句的使用Eg:Yettheresultmaybeworsequalifications,becausetheygetlessindividualattention,aswellaslessconfidenceinspeakingpublicly.12)递进重复结构的使用Eg:Wealllovepeace,peaceallovertheworld.2.使用高频结构1）强调结构Eg:Asamatteroffact,itisparents’excessiveloveandcaringthatdeprivestheirkidsofthefreedomtobeindependentandtotempertheirwill.2)倒装结构Eg:Scatteredaroundtheglobearemorethan100smallregionsofisolatedvolcanicactivityknowntogeologistsashotspots.3)排比结构Eg:Isithumane,forexample,thataterminallyillpatientisthuscausedtofeelguiltyforremainingalivebecausehedoesnotwanttodie?Isitwisethatapatientiskilledalivesimplybecauseofamistakenterminaldiagnosis?Andisitpossiblethateuthanasiacouldbetakenadvantageofforsomeulteriororevencriminalpurposes?4)平行结构Eg:Itsscientistsweretheworld’sbest,itsworkersthemostskilled.5)虚拟结构Eg:Ifthisapproachwereadopted,childrenwouldbestrongenoughtowithstandany“storm”intheirlife.6）无人称结构①Itis+过去分词+that结构Eg:Itisreported/hoped/mentioned/learned/authoritativelylearned/predicted/usuallyconsidered/universallyaccepted/generallyrecognized/established/assumed/claimed/asserted/expectedthat………………..②Itis+形容词+that结构(这种无人称结构后面的that分句中需要使用shouldbe,should可以省略的虚拟结构)Eg:Itisimportant/essential/crucial/vital/critical/indispensable/necessary/imperative/appropriate/advisable/apparent/clear/evident/strange/likely/possible/preferable/fortunate/desirable/truethat….③Itis+名词+that结构Eg:Itisapity/ashame/(high/tall)time/acoincidence/atruismthat……..7)比较结构Eg:Fewpastimesbringafamilycloserthangatheringaroundandlisteningtomotherorfatherreadstories,anddiscussingourproblems,orplayinggamesandhavingafamilyouting.3.巧用标点符号1)冒号Eg:Noclear-cutdistinctioncanbedrawnbetweenprofessionalsandamateursinscience:exceptioncanbefoundtoanyrule.2)分号Eg:Thereisnodenyingthatautomobilesareindicationsofcivilization,progressanddevelopment;nevertheless,automobilescausetheseriousproblemofairpollution.3)破折号Eg:Rosydreamsshattered,theyarebewilderingatthejunction:“Tobeornottobe?Thatisaquestion”–Hamlet’sperplexedmonologueisechoingintheirears.4)引号。表引用或强调，讽刺意味Eg:Ifthisapproachwereadopted,childrenwouldbestrongenoughtowithstandany“storm”intheirlife.5）逗号。表语气停顿外还可表示插入同位语或插入语。Eg:Asisdistinctfromabove,thenumber“13”,along-heldsymbolofominousnessintheeyesofmostwesterners,seemtobeplaguingthem.4.形象化表达让人在感受到论证有力，分析透彻的雄辩之风的同时又能欣赏到机智风趣的笔调Eg:Fearofunemploymentisparalyzingtheeconomy.对失业的恐惧正造成经济的瘫痪。5．非人物主语句1）若该句是主从复合句且从句表示肯定概念如何改造这种句子第一步：将汉语中的动态动词改为它所对应的英语抽象名词或同义名词。第二步：添加一个能与抽象名词搭配的适当动词或其他词组（主句动词意思相仿的近义词）。第三部，再将以往我们一般英语表达的复合句转变为简单句。Eg:Ifyoucomparebicycleswithcarscarefully,youwillfindtheformerissuperiortothelatter.---Carefulcomparisonbetweenbicyclesandcarswillshowtheformerissuperiortothelatter.或---Carefulcomparisonbetweenbicyclesandcarswillshowthesuperiorityoftheformeroverthelatter.2)若该句是主从复合句且从句表示否定概念如何改造这种句子第一步：在句前添加如inability,incapacity,impossibility,failure等表示否定概念的抽象名词。第二步第三部同上。Eg:Becausewecannotapplytheorytopractice,wecannottransformwhatwehavelearnedintoaproductiveforce.---Theinabilitytoapplytheorytopracticepreventsusfromtransformingwhatwehavelearnedintoaproductiveforce.3)若该句是简单句将人物主语句转换成非人物主语句的情形会简单很多。①套用Itis+(commonly/generally/universally)+过去分词+that的主语从句的结构，如：(人物主语)Manypeoplethinkthe9-yearcompulsoryeducationisquitenecessary.----（非人物主语）Itiswidely/universally/generallythought/believed/held/accepted/recognized/acknowledgedthat9-yearcompulsoryeducationisquitenecessary.②套用Therebe+(growing/increasing/mounting/expanding…)+抽象名词+that的同位语结构。如：（人物主语）Moreandmorepeopleagree(realize/areaware/areconscious)thatprotectingrarewildlifeadmitsofnodelay.----（非人物主语）Thereisagrowing/increasing/mountingrealization/awareness/consciousnessthatprotectingrarewildlifeadmitsofnodelay.③使用表示生理，心理状态的名词做主语。如：她又惊又怕，加上几分担忧，心情十分抑郁。(人物主语)Shewasastonishedaswellasworried,forthisreason,shewasratherdepressed.----（非人物主语）Astonishment,apprehension,andevenhorroroppressedher.④使用表示时间，地点的名词做主语。如：（人物主语）Largewavesofimmigrantworkershavegonetothecoastalcitiesinthepast20years.----（非人物主语）Thepast20yearshaswitnessedlargewavesofimmigrantworkersgoingtothecoastalcities.⑤使用具有行为和动作意义的名词做主语。如：（人物主语）Hewasdrivenmadbecauseofhislossoffortune.----（非人物主语）Hislossoffortunedrovehimmad.⑥保留同一宾语，使用拟人化表达。如：（人物主语）Icannotrecallhisname.----（非人物主语）Hisnameescapesfrommymemory.常用谚语失败乃成功之母Failureisthemotherofsuccess青出于蓝而胜于蓝Thepupiloutdoesthemaster物以类聚人以群分Birdsofafeatherflocktogether祸不单行Misfortunenevercomealone眼不见心不烦Outofsight,outofmind欲速则不达Morehaste,lessspeed一石双鸟Killtwobirdswithonestone大智若愚Stillwatersrundeep入乡随俗DoinRomeastheRomansdo小处精明，大处浪费Pennywiseandpoundfoolish不入虎穴焉得虎子Nothingventure,nothinghave滴水穿石Littlestrokesfellgreatoaks木已成舟Thingsdonecannotbeundone大器晚成Latefruitkeepswell吃一堑长一智Afallinthepit,againinyourwit只学习不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻AllstudyandnoplaymakeJackadullboy小洞不补，大洞吃苦Astitchintimesavesnine沉默是金Silenceisgolden并非闪光物皆为金子Allisnotgoldthatglitters智者千虑必有一失EvenHomersometimesnods双鸟在林，不如一鸟在手Abirdinthehandisworthtwointhebush天网恢恢疏而不漏Justicehaslongarms强中更有强中手Diamondcutdiamond事实胜于雄辩Factsspeaklouderthanwords满招损，谦受益Pridegoesbeforeafall谋事在人成事在天Manproposes,Goddisposes本末倒置Putthecartbeforethehorse无风不起浪Thereisnosmokewithoutfire班门弄斧Teachfishtoswim一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃Oneboyisaboy,twoboyshalfaboy,threeboysnoboy滚石不生苔Arollingstonegathersnomoss五十步笑百步Thepotcallsthekettleblack塞翁失马焉知非福Misfortunemightbeablessingindisguise江山易改本性难移Aleopardcannotchangeitsspots一失足成千古恨Shortpleasure,longlament人不可貌相Judgenotabookbyitscover拿了手短，吃了嘴软Giftsblindtheeyes真金不怕火炼Truebluewillneverstain天涯何处无芳草Thereareplentyoffishinthesea水能载舟亦能覆舟Thesameknifecutsbreadandfingers既来之则安之Takethingsastheycome有其父必有其子Likefather,likeson英雄所见略同Greatmindsthinkalike新官上任三把火Anewbroomsweepsclean孩子不打不成器