主谓一致规则课件

LectureSubject-VerbConcord/Agreement(II)LectureSubject-VerbConcord/Ag1ProblemsofconcordwithaCoordinateSubject①Coordinationwith“and”or“both…and”Coordinationisusuallytreatedaspluralwhenitreferstotwoormorethantwopersons/things:

ThefishingandthehuntinginArizonaweregoodthatyear.

BothPaulineandBob

havegonefishingonMiramarLake.Rain,hailandwindhave

causedanestimated$22,000,000damagetocropsandlivestock.ProblemsofconcordwithaCoo2①Coordinationwith“and”or“both…and”Butitistreatedassingularwhenitreferstoonlyonepersonorthing:

Hamandeggsis

agoodbreakfast.Brownbreadandbutterisusuallyeatenwithsmokedsalmon.Thesecretaryandtreasurerisabsent.①Coordinationwith“and”or“3

Good[taste]andbadtasteareinculcatedbyexample.WhatIsayand[whatI]thinkare

nobusinessofyours.

Everyboyand

everygirlinthisroomisentitledtoacopy.

Manyamanandwomaninthiscommunityfindshimselforherself/themselvesinneed.

Good[taste]andbadtaste4②Coordinationwith“or”/“either…or”,“nor”/“neither…nor”,“notonly…butalso”

Heretheproblemofconcordisgenerallydealtwithaccordingtotheprincipleofproximity.

Mysistersormybrother

islikelytobeathome.

Eitherherfatherorhermothercallsforhereveryafternoon.

Eithermyfatherormybrothersarecoming.

NeithertheKansasplayersnorthecoachwas

overconfident.

NeitherthecoachnortheKansasplayerswereconfidentofvictory.

Notonlytheswitchesbutalsotheoldwiringhas

beenchanged.②Coordinationwith“or”/“eit5③Subject+asmuchas

Whenthesubjectisfollowedbythesubordinatestructuresuchasasmuchas,ratherthan,morethan,nolessthan,thenumberofverbisdeterminedbythesubjectitself.

Someoftheworkersasmuchasthemanagerwere

responsiblefortheloss.Hisbrotherratherthanhisparentsistoblame.Mywife,morethananyoneelseinthefamily,isanxioustogothereagain.Man,nolessthanthelowerformsoflife,istheproductoftheevolutionaryprocess.③Subject+asmuchasWhen6④Subject+aswellasWhenthesubjectisfollowedbythephrasessuchas

aswellas,inadditionto,with,alongwith,togetherwith,except,thenumberofverbisdeterminedbythesubjectitself.

Themanagerwithsomeworkerswasworkingduringtheholidays.Thefather,aswellashissons,isgoingtoenroll.Bill,togetherwithhissisters,washurtintheaccident.Thetruckalongwithallitscontentswasdestroyed.Thebarn,inadditiontothehouse,wasburned.Nooneexcepttwogirlswaslatefordinner.④Subject+aswellasWhen73.2Problemsofconcordwithexpressionsofquantityassubject

①Concordwithexpressionofdefinitequantityassubjecta)Whenadefinitequantityisregardedasasingleunit,theverbtakesthesingularformandwhenusedinthesenseoftheindividualsthatconstitutethequantity,theverbtakesthepluralform.Compare:3.2Problemsofconcordwithe8Thetreasurerthoughtthatsixty-fivedollarswasnottoomuchtoask.Sixmonthsistooshortatime,GeneralWestmorelandwarned.ThreemileswastoolongadistanceforFreedmantorun.Fivehoursisneededtocompletetheoutline.Thereweresixsilverdollarsineachofthestockings.Thetreasurerthoughtthatsix9b)Ifthesubjectis“afraction/percentage+of-phrase,”theformoftheverbisdeterminedbythenounintheof-phrase:Two-thirdsoftheswampland（沼泽地）

hasbeenreclaimedforfarming.Oversixtypercentofthecitywasdestroyedinthewar.Thirty-fivepercentofthedoctorswerewomen.b)Ifthesubjectis“afracti10c)Ifthesubjectisanexpressionof“Aplus/andB”or“AmultipliedbyB,”theverbcaneithertakethesingularorthepluralform.If,ontheotherhand,thesubjectisoneof“AminusB”or“AdividedbyB”,theverbcanonlybesingular:Fortyminusfifteen

leaves

twenty-five.Fortydividedbyeightisfive.Sevenplus/andfivemakes/maketwelve.Fivetimeseightis/areforty.c)Ifthesubjectisanexpres11d)Ifthesubjectisanounphrasecomposedof“onein/outof+pluralnoun,”theverbtakesthesingularforminformalstyle,butininformalstyleitcanbeplural:Oneintenstudentshasfailedtheexam.Oneoutoftwenty

wasbadlydamaged.d)Ifthesubjectisanounph12②Concordwithexpressionofindefinitequantityassubjecta)Whenthesubjectisanounphrasecomposedof“allof…,someof…,noneof…,halfof…,mostof…,etc.,”thenumberoftheverbisdeterminedbythenounintheof-phrase:Someofthemoneyhasbeenstolen/recovered.Someofthebookswerelost.Nonebutthebestcoffeeisgoodenough.Noneofmyfriendsevercome(s)toseeme.Halfofthebuildingwasdamagedintheexplosion.Halfofthestudentsaregirls.②Concordwithexpressionofi13b)Whenthesubjectisanounphrasecomposedof“lotsof…,heapsof…,loadsof…,scadsof…,plentyof+noun,”thenumberoftheverbisdeterminedbythenounintheof-phrase:Lotsoffoodisgoingtowaste.Lotsofpeoplearewaitingoutside.Loadsofmilk

has

beendistributedamongthechildren.Loadsofappleshavebeenpicked.Plentyofthesugaris

importedfromCuba.Plentyofthemenarealreadyhere.b)Whenthesubjectisanoun14c)Whenthesubjectisanounprecededby“aportionof,aseriesof,apileof,apanelof,”theverbinvariablytakesthesingularform,whatevertheformsofthenoun.Asubstantialportionofthereportsis

missing.Aseriesofaccidentshasbeenreported.Apileoflogswassetbesidethehearth.c)Whenthesubjectisanoun15d)Whenthesubjectisasingularoruncountablenounprecededby“akind/sort/typeof”orby“thiskind/sort/typeof”,theverbtakesthesingularform:Thereisakindofrose,whichfillstheairwithfragrancewhenMaycomes.Thiskindofmanannoysme.Thissortofpaintisveryuseful.Thattypeofcarisold-fashioned.Cf.Rosesofthiskindareverysweet.Carsofthattypeareold-fashioned.d)Whenthesubjectisasingu16d)

“Thesekindsof,”“many/severalkindsof”maybefollowedbyeithersingularoruncountableorevenpluralnounswiththeverbbeingintheplural.Therearemanydifferentkindsofsnakeinthemountains.ThesetypesofcarareimportedfromJapan.Thereareseveralsortsofcheeseforsaleintheshop.Ihavemetallkindsoftouristswhocome

fromEurope.Thosekindsofinsectsareharmful.d)“Thesekindsof,”“many/s17e)Ifthesubjectisanounphrasecomposedof“manya+noun”or“morethanone+noun,”thiskindofnounphrase,thoughnotionallyplural,istreatedassingular.Manyamanhas

donehisduty.Morethanonegamewas

lost.e)Ifthesubjectisanounph18f)Ifthesubjectisapluralnounprecededby“anaverageof/amajorityof,”theverbformisdeterminedbythenotionofthenounphrase:ifthenounheadistheword“anaverage/majority,”theverbshouldbesingular;iftheheadisthepluralnoun,theverbshouldbeplural.Compare:Anaverageof25personsapplyeachmonth.Anaverageof25applicationsamonth

is

notunusual.Amajorityofthetown’syoungermenare

movingtothecity.Amajorityofthreevotestoonewas

recorded.f)Ifthesubjectisaplural193.3Otherproblemsof

subject-verbconcord①ProblemsofconcordwithanominalclauseassubjectWhenthesubjectisanominalclauseintroducedbywhat,who,which,how,why,whether,etc.,theverbusuallytakesthesingularform.Butwhentwoormoresuchclausesarecoordinatedbyandorboth…and,apluralverbisrequired.3.3Otherproblemsof

subject20Whatcausedtheaccident

isacompletemystery.Whatcausedtheaccidentandwhowasresponsibleforitremain

amysterytous.Whowasresponsiblefortheseaccidents(is,are)notyetclear.Whyheenteredthehouseandhowhemanagedtogetoutofit(remains,remain)amysterytousall.Whatcausedtheaccidentisa21InSVCconstructionswithawhat-clauseassubject,theverbusuallytakesthesingularform.Butwhenthesubjectcomplementisplural,orwhenthewhat-clauseispluralinmeaning,theverbofthemainclausecanbe

plural.Whatwasrealtohimwerethedetailsofhislife.Whatareoftenregardedaspoisonousfungi（真菌）

areinfactedible.InSVCconstructionswith22②Subject-verbconcordwithanon-finiteclauseassubject

Whenthesubjectisanon-finiteclause,theverbofthemainclauseusuallytakesthesingularform.

Toeatwell

isallheasks.Toclimbmountainsrequires

courage.Playingtennisisaverygoodexercise.Increasingtheirwages

has

raisedthecrew’smorale.②Subject-verbconcordwithan23Butwhentwoormoresuchclausesarecoordinatedbyand,theverbofthemainclausetakesthesingularformwhenthesubjectreferstoonething,andthepluralformwhenthesubjectreferstoseparatethings:

ReadingIbsenandsolvingaquadraticequationare

entirelydifferentassignments.

Weepingandwailingdoesnothingtowardssolvingtheproblem.Butwhentwoormoresuch24③Subject-verbconcordinrelativeclausesIntheconstructionof“oneof+pluralnoun+relativeclause,”theprincipleofgrammaticalconcordisgenerallyobserved:

Joanisoneofthosepeoplewho

go

outoftheirwaytobehelpful. Iamoneofthosepeoplewhobythegeneralopinionoftheworldarecountedbothinfamousandunhappy.③Subject-verbconcordinrelat25Sometimes,especiallyinBritishEnglish,inordertolayemphasison“one,”theverbcanalsotakethesingularform:JasperWhiteisoneofthoserarepeoplewhobelievesinancientmyths.MyworthyfriendSirRogerisoneofthosewhoisnotonlyatpeacewithinhimself,butbelovedandesteemedbyallabouthim.Sometimes,especiallyin26When“one”isprecededby“the”or“theonly,”theverbcanonlybesingular:Selfishnessistheoneofhermanyfaultswhichdefeatsitself.Kevesistheonlyoneoftheplayerswhohas

learnedalltherules.Heistheonlyoneofthoseboyswhois

willingtotakeonanotherassignment.When“one”isprecededby“the27④Subject-verbconcordin

cleftsentences

ItisIwhoamtoblame.Itismethatistoblame.Itismethatwasinjuredintheaccident.④Subject-verbconcordin

clef28⑤Subject-verbconcordin

existentialsentences

Inexistentialsentences,subject-verbconcordisgenerallydeterminedbythenumberofthe“notionalsubject”.Whenthenotionalsubjectisacoordinateconstruction,theverbformgoeswiththefirstcoordinateelementofthenotionalsubject,singularorplural.Thereisanoteleftonthedesk.Therearethreeroutesyoucantake.There’salongspringboard,andthreeraftsatvaryingdistancesfromtheshore.⑤Subject-verbconcordin

exis29LectureSubject-VerbConcord/Agreement(II)LectureSubject-VerbConcord/Ag30ProblemsofconcordwithaCoordinateSubject①Coordinationwith“and”or“both…and”Coordinationisusuallytreatedaspluralwhenitreferstotwoormorethantwopersons/things:

ThefishingandthehuntinginArizonaweregoodthatyear.

BothPaulineandBob

havegonefishingonMiramarLake.Rain,hailandwindhave

causedanestimated$22,000,000damagetocropsandlivestock.ProblemsofconcordwithaCoo31①Coordinationwith“and”or“both…and”Butitistreatedassingularwhenitreferstoonlyonepersonorthing:

Hamandeggsis

agoodbreakfast.Brownbreadandbutterisusuallyeatenwithsmokedsalmon.Thesecretaryandtreasurerisabsent.①Coordinationwith“and”or“32

Good[taste]andbadtasteareinculcatedbyexample.WhatIsayand[whatI]thinkare

nobusinessofyours.

Everyboyand

everygirlinthisroomisentitledtoacopy.

Manyamanandwomaninthiscommunityfindshimselforherself/themselvesinneed.

Good[taste]andbadtaste33②Coordinationwith“or”/“either…or”,“nor”/“neither…nor”,“notonly…butalso”

Heretheproblemofconcordisgenerallydealtwithaccordingtotheprincipleofproximity.

Mysistersormybrother

islikelytobeathome.

Eitherherfatherorhermothercallsforhereveryafternoon.

Eithermyfatherormybrothersarecoming.

NeithertheKansasplayersnorthecoachwas

overconfident.

NeitherthecoachnortheKansasplayerswereconfidentofvictory.

Notonlytheswitchesbutalsotheoldwiringhas

beenchanged.②Coordinationwith“or”/“eit34③Subject+asmuchas

Whenthesubjectisfollowedbythesubordinatestructuresuchasasmuchas,ratherthan,morethan,nolessthan,thenumberofverbisdeterminedbythesubjectitself.

Someoftheworkersasmuchasthemanagerwere

responsiblefortheloss.Hisbrotherratherthanhisparentsistoblame.Mywife,morethananyoneelseinthefamily,isanxioustogothereagain.Man,nolessthanthelowerformsoflife,istheproductoftheevolutionaryprocess.③Subject+asmuchasWhen35④Subject+aswellasWhenthesubjectisfollowedbythephrasessuchas

aswellas,inadditionto,with,alongwith,togetherwith,except,thenumberofverbisdeterminedbythesubjectitself.

Themanagerwithsomeworkerswasworkingduringtheholidays.Thefather,aswellashissons,isgoingtoenroll.Bill,togetherwithhissisters,washurtintheaccident.Thetruckalongwithallitscontentswasdestroyed.Thebarn,inadditiontothehouse,wasburned.Nooneexcepttwogirlswaslatefordinner.④Subject+aswellasWhen363.2Problemsofconcordwithexpressionsofquantityassubject

①Concordwithexpressionofdefinitequantityassubjecta)Whenadefinitequantityisregardedasasingleunit,theverbtakesthesingularformandwhenusedinthesenseoftheindividualsthatconstitutethequantity,theverbtakesthepluralform.Compare:3.2Problemsofconcordwithe37Thetreasurerthoughtthatsixty-fivedollarswasnottoomuchtoask.Sixmonthsistooshortatime,GeneralWestmorelandwarned.ThreemileswastoolongadistanceforFreedmantorun.Fivehoursisneededtocompletetheoutline.Thereweresixsilverdollarsineachofthestockings.Thetreasurerthoughtthatsix38b)Ifthesubjectis“afraction/percentage+of-phrase,”theformoftheverbisdeterminedbythenounintheof-phrase:Two-thirdsoftheswampland（沼泽地）

hasbeenreclaimedforfarming.Oversixtypercentofthecitywasdestroyedinthewar.Thirty-fivepercentofthedoctorswerewomen.b)Ifthesubjectis“afracti39c)Ifthesubjectisanexpressionof“Aplus/andB”or“AmultipliedbyB,”theverbcaneithertakethesingularorthepluralform.If,ontheotherhand,thesubjectisoneof“AminusB”or“AdividedbyB”,theverbcanonlybesingular:Fortyminusfifteen

leaves

twenty-five.Fortydividedbyeightisfive.Sevenplus/andfivemakes/maketwelve.Fivetimeseightis/areforty.c)Ifthesubjectisanexpres40d)Ifthesubjectisanounphrasecomposedof“onein/outof+pluralnoun,”theverbtakesthesingularforminformalstyle,butininformalstyleitcanbeplural:Oneintenstudentshasfailedtheexam.Oneoutoftwenty

wasbadlydamaged.d)Ifthesubjectisanounph41②Concordwithexpressionofindefinitequantityassubjecta)Whenthesubjectisanounphrasecomposedof“allof…,someof…,noneof…,halfof…,mostof…,etc.,”thenumberoftheverbisdeterminedbythenounintheof-phrase:Someofthemoneyhasbeenstolen/recovered.Someofthebookswerelost.Nonebutthebestcoffeeisgoodenough.Noneofmyfriendsevercome(s)toseeme.Halfofthebuildingwasdamagedintheexplosion.Halfofthestudentsaregirls.②Concordwithexpressionofi42b)Whenthesubjectisanounphrasecomposedof“lotsof…,heapsof…,loadsof…,scadsof…,plentyof+noun,”thenumberoftheverbisdeterminedbythenounintheof-phrase:Lotsoffoodisgoingtowaste.Lotsofpeoplearewaitingoutside.Loadsofmilk

has

beendistributedamongthechildren.Loadsofappleshavebeenpicked.Plentyofthesugaris

importedfromCuba.Plentyofthemenarealreadyhere.b)Whenthesubjectisanoun43c)Whenthesubjectisanounprecededby“aportionof,aseriesof,apileof,apanelof,”theverbinvariablytakesthesingularform,whatevertheformsofthenoun.Asubstantialportionofthereportsis

missing.Aseriesofaccidentshasbeenreported.Apileoflogswassetbesidethehearth.c)Whenthesubjectisanoun44d)Whenthesubjectisasingularoruncountablenounprecededby“akind/sort/typeof”orby“thiskind/sort/typeof”,theverbtakesthesingularform:Thereisakindofrose,whichfillstheairwithfragrancewhenMaycomes.Thiskindofmanannoysme.Thissortofpaintisveryuseful.Thattypeofcarisold-fashioned.Cf.Rosesofthiskindareverysweet.Carsofthattypeareold-fashioned.d)Whenthesubjectisasingu45d)

“Thesekindsof,”“many/severalkindsof”maybefollowedbyeithersingularoruncountableorevenpluralnounswiththeverbbeingintheplural.Therearemanydifferentkindsofsnakeinthemountains.ThesetypesofcarareimportedfromJapan.Thereareseveralsortsofcheeseforsaleintheshop.Ihavemetallkindsoftouristswhocome

fromEurope.Thosekindsofinsectsareharmful.d)“Thesekindsof,”“many/s46e)Ifthesubjectisanounphrasecomposedof“manya+noun”or“morethanone+noun,”thiskindofnounphrase,thoughnotionallyplural,istreatedassingular.Manyamanhas

donehisduty.Morethanonegamewas

lost.e)Ifthesubjectisanounph47f)Ifthesubjectisapluralnounprecededby“anaverageof/amajorityof,”theverbformisdeterminedbythenotionofthenounphrase:ifthenounheadistheword“anaverage/majority,”theverbshouldbesingular;iftheheadisthepluralnoun,theverbshouldbeplural.Compare:Anaverageof25personsapplyeachmonth.Anaverageof25applicationsamonth

is

notunusual.Amajorityofthetown’syoungermenare

movingtothecity.Amajorityofthreevotestoonewas

recorded.f)Ifthesubjectisaplural483.3Otherproblemsof

subject-verbconcord①ProblemsofconcordwithanominalclauseassubjectWhenthesubjectisanominalclauseintroducedbywhat,who,which,how,why,whether,etc.,theverbusuallytakesthesingularform.Butwhentwoormoresuchclausesarecoordinatedbyandorboth…and,apluralverbisrequired.3.3Otherproblemsof

subject49Whatcausedtheaccident

isacompletemystery.Whatcausedtheaccidentandwhowasresponsibleforitremain

amysterytous.Whowasresponsiblefortheseaccidents(is,are)notyetclear.Whyheenteredthehouseandhowhemanagedtogetoutofit(remains,remain)amysterytousall.Whatcausedtheaccidentisa50InSVCconstructionswithawhat-clauseassubject,theverbusuallytakesthesingularform.Butwhenthesubjectcomplementisplural,orwhenthewhat-clauseispluralinmeaning,theverbofthemainclausecanbe

plural.Whatwasrealtohimwerethedetailsofhislife.Whatareoftenregardedaspoisonousfungi（真菌）

areinfactedible.InSVCconstructionswith51②Subject-verbconcordwithanon-finiteclauseassubject

Whenthesubjectisanon-finiteclause,theverbofthemainclauseusuallytakesthesingularform.

Toeatwell

isallheasks.Toclimbmountainsrequires

courage.Playingtennisisaverygoodexercise.Increasingtheirwages

has

raisedthecrew’smorale.