《简爱》会话中合作原则的违反,英语论文

(简爱）会话中合作原则的违反,英语论文根据GRICE的合作原则，人们在会话中通常会遵循一定的准则，但人们有时会违背这些准则来表示出隐藏在会话字面意义下的隐含意义，本文通过分析简爱会话中合作原则的违背来探析违背合作原则所产生的会话含义及在人物塑造和推动情节发展上的作用。关键字：简爱；合作原则；会话含义；违背AbstractAccordingtoGricescooperativeprinciple,peopleusuallyfollowcertainrulesintheirconversation,butsometimespeoplewillgoagainsttheserulesinordertoexpresstheimpliedmeaninghiddenundertheliteralmeaningoftheirconversation.ThisdissertationanalyzesconversationalimplicationproducedbytheviolationofCooperativePrincipleandtheroleofviolationofCooperativePrincipleincreatingcharactersandpromotingtheplotthroughtheanalysisofviolationofCPintheconversationofJaneEyre.Keywords:JaneEyre;Cooperativeprinciple;Conversationalimplication;violationTABLEOFCONTENTS内容摘要AbstractChapterOneIntroductionBackgroundAimsandsignificanceofthestudyMethodologyThecontentofthethesisOrganizationoftheDissertation.ChapterTwoLiteraturereview2.1CooperativePrinciple2.2ConversationalImplication2.3Previousstudies2.4SummaryChapterThreeViolationofCPintheConversationofJaneEyreandConversationImplicationCreatedbyViolationofCP3.1ViolationoftheQuantityMaximandconversationimplicationcreatedbyViolationofCP3.2ViolationoftheQualityMaximandConversationImplicationCreatedbyViolationofCP3.3ViolationoftheRelevantMaximandConversationImplicationCreatedbyViolationofCP3.4ViolationoftheMannerMaximandConversationImplicationCreatedbyViolationofCP3.5SummaryChapterFourEffectsofviolationCP4.1EffectsofviolationCPoncreatingcharacters4.2EffectsofviolationCPonpromotingtheplotChapterFiveConclusion5.1Summary5.2LimitationsofthepresentstudyREFERENCESAcknowledgementsChapterOneIntroductionJaneEyreistherepresentativeworkofcharlotteBrontewhoisawell-knownwriterofBritaininthe19thcentury.ItiswidelybelievedthatJaneEyreisaworkwithautobiographiccolorofCharlotteBronte.IttellsastoryaboutaBritainwomanwhobecomesanorphanfromchildhood.Sheeventuallygetshappinessafterconstantlypursuitoffreedomanddignitythroughallkindsofhardships,besides,sheholdsfastofherfaith.Thereisnolackofviolationofthecooperativeprinciplewhichexposesimpliedconversationalmeaninghiddenundertheliteralmeaning,embodiesthebrightandcolorfulcharactersandalsopromotesthedevelopmentoftheplot.BackgroundCooperativePrinciplewasputforwardbythefamousAmericanlinguisticphilosopherGriceinaspeechatHarvardUniversityin1967.Gricebelievesthatintheprocessofhumancommunication,thetwosidesinthedialogueseeminadvertenttofollowacertainprincipleinordertoeffectivelycooperatetocompletethecommunicativetasks.Peopleintheactualverbalcommunication,however,arenotalwaysabidingbythecooperativeprinciple.Moreover,outofnecessity,peoplewilldeliberatelyviolatethecooperativeprinciple.Gricecalledtheimplicationcreatedthroughthedeliberateviolationofthecooperativeprincipleonthesurfacespecialconversationalimplication.Thespecialconversationalimplicationexplainshowthehearerunderstandsthespeakersconversationalimplicationthroughthesurfacemeaningofthespeakerswordssoastoexpressadifferentmeaning.AimsandsignificanceofthestudyTherewillbesomephenomenonofviolationofthecooperativeprincipleinpeoplesconversationtoexpressconversationalimplicationinsomespecificcontextsinpeopleslife.Theseconversationscanreflectthespeakerscharactersandalsocanaffectthespeakersrelationshipdevelopment.Learningandmasteringthetheoryofconversationalimplicationinordertoanalyzediscourseishelpfultoimprovelanguagelearnersabilityofcomprehension,andthenimprovetheircommunicatingability.Inordertoconcretelyanalyzetheviolationofthecooperativeprincipleintheconversation,thisdissertationwillclearlyanalyzesviolationoftheCooperativePrincipleintheconversationbasedontherepresentativeclassicworkJaneEyretoexploretheviolationoftheCooperativePrincipleanditseffectsoncreatingcharactersandpromotingthedevelopmentofplot,whichmakesthereadershaveaclearerandmoreprofoundunderstandingofthelanguagephenomenonofviolationofthecooperativeprincipleintheconversationandmakesthereadershavemoreenlightenmentintheapplicationofthislanguagephenomenoninreallifesoastoimprovepeoplescomprehensionabilityandcommunicationskillsLastbutnotleast,IhopeIcanmasterthemethodsofstudyingtheseriesofsubjectsafterfinishingthedissertation.MethodologySearchliteratureontheinternet,suchassearchingliteratureonHowNetandsomeotherliteratureretrievalplatforms.SearchpaperswithreferencevaluethroughsearchingkeyphrasesconversationinJaneEyreorcooperativeprinciple.Ifthereareunfoundornotspecificinformation,Iwillgotothelibrarytofindrelevantbooks.Iwillreadandstudythesepapersandbookstoinspiremyownthought,andfinishtheoutlineaftermakingclearmythought,thenIwillfullthecontentofoutlinestepbysteptofinishpaperandIwillrecordtheinformationofreferencesinthisprocesssothatIcanorganizethereferenceslater.ThecontentofthethesisCooperativePrincipleexactlyrequiresthateachspeakerswordssaidintheconversationshallconformwiththetargetanddirectionoftheconversationintheprocessofthetalking,andthetheoryofconversationalimplicationisatheorycloselyconnectedwiththecooperativeprinciple.GricebelievesthatpeopleinconversationoftendeliberatelyviolatecooperativeprincipleonthebasisofabidingbytheCooperativePrinciplewiththepurposeofexpressingthetruemeaningofapotentialmeaning,namelytheconversationalimplication.Conversationalimplicationisnotliteralmeaningexpressedwordbywordinthenormalsense,buttherealmeaningorrealintentionwhichthespeakerswanttoconvey.ThestudyofviolationoftheCooperativePrinciplewiththeexampleofconversationsinJaneEyreishelpfultoanalyzetheconversationalimplicationproducedbyviolatingConversationalPrinciplesandtherealintentionofthespeakerssoastoachievethegoalofstudyingtheeffectsofviolatingconversationalprinciplesoncreatingcharactersandpromotingthedevelopmentofplot.ClassicworkJaneEyreisaninfluentialmasterpiece.InEnglish,theclassicworktellsthestoryofJaneEyrewhobecameanorphanfromchildhoodandwassenttoherauntshomebutwasnotwelltreated,thenshewassenttoanorphanage,havingatoughpassageintheorphanage.Whenshegrewup,shewenttotheMulberrySeinfeldsmanorandmetherfinalloverMr.Rochester.Aftervariousdifficulties,theyharvesttheirlove.ThenovelvividlyshapedtheroleofJaneEyre,afemaleimage.Shewasunwillingtobearthesocialpressureandshehadthecouragetopursuepersonalhappiness.HerpoorlowsocialstatusorherfrustrationinherlifearebothtruereflectionoftheBritishunderclassslife.Inthenovel,theauthorvividlydescribesanewfemaleimageawakeningfromthesocialunderclassandpraisesthecharactersresistancetooppressionandsocialprejudice,admiresherforceforindependentpersonalityanddignityandappreciateshertenaciousstruggleinpursuitofhappylife.Theplottwistsandturnsinthenovel,whichisfascinating.Conversationbetweenrolesplaysanimportantroleinthenovelforallabove.violationofthecooperativeprinciplehasindispensableroletouncoverthecharactersinnerworldandtherealintention,andshapecharactersandpromoteplot.OrganizationoftheDissertationThisdissertationhasfivechaptersinall.Thefirstchapteristheintroduction.Themaincontentofthischaptermainlyincludes:Background,Aimsandsignificanceofthestudyresearch,purposeandsignificance,Methodology,thecontentofthethesis，OrganizationofthestructureoftheDissertation.Thesecondchapterisliteraturereviewwhichincludestheoreticalbasisandthepreviousstudy.ThethirdchaptersmaincontentistheviolationoftheCooperativePrincipleintheconversationofJaneEyrewhichrespectivelyintroducestheviolationoffourprinciplesofthecooperativeprincipleandtheconversationalimplicationproducedbytheviolationofthecooperativeprinciple.ThefourthchapterismainlyabouttheinfluenceoftheviolationofcooperativeprincipleonshapingcharactersofrolesinJaneEyreandtheinfluenceonpromotingthedevelopmentofplot.Thefifthchapterisconclusionofthedissertation,mainlyintroducingtheshortcomingsofthepresentstudyandputtingforwardafewsuggestions.ChapterTwoLiteraturereview2.1CooperativePrincipleParticipantsoftheconversationhavetoconformtothegoalandthedirectionoftheconversationintheprocessoftalkingtomakesuretheconversationsuccessfullycontinueandeventuallysuccessfullyfinished,whichiscalledcooperativeprincipleinpragmaticsputforwardbyAmericanlinguisticphilosopherGrice.Gricescooperativeprincipleincludesfourcriteria:quantitymaxim,qualitymaxim,relevantmaximandmannermaxim.2.1.1QuantityMaximThemaximofquantity:thewordssaidbythespeakersshouldbeconsistentwithinformationneededforthepurposeoftheconversation,notlackingtherequiredinformation,andmeanwhiledontincludeunnecessaryinformation.2.1.2QualityMaximThemaximofquality:participatorsoftheconversationdontsaywordsnottallyingwiththefacts;dontsaywordslackingofsufficientevidence.2.1.3RelevantMaximThemaximofrelation:participatorsoftheconversationshouldspeakconsideringcontextthatistosay,theirconversationshouldbecontextual;speakersoftheconversationshouldnotdiscussthecontenthavingnothingtodowiththeconversationbeforeandshouldnotonlytalkaboutthetopicwhichisnotnecessaryandnotimportant.2.1.4MannerMaximThemaximofmanner:speakerswayofexpressionshouldnotbeobscureanditshouldnothaveambiguity;itshouldbeconciseandbeorganized.Theseguidelinesareexplainedindetailfordialogueparticipants.Inordertomaketheommunicationthemosteffective,reasonableandcooperativelycontinue,theymustdothingslikethese:dialogueparticipantsshouldspeaksincerely,relevantandclear,atthesametime,theyshouldprovideefficientinformation.Theseguidelines,tosomeextent,ensurepeoplesdailyverbalcommunicationcangoonsmoothly.2.2ConversationalImplicationConversationalimplicationtheoryisatheorycloselyconnectedwiththecooperativeprinciple.Gricebelievesthatpeopleinconversationoftendeliberatelyviolatetheprinciplesonthebasisofobservingthecooperativeprinciplewiththepurposeofexpressingthepotentialrealmeaning,namelytheconversationalimplication.Conversationalimplicationisnotliteralmeaningexpressedwordbywordinnormalsense,buttherealmeaningorrealintentionwhichthespeakerwanttoconvey.Conversationalimplicationtheoryisatheoryessentiallyabouthowpeopleusethelanguage,havingthesignificanceinpragmaticlevel,besides,thetheoryformedthebasisofpragmatics.Whenwordsofspeakersinthecommunicationviolatecooperativeprinciple,thehearerwilljudgethepurposeandimpliedmeaningaccordingtothecontext.Cooperativeprincipledoesnotnecessarilyleadtosmoothcommunication,onthecontrary,theactionofdeliberateviolationofthecooperativeprincipletendstoproducespecialconversationalmeaningandpragmaticmeaning,whichwillhelpsmoothlyandeffectivelytransferconversationandinformation.2.3PreviousstudiesCooperativeprinciplehasalwaysbeenthehotspotinthestudyofpragmatics,andtheviolationofthecooperativeprincipleintheconversationisanimportantsubjectstudiedbymanyscholars.Mostofthempaymuchattentiononthestudyofconversationalimplicationproducedbytheviolationofcooperativeprincipleandconversationaleffectscreatedbytheviolationofcooperativeprinciple.Somescholarsstudythereasonandpurposetoviolatethecooperativeprincipleinconversation.WangXiaoxiaoandLiXing(2018)maketheconclusionthattheviolationofthecooperativeprincipleinconversationisoftentheneedofcommunicationstrategyinsomecommunicativesituations.TheviolationsofthecooperativeprinciplecanembodiestherichnessofdiscourseandachievetheresultnotexpectedinconversationbyanalyzingviolationofthecooperativeprincipleinthecommunicativeconversationinViolationoftheCooperativePrincipleandConversationalImplication.Manyliteraryworksalsoviolatedthecooperativeprinciple,forexample,QinMenyang(2021)considersthatconversationviolatingCooperativePrinciplecanmakefemalevoicebetterlistenedbygeneralpublic,,makereaderstoseeaworldofequalitybetweenmenandwomen,createrichpragmaticmeanings,maketherolesdifferentlanguageandbehaviorcharacteristicsclearandlettherolessharp,witty,humorousorironiclanguagestylesrevealinTheViolationoftheCooperativePrincipleinNovelsWrittenbyFemaleWriter.Inconversation,theviolationofthecooperativeprinciplehasbecomescholarsoneoftheimportantstudytopicsandtheirresearchresultsestablishedthebasisforthepresentstudieswhichwillbecontinuallyimproved.2.4SummaryThischapterintroducesthattherearesomerulesobeyedbyspeakersinaconversationtoensurethesuccessfulcontinuingoftheconversation.TherulescanbeconcludedasCooperativePrinciple.PeopleoftenconveytheirconversationalimplicationbyobservingorgoingagainstCooperativePrinciple.Conversationalimplicationistherealmeaningortherealintentionofspeakersexpressedinaconversationwhichhiddenundertheliteralmeaningofaconversation.Nowadays,asahotsubjectinpragmatics,therehavebeenalotofstudiesonexploringtheviolationoftheCooperativePrincipleinconversationwhichprovidereferencesforthepresentstudy.ChapterThreeViolationofCPintheConversationofJaneEyreandConversationImplicationCreatedbyViolationofCP3.1ViolationoftheQuantityMaximandconversationimplicationcreatedbyViolationofCP3.1.1ViolationoftheQuantityMaximIfthespeakerprovidemoreinformationorlessinformationthanwhattheconversationneeds，theconversationwillproducetheimplicitmeaning,namelytheconversationalimplication,soviolationofthemaximofquantityhastwocases:lessinformationthanneededandmoreinformationthanneeded.Forexample,JaneaskedMr.Rochesterifhewasgoingtobemarried.Mr.Rochesteransweredher：Exactly,precisely:withherusualacuteness,shehadhitthenailstraightonthehead..3.1.2ConversationImplicationCreatedbyViolationofCPItcanbeseenfromthisconversationthatwhenJaneaskedMr.Rochesterwhetherornotgetmarried.Mr.Rochesteransweredwithmoreinformationthanneeded,whichviolatedthemaximofquantity.Mr.RochesterdoesntletthehearerJanedetectthatheviolatesthecooperativeprinciplesothatheletJanemisunderstandthathewillmarrywithanotherwoman,however,itcanbeseenfromthenextplotthatwhenJanecriedherheartout,hespokeitwasJanethathewantedtogetmarriedwith.3.2ViolationoftheQualityMaximandConversationImplicationCreatedbyViolationofCP3.2.1ViolationoftheQualityMaximIfthespeakersdiscoursedoesnottallywiththefacts,isfalseorlackevidence,thediscoursewillproduceconversationalimplication.Thespeakerwillusemetaphor,irony,exaggeration,orwordsnotrealormeaningless,contradictorytoviolatethemaximofquality.Forexample,Mr.RochesteraskedJanewhereshegetshercopies.Janeanswered,Outofherhead..Mr.Rochesteraskedifitwasthattheheadhesawonitshershoulders.Janeanswered,Yes，Sir.3.2.2ConversationImplicationCreatedbyViolationofCPRochesterwassostartledwhenhesawJanespaintingsthathesuspectedshecopiedstrangepeoplesworks,soheaskedherwhereshegothercopies.Hewasaskingaplaceorperson,butJaneanswered,Outofherhead.Shegaveananswer,followingtheguidelines,butviolatingthemaximofquality,andthenaskedwhetheritwastheheadonhershoulder.Thereisnoactualconversationcontent,soitviolatesthemaximofquality.3.3ViolationoftheRelevantMaximandConversationImplicationCreatedbyViolationofCP3.3.1ViolationoftheRelevantMaximRelevantmaximrequiresparticipatorsdialoguesshouldberelated.Iftheconversationviolatesrelevantmaxim,thepartsoftheconversationcontextwillnotberelatedandspeakerswillgooverthecontentdiscussedbefore,onlytalkingaboutirrelevanttopics.ThefirstexampleisthatMr.RochesteraskedJaneifshewouldgo.Janeansweredshewascold.Mr.Rochestercontinued,cold?Yes,standinginapool!,then,Janewent!JaneansweredthatshethoughtsheheardMrs.Fairfaxmove.ThesecondexampleisinthefinalchapterofJaneEyre,firetookMr.Rochestersallpropertyawayandruinedhisappearance,butJaneresolutelycamebacktohisside.Atthattime,JaneinheritedalargefortunefromherrelativesandmetanoutstandingcousinSt.John.RochesterhadnoconfidencethatJanestilllovedhimorthatJanedidnotfallinlovewithanotherperson,soheappliedmanyirrelevantquestionsasthebeginningofthedialoguebuttherealquestionhewantedtoaskwasifJanelovedJohn.HeaskedJaneifagoodmanmeantarespectable,well-conductedmanoffiftyorwhatelseitmeant.JaneshruggedhershoulderswhensheheardJohnstalkwhomeantwell.RochesteraskedJaneifJohnwasanableman,athoroughlyeducatedman,ifJohnsmannerswerenottohertasteandaskedaboutJohnappearance,becauseheforgotthedescriptionfromJane.3.3.2ConversationImplicationCreatedbyViolationofCPInthefirstexample,itistheconversationmadeafterJanesavedMr.Rochesterfromthefireandatthattimeshewantstoleaveforthethirdtime.Mr.Rochester,feltanxiousforherleaving.HeaskedJaneifshewasleaving.Janedidnotwanttobeagainstthewishofthemaster,soshewentcontrarytotherelevantmaximandtoldMr.Rochestershefeltverycold.ShefeltthesoundofwalkingofMrs.Fairfax,hintinginindirectwaythatshemustimmediatelyleaveMr.Rochester.Inthesecondexample,itseemsthatRochesteraskedalotofirrelevantquestions,suchastalkingaboutJohnsvirtue,mind,education,etiquetteandappearanceetc.TheseirrelevantquestionsshowMr.Rochestersinferiority,revealshisheartsflutterandhisfearoflosingJaneReaderscanseeMr.RochesterslovetoJaneandambivalencefromthefear.Ontheonehand,hecomfortedhimselfthatJohnwasinferiortohim;Ontheotherhand,hethoughthimselfdidntdeserveJanethen,whichmakesreaderimpressedthatJanespersonalitycharmwasrespectedbythepatriarchalgroupsandsheobtainedfairnessinloveandinherlife.3.4ViolationoftheMannerMaximandConversationImplicationCreatedbyViolationofCP3.4.1ViolationoftheMannerMaximIfthespeakerintentionallyusesobscure,ambiguous,notclearorrepetitivewaytotalk,heviolatesthemannermaxim.Forexample;Mr.RochesteraskedJaneifshehadexpectedagiftandifshewasfondofpresents.Janeansweredhimshehardlyknew;shehadlittleexperienceofthem;theyweregenerallyconsideredaspleasantthingbecauseshehadlittleexperienceofthem.WhenMr.Rochestercontinuedtoaskherwhatshethoughtofpresents.Janesaidthatsheshouldhavedutytotaketimebeforeshecouldgivehimaresponsewhichisworthyofhisacceptance:apresenthadalotoffacestoit,andoneshouldconsiderallbeforeheorshepronouncedhisorherperspectiveastoitsnature3.4.2ConversationImplicationCreatedbyViolationofCPInthefaceofAdelesrequestofpresent,Mr.RochesteraskedifJanelikedgifts.ThisquestionisalittlebitsuddenandembarrassingforJane.Itisverydifficultforhertoansweryesorno.Iftheanswerisyes,itlookslikesheisaskinggiftfromMr.Rochester,Iftheanswerisno,shewillhurtAdelesfaceandMr.Rochestersface,soshechoseanambiguousway.Sheusedpeoplesgeneralattitudeasananswertohisquestion.InfrontofthesecondinquirypointedoutbyMr.Rochester,Janestilldidntexpressherrealview,butrespondedwiththeversatilityofpresents.3.5SummaryThischapterrespectivelyanalysestheviolationofquantitymaxim,qualitymaxim,relevantmaximandmannermaximofconversationinJaneEyrewithspecificexamplesandexplorestheeffectsofviolationofcooperativeprincipleoncreatingrolescharacterswiththeexampleofthemainroleJaneandtheeffectsonpromotingthedevelopmentoftheplotwiththeexamplesoftheconversationbetweenJaneandMr.Rochester,fromwhichcanwegiveaconclusionthatviolationofcooperativeprinciplecanhelptocreateavividandcolorfulcharactersoftheroles,helpusunderstandtheinnerworldofthespeakersandmaketheplotfullsuspense,moreeye-attractingandmorecomplicated,promotingthedevelopmentoftheplot.ChapterFourEffectsofviolationCP4.1EffectsofviolationCPoncreatingcharactersViolatingcooperativeprinciplesoastoproduceconversationalimplicationnotonlycanindirectlyexpressconversationalimplicationhiddenundertheliteralmeaning,butalsocanbetteroutstandrolescharactersandbetterinterprettheinnerworldofroles.InJaneEyre,violationofcooperativeprinciplemakestheconversationsbetweenthecharacterscreatespecialsignificancenotonlyfullydisplayingcharactersrealintentioninthetheirmindincertaincircumstancesshapingmorevividcharacters.TakingtheprotagonistJaneinJaneEyreasanexample,violationofthecooperativeprinciplesinconversationishelpfultoindirectlyexpresstheimpliedmeaningofJaneswords,Ontheonehand,itreflectshermodestandprudentattitudeasagovernessandinhermindshewantstokeeppolite,safedistancewithhermaster.Forexample,whenMr.Rochesteraskedherifshedesiredforapresent,shedidnotgiveherrealviewtoMr.Rochesterbutusedthegeneralviewonpresentsofthepublicastheanswerforhim.Inthisexample,JanemadeherselfpoliteandcleverlykeptdistancewithhermasterMr.Rochester;ontheotherhand,shedoesnotblindlyserviletoelderlypeople,andhermasterinthedialogue,whichreflectshercharactertraitsofdesiringforknowledge,respectandfreedom,hatredofaristocraticprivilegesandcommandinganddesiringforequalitywithmen.Forexample,afterseeingJanesworks,Mr.Rochesterthoughtherworkswasacopysoheaskedherwhereshegothercopy.Actually,Mr.RochesterwasaskingapersonoraplacebutJanewasnotserviletoMr.Rochestertogiveananswertosatisfyhim,instead,shegaveafalseanswer,whichshowherdesireforequalitywiththemale.4.2EffectsofviolationCPonpromotingtheplotViolationofthecooperativeprincipleofconversationbetweenrolesalsohasimpetustoplot,forexample,theviolationofthemaximofqualityseemsawordgamebetweenthecharacters.Theygivetheotherspeakerinformationnotconformingtothefacts,lackingevidence,evenbeingfalse,whichmaketheplotmorecomplicatedandfullofsuspense.Henceviolatingcooperativeprincipleleadstopromotethedevelopmentofrelationshipandthedevelopmentoftheplot.Anotherexampleistheviolationofthemaximofquantitywhichmakesthespeakerprovidesmoreorlessinformationthantheneeded.Thiskindofviolationsetsthestageforthedevelopmentofthenextplot,makingtheplotwidelyopen,promotingthedevelopmentoftheplot.ChapterFiveConclusion5.1SummaryBasedonclassicworkJaneEyre,thisdissertationanalysestheviolationofthecooperativeprincipleofconversationinJaneEyre.Throughtheviolationofthecooperativeprinciple,charactersconversationsconveyspecialconversationalimplication,fu