内容参考讲稿sekeletal system

SkeletalSystem

骨骼系统Skeletalsystemisthesystemofbones,associatedcartilagesandjointsofhumanbody.Togetherthesestructuresformthehumanskeleton.Skeletoncanbedefinedasthehardframeworkofhumanbodyaroundwhichtheentirebodyisbuilt.Almostallthehardpartsofhumanbodyarecomponentsofhumanskeletalsystem.骨骼系统是由骨骼，软骨,关节构成的人体系统，这些构成了人体的骨架。骨骼也可以被定义成稳固整个人体骨架的结构。人体内大多数坚固的部分都是由人体骨骼系统构成的。WhatistheSkeletalSystem?

骨骼系统的定义

Bones

JointsCartilagesComponentsofHumanSkeleton

人体骨架的组成软骨关节骨骼Boneisadensetypeofconnectivetissueimpregnatedwithinorganicsaltsmainlythesaltsofcalciumsuchascalciumphosphate,calciumcarbonateetc.骨骼主要是由含钙和无机盐（如：磷酸钙，碳酸钙）构成的致密型结缔组织。Bones

骨骼

70%calcium,magnesium&phosphorussalts(Inorganicmatter)70%的钙，镁和磷酸铵盐（无机盐）30%Proteins,Fats,Carbohydrates(Organicmatter)30%的蛋白质，脂肪和碳水化合物（有机质）CompositionofBone

骨骼的组成Theinorganicsaltsaremainlyresponsibleforrigidityandhardness,whichmakeboneresistcompressioncausedbytheforcesofweightandimpact.

无机盐决定骨的硬度，使骨骼足以支撑身体重量和抵抗冲击力。Theorganicconnectivetissueportionofthebonemakesitresilientandthusthebonecanaffordresistancetotensileforces.Instrengthboneiscomparabletoironandsteel.有机结缔组织则决定骨的弹性和韧性，促进骨骼的耐拉力。骨骼的强度可与刚铁媲美。Boneformsanimportantcomponentoftheskeletonofhumanbody.骨骼是人体骨架的重要组成部分Becauseofitsrigidityandhardness,itprovidesthestrengthandformnecessarytokeephumanbodyinitsshape.由于骨骼的刚度和硬度，提供了支撑保持人体体型的必要强度。Italsoprotectsthedelicateorgansvitalforlife,forexampletheskullprotectsthebrainandtheribcageprotectsheartandlungs.同时，骨骼也保持着人体器官的生命活力，例如颅骨保护着大脑，胸骨保护着心脏和肺部。Cartilageisalsoaformofconnectivetissuebutisnotastoughandrigidasbone.软骨也是由结缔组织构成的，但它并没有骨骼的硬度和刚性。Cartilages

软骨Themaindifferenceinthecartilageandboneisthemineralizationfactor.Bonesarehighlymineralizedwithcalciumsaltswhilecartilagesarenot软骨和骨骼最主要的区别是含矿物的不同。骨骼含高度矿物的钙盐，而软骨没有。Jointsareimportantcomponentsofhumanskeletonbecausetheymakethehumanskeletonmobile.Ajointoccursbetween“twoormorebones”,“boneandcartilage”and“cartilageandcartilage”关节是人体骨骼重要组成部分因为它协助人体肌肉产生运动。两个或多个骨骼间（骨骼和软骨间或者软骨和软骨间）就会有一个关节Joints

关节典型的滑膜关节

骨端关节囊滑膜关节液透明软骨Bonyendscoveredwithhyalinecartilage骨头的末端由透明软骨所覆盖Ligamentsbindthebonetogether韧带把所有的骨骼连接在一起。Jointcavityenclosedbyacapsule-synovialmembrane关节腔是由关节软骨与关节囊滑膜层所围成的密闭腔。Cavitycontainslubricantfluid-synovialfluid关节腔内含有滑液（可润滑关节、减少摩擦，腔内为负压，有利于关节的稳定）。TypesofJoints

关节的分类Typesofjoints Mobilejoints活动关节Ball&Socketjoint,球窝，椭圆关节Slidingjoint,鞍状关节Hingejoint,屈戌关节Pivotjoint车轴关节Fixedjoints不动关节Skull,头盖骨Vertebra椎骨Ball&Socketjoint球窝,椭圆关节Hingejoint屈戌关节

Slidingjoint鞍状关节

Pivotjoint车轴关节TypesofMobilejointsHumanskeletoncanbedividedintotwodivisions.人体骨骼分为两种：AxialSkeleton中轴骨骼AppendicularSkeleton附肢骨骼

DivisionsofHumanSkeleton

人体骨骼的划分

Axialskeletonformstheaxisofhumanbody.Itconsistsof中轴骨骼构成人体的轴线，由：Skull头盖骨，vertebralcolumn脊柱，thoraciccage.胸骨Madeupof80bone共计80骨AxialSkeleton

中轴骨骼Skullisthatpartofhumanskeletonthatformsthebonyframeworkofthehead.Itconsistsof22differentbonesthataredividedintotwogroups:头盖骨是形成人体头部骨架的组成部分。头盖骨由22块不同的骨骼构成，可分为：bonesofcranium头盖骨骨骼bonesofface.颜面骨Skull

头盖骨额骨鼻骨颧骨上颌骨下颚顶骨颞骨下颌骨枕骨Thecraniumconsistsofthefollowingbones头盖骨骨骼由以下骨骼构成：Frontalbone(1)额骨Parietalbones(2)顶骨Occipitalbone(1)枕骨Temporalbones(2)颞骨Sphenoidbone(1)蝶骨Ethmoidbone(1)筛骨Bonesofcranium

头盖骨骨骼

侧视图顶视图额骨顶骨枕骨颞骨Facialbonesconsistofthefollowing颜面骨组成部分如下：Zygomaticbones(2)颧骨Maxillae(2)上颌骨Nasalbones(2)鼻骨Lacrimalbones(2)泪骨Vomer(1)犁骨Palatinebones(2)颚骨Inferiorconchae(2)下鼻甲Mandible(1)下颚骨Bonesofface

颜面骨Skull颧骨鼻骨额骨上颌骨下颌骨顶骨枕骨颞骨下颚骨Itisaflexiblecolumnofvertebrae,connectingthetrunkofhumanbodytotheskullandappendages.脊柱是一条灵活的椎骨，连接着人体的头部和其他器官Itiscomposedof26vertebraewhicharedividedinto5regions:脊柱由26个椎骨构成，分别处于人体5个不同的区域：Cervical(neck)-7vertebrae,颈椎

Thoracic(chest)-12vertebrae胸椎

Lumbar(lowerback)-5vertebrae腰椎Sacral1vertebra骶骨

Coccyx(tailbone)-1vertebra尾椎VertebralColumn

脊柱椎间盘颈椎（7）胸椎（12）腰椎（5）骶骨（1）尾椎（1）ItisabonycageenclosingvitalhumanorgansformedbytheSternumandRibs.胸腔是由胸骨和肋骨所组成的笼状结构。由以下两个部分构成：胸骨肋骨RibCage

胸腔Thesternum(chestbone)liesinthemidlineoftheanteriorchestwall.胸骨位于前胸壁的中线Itisaflatbonethatcanbedividedintothreedifferentparts:它是一个扁平骨，可分为三个部分：Manubriumsterni胸骨柄Bodyofsternum胸骨体Xiphoidprocess剑突

Sternum

胸骨

Thereare12pairsofribs,allofwhichareattachedposteriorlytotherespectivethoracicvertebrae.人体内有12对肋骨，所有的肋骨后端皆与胸椎相连。Theupper7pairsareattachedtothesternumdirectlythroughtheircostalcartilages.1-7肋借软肋与胸骨相连。

Ribs

肋骨Ribs8through10areattachedindirectlytothesternumthroughtheseventhcostalcartilage.第8-10肋借软肋与第7肋相连

Theircostalcartilagesarealsoattachedwitheachotheratdifferentpoints.软肋间还附有不同的连接点

The11thand12thribdonotattachanteriorlytoanythingandjustendinthemusclesofbodywall.第11、12肋前段游离，和肌肉微触。Theyarebarsofhyalinecartilagethatconnecttheribswiththesternum.肋骨和胸骨由多条透明软骨连接而成。

Thereareatotalof12ribsdividedintothreecategoriesonthebasisoftheirarticulationwiththesternum.人体内12对肋骨基于胸骨关节的不同分成3种。CostalCartilages

软肋骨Thefirstsevenareknownastrueribsbecausetheircostalcartilagesarticulatedirectlywiththesternum.前端第1-7肋借软骨与胸骨相连接，称为真肋Ribseightthroughtenareknownasfalseribsbecausetheircostalcartilagesdonotarticulatewiththesternumdirectly.第8-10肋称为假肋，因其不直接与胸骨相连。Theyarticulatewiththecartilageimmediatelyabove.第8-10肋间接与软骨相连Ribselevenandtwelveareknownasfloatingribsbecausetheircostalcartilagesdonotarticulatewiththesternumatall.第11、12肋被称为浮肋，因其前端游离，并不与胸骨相连。

Thecostalcartilagesmakeasignificantcontributiontotheelasticityandmobilityoftherigidthoracicwallandpermitvitalmovementofrespirationwithoutwhichtheprocessofexchangeofgasesinthelungswouldhaveimpaired.软肋骨能够为僵硬的胸壁提供弹性和机动性，同时它让重要的呼吸运动即使不在肺部进行气体交换也不会受损。Inoldage,asaresultofsuperficialcalcification,thecostalcartilageslosetheirelasticityandesomewhatossified.老年阶段时，由于软肋骨表面钙化，从而失去了弹性，变得有所僵化。Itistheskeletonofappendagesofhumanbody.Itconsistsof它是人体的骨架附器，由以下部分组成：Shouldergirdle,肩胛带Skeletonofupperlimb,上肢骨Pelvicgirdle骨盆带Skeletonoflowerlimb.下肢骨madeupof126bones共计126骨AppendicularSkeleton:

Itattachestheupperlimbtobodytrunkandisformedbytwobones:

它附于人体上肢，由以下两种骨骼组成：

Clavicle锁骨

Scapula.肩胛骨ShoulderGirdle肩胛带Clavicleisamodifiedlongboneandissubcutaneousthroughoutitsposition.Itisalsoknownasthebeautybone.锁骨为S状弯曲的细长骨，位于皮下。也称为美人骨Clavicle锁骨

Scapulaisapearshapedflatbonethatcontainstheglenoidfossafortheformationofshoulderjoint.肩胛骨是梨形扁骨，包括由关节窝形成的肩关节。Itpossessesthreeimportantprocesses:肩胛骨有3个重要部分：Spineofscapula,肩胛冈Acromionprocess肩峰Coracoidprocess.喙突Scapula肩胛骨Theskeletonofeachupperlimbconsistsof30bones.Thesebonesare:骨架的上肢由以下30骨构成：Humerus肱骨Ulna尺骨Radius桡骨Carpals(8)腕骨Metacarpals(5)掌骨Phalanges(14)指骨SkeletonofUpperlimb

骨架上肢Formedbytheleftandrighthipbones,thepelvicgirdleconnectsthelowerlimb(leg)bonestotheaxialskeleton.由左右髋骨构成，（上联腰椎，下连肢骨，）联系躯干和下肢。Therearetwopelvicgirdles(oneforeachlowerlimb)butunlikethepectoralgirdles,theyarejointedwitheachotheratsymphysispubis.

人体内有两个盆骨（分别与俩下肢相连），但与肩带不同的是：俩盆骨在耻骨处彼此相连。PelvicGirdle骨盆Eachpelvicgirdleisasingleboneinadultsandismadeupofthreecomponents:成人人体内的每个盆骨都是单一的骨骼，由以下三部分构成:Ileum回肠骨Ischium坐骨Pubis.耻骨Theskeletonofeachlowerlimbconsistsof30bones.Thesebonesare;骨架下肢由以下部分构成，共计30骨：Femur股骨Patella膝盖骨Tibia胫骨Fibula腓骨Tarsals(7)跗骨Metatarsals(5)跖骨Phalanges(14)趾骨SkeletonofLowerlimb骨架下肢Humanskeletonperformssomeimportantfunctionsthatarenecessaryforsurvivalofhumanbeings.人体骨骼发挥着重要的作用，是人类生存之必须。Functionsofhumanskeleton

人体骨骼的功能Itgivesstrength,supportandshapetothebody.骨骼赐予人类力量，并起着支撑和塑形的作用。Withoutahardandrigidskeletalsystem,humanbodycannotstandupright,anditwillejustabagofsofttissueswithoutanypropershape.如果没有坚硬的骨骼系统，人类就不能直立，那么人也就成为一袋没有形体的软组织。STRENGTH,SUPPORTANDSHAPE

力量，支撑，形体In