中原工学院计算机英语Unit1(A)ComputerandComputerScience

ComputerEnglish

韩新超E-Mail:hanxc04@126.comMobilePhone原工学院计算机学院计算机英语2023/1/111课程性质及考试方式开卷笔试50％平时作业10％阶段性测验20％课堂讨论和提问10％考勤10％考勤不能2次无故不到2023/1/112教学大纲一、课程的性质、目的及任务

计算机专业英语是计算机相关专业的专业基础必修课，是综合计算机知识和英语运用能力的课程。本课程以计算机科普类文章为主，介绍计算机学科的主要知识点：计算机基础、计算机硬件、计算机软件、计算机网络与安全、应用（电子商务）等。

二、课程的基本要求

通过本课程的学习，要求学生掌握一定数量的计算机专业英语词汇，熟悉计算机英语表达方式，能阅读和理解使用计算机过程中的提示信息和专业说明书等英文资料，培养和提高学生阅读专业外文原文资料的能力。2023/1/113教材组织计算机科学与计算机硬件计算机与计算机科学概览计算机体系结构（硬件与操作系统）计算机语言与编程计算机软件软件开发软件过程数据库

计算机网络计算机网络因特网移动与云计算计算机安全计算机应用计算机文化电子商务2023/1/114教材组织每个单元3篇文章SectionA

详细讲解SectionB&C

略讲每部分知识点结束后一个test2023/1/115Unit1Computerand

ComputerScience

SectionAComputerOverviewSectionBWhatIsComputerScienceSectionCCategoriesofComputers2023/1/116ComputerOverview

计算机概览Keypoints:

fundamentaltermsandwordsofcomputerdiscipline

['dɪsəplɪn]学科Difficultpoints:

computerEnglish’sexpression计算机学科2023/1/117ComputerOverviewIntroductionHegratedcircuitsHardwareProgrammingFutureDevelopments2023/1/118Ⅰ.Introduction(1)Definition:Acomputerisanelectronicdevicethatcanreceiveasetofinstructions,orprogram,andthencarryoutthisprogrambyperformingcalculationsonnumericaldataorbymanipulatingotherformsofinformation.

electronica.电子的instructionn.指令

carryout/performv.执行numericala.数字的，数值的

manipulatev.操作，处理

2023/1/119一、复杂长句多

科技文章要求叙述准确，推理谨严，因此一句话里包含三四个甚至五六个分句的，并非少见。译成汉语时，必须按照汉语习惯破成适当数目的分句，才能条理清楚，避免洋腔洋调。这种复杂长句居科技英语难点之首，要学会运用语法分析方法来加以解剖，以便以短代长，化难为易。

例如：

Acomputerisan

electronicdevice

thatcan

receive

asetofinstructions，orprogram，andthen

carryout

thisprogrambyperformingcalculationsonnumericaldataorbymanipulatingotherformsofinformation.

计算机是一种电子设备，它能接收一套指令或一个程序，然后通过对数字数据进行运算或者对其他形式的信息进行处理来执行该程序。参考：计算机科技英语的特点(全面)/p-441670262.html

科技英语的特点2023/1/1110Differenttypesandsizesofcomputers

finduses

throughoutsociety

in

thestorage（存储）andhandling（处理）ofdata,from

secretgovernmentfilesto

bankingtransactions（银行交易）

to

privatehouseholdaccounts（家庭账目）.comeabout发生，产生exceptfor除…以外transactionn.交易，业务，事物(处理)Ⅰ.Introduction(2)2023/1/1111Computershave

openedup

anewerainmanufacturingthroughthetechniquesofautomation,

and

theyhave

enhanced

moderncommunicationsystems（通信系统）.openup

anewera

开创，开辟时代manufacturingn.制造业automationn.自动化enhancev.增强Ⅰ.Introduction(3)2023/1/1112They

areessentialtools

inalmosteveryfieldofresearchandappliedtechnology,fromconstructingmodelsoftheuniversetoproducingtomorrow’s

weatherreports,

and

theirusehas

initself（在本质上，完全地）

openedup

newareas

领域ofconjecture（推测，猜想）.Ⅰ.Introduction(4)2023/1/1113词汇补充electronic电子的

～device～engineering～circuit

electric电的，电气的～current～circuitdiagramelectrical有关电的，电的～current～outlet电子设备电子工程学电子电路电流电路图电流电插座2023/1/1114numerical数字的，数值的～data～calculationdigital数字的～circuit～computer

～data

analog（ue）模拟的analoguecomputer模拟计算机[ˈænəlɒg]adj.模拟计算机的数值数据数值计算数字电路数字计算机数字数据词汇补充2023/1/1115storage存储

storev.

～data

～address～circuit存储数据存储地址存储电路词汇补充2023/1/1116communication通信

～system、～software、～network～theory～signals

通信理论通信信号词汇补充2023/1/1117Make+宾语+补语Make+补语+长宾语（宾语后置）Database（数据库）

servicesandcomputernetworks（计算机网络）makeavailable

agreatvarietyofinformationsources.各种各样的Thesameadvancedtechniquesalsomakepossibleinvasions（入侵）ofpersonalandbusinessprivacy（商业隐私；秘密）.Ⅰ.Introduction(5)2023/1/1118Computercrime（计算机犯罪）

hasbecomeoneofthemanyrisks（thatarepartofthepriceofmoderntechnology）.Ⅰ.Introduction(6)2023/1/1119Ⅱ.History(1)1642

thefirstaddingmachine

，toothedwheel1670s

adding&multiplyingmachineautomaticloom

，thinperforatedwoodenboard1880s

usingperforatedcardsforprocessingdata

['pɜ:fəreɪtɪd]

穿孔的2023/1/1120Thefirstaddingmachine,aprecursorofthedigitalcomputer,wasdevised（设计，发明）in1642bytheFrenchscientist,mathematician,andphilosopherBlaisePascal.Thisdeviceemployed(使用）aseriesoften-toothedwheels,eachtoothrepresentinga

digitfrom0to9.precursorn.先驱

digitn.数字Ⅱ.History(2)2023/1/1121Addingmachine加法机2023/1/1122Thewheelswereconnectedsothatnumberscouldbeaddedtoeachotherbyadvancing

thewheelsbyacorrectnumberofteeth.Inthe1670stheGermanphilosopherandmathematicianGottfriedWilhelmLeibnizimprovedon

（改进）thismachinebydevisingonethatcouldalsomultiply.advancing进步；超前,提前,前进；推进Ⅱ.History(3)2023/1/1123TheFrenchinventorJoseph-MarieJacquard,indesigninganautomaticloom,usedthin,perforated（穿孔的）woodenboardstocontroltheweaving（编织）ofcomplicateddesigns.Duringthe1880stheAmericanstatisticianHermanHollerithconceived（构思）theideaofusingperforatedcards（穿孔卡片）,similartoJacquard’sboards,forprocessingdata（处理数据）.Employingasystemthatpassedpunchedcards

（穿孔卡片）overelectricalcontacts（电触点）,hewasabletocompile

（汇编，编译）statisticalinformationforthe1890UnitedStatescensus（人口普查）.Ⅱ.History(4)2023/1/1124穿孔卡片perforatedcardpunchedcard（更常见）compile,compiler编译原理CompilersPrinciplesPrincipleofCompiling词汇补充2023/1/11251.TheAnalyticalEngine分析机Alsointhe19thcentury,theBritishmathematicianandinventorCharlesBabbageworkedout

theprinciplesofthemoderndigitalcomputer.Heconceivedanumberofmachines,suchastheDifferenceEngine（差分机）,thatweredesignedtohandlecomplicatedmathematicalproblems.ManyhistoriansconsiderBabbageandhisassociate,themathematicianAugustaAdaByron,thetruepioneersofthemoderndigitalcomputer.Ⅱ.History(5)2023/1/1126Ⅱ.History(6)*OneofBabbage’sdesigns,theAnalyticalEngine,hadmanyfeaturesofamoderncomputer.Ithadaninputstream

（输入流）intheformofadeckofpunchedcards,a“store”（仓库）forsavingdata,a“mill”forarithmeticoperations,andaprinterthatmadeapermanentrecord.Babbagefailedtoputthisideaintopractice（付诸实践）,thoughitmaywellhavebeentechnicallypossibleatthatdate（在那个时代）.2023/1/1127Ⅱ.History(7)2.EarlyComputers*Analoguecomputer（模拟计算机）begantobebuiltinthelate19thcentury.Earlymodelscalculatedbymeansofrotating（旋转）shafts（轴）andgears（齿轮）.*Numericalapproximationofequations（方程式）toodifficulttosolveinanyotherwaywereevaluated（求…的值，评价）withsuchmachines.*LordKelvinbuiltamechanical（机械的）tidepredictor（潮汐预测器）thatwasaspecialized（专用的）analoguecomputer.*DuringWorldWarsIandII,mechanicaland,later,electricalanaloguecomputingsystemswereusedastorpedo（鱼雷）coursepredictorsinsubmarines（潜艇）andasbombsight

（轰炸瞄准器）controllersinaircraft.AnothersystemwasdesignedtopredictspringfloodsintheMississippiRiverbasin（流域）.2023/1/1128Ⅱ.History(8)3.Electroniccomputers电子计算机Colossus（巨人）:

oneofthefirstall-electronicdigitalcomputers,usingvacuumtubes（真空管）,byDecember1943Prototype（原型机，样机）

electronicmachine:1939ENIAC(electronicnumericalintegratorandcomputer电子数字积分计算机)：1945,18000vacuumtubes,severalhundredmultiplicationsperminute,Electroniccomputerusingtransistor（晶体管）：

late1950s2023/1/1129

DuringWorldWarII,ateamofscientistsandmathematicians,workingatBletchleyPark,northofLondon,createdoneofthefirstall-electronic

（全电子的）digitalcomputers:Colossus（巨人）.ByDecember1943,Colossus,whichincorporated（合并，混合）1,500vacuumtubes,wasoperational（运作的，操作的）.ItwasusedbytheteamheadedbyAlanTuring（阿兰图灵）,

inthelargelysuccessfulattempttocrack（破译）Germanradiomessages

（无线电波）enciphered（把…译成密码）intheEnigmacode.（恩尼格玛）Ⅱ.History(9)2023/1/1130Independentlyof

（独立于）this,intheUnitedStates,aprototype（原型；样机）electronicmachinehadbeenbuiltasearlyas1939,byJohnAtanasoffandCliffordBerryatIowaStateCollege.Thisprototypeandlaterresearchwerecompletedquietlyandlaterovershadowed（使相形见拙）bythedevelopmentoftheElectronicNumericalIntegratorAndComputer

（ENIAC）in1945.

ENIACwasgrantedapatent（专利）,whichwasoverturneddecadeslater,in1973,whenthemachinewasrevealedtohaveincorporatedprinciplesfirstusedintheAtanasoff-BerryComputer.（定语从句嵌套时间状语从句）。Ⅱ.History(10)2023/1/1131

ENIACcontained18,000vacuumtubesandhadaspeedofseveralhundredmultiplications（乘法）perminute,butoriginallyitsprogramwaswiredintotheprocessor

（导线传送到处理器内）andhadtobemanuallyaltered（改变）.Latermachineswerebuiltwithprogramstorage,basedontheideasoftheHungarian-AmericanmathematicianJohnvonNeumann6.Theinstructions,likethedata,werestoredwithina“memory”（存储器）,freeingthecomputerfromthespeedlimitationsofthepaper-tapereader

duringexecution

（执行，运行）andpermittingproblemstobesolvedwithoutrewiringthecomputer.Ⅱ.History(11)2023/1/1132

Theuseofthetransistor（真空管）incomputersinthelate1950smarkedtheadventofsmaller,faster,andmoreversatile（多用途的，通用的）

logicalelements（逻辑原件）thanwerepossiblewithvacuum-tubemachines.Becausetransistorsusemuchlesspower（功率）

andhaveamuchlongerlife,thisdevelopmentalonewasresponsiblefor（形成…的原因）theimprovedmachinescalledsecond-generationcomputers.Components（部件，元件）becamesmaller,asdidinter-componentspacings（元件之间的距离）,andthesystembecamemuchlessexpensivetobuild.Ⅱ.History(12)2023/1/1133Ⅱ.History(13)4.IntegratedCircuits(IC)集成电路Lateinthe1960stheintegratedcircuit,orICwasintroduced,makingitpossibleformanytransistorstobefabricated（制作）

ononesiliconsubstrate（硅衬底）,withinterconnectingwiresplatedinplace（p5注释）.TheICresultedin（导致）

afurtherreductioninprice,size,andfailurerate（故障率）.

2023/1/1134Ⅱ.History(14)4.IntegratedCircuits(IC)集成电路Themicroprocessor（微处理器）

becamearealityinthemid-1970swiththeintroductionofthe

large-scaleintegrated(LSI大规模)circuitand,later,theverylarge-scaleintegrated(VLSI超大规模)circuit(microchip，微芯片),withmanythousandsofinterconnectedtransistorsetchedinto（蚀刻）

asinglesiliconsubstrate.2023/1/1135人类历史上第一个晶体管集成电路2023/1/1136Thefivegenerationsofelectroniccomputer1stgeneration:vaccumtube,ENIAC,1940s真空管2ndgeneration:transistor,late1950s3rdgeneration:integratedcircuits,lateinthe1960s,siliconsubstrate

硅衬底4thgeneration:LSIandVLSI,mid-1970microprocessor5thgeneration:microminiaturization,AI微小型化2023/1/1137Switchingcapabilities

ofamoderncomputer

（处理开关值）

1970s,handleeightswitchesatatimeThatis,theycoulddealwitheightbinarydigits（二进制数字）,orbits（比特）,ofdata,ateverycycle.Agroupofeightbitsiscalledabyte（字节）,eachbytecontaining256possiblepatterns（模式）ofONsandOFFs(or1sand0s).Eachpatternistheequivalent（相当，等价物）

ofaninstruction,apartofaninstruction,oraparticulartypeofdatum,suchasanumberoracharacteroragraphicssymbol（图形符号）.Thepattern11010010,forexample,mightbebinarydata—inthiscase,thedecimal

（十进制的）number210—oritmightbeaninstructiontellingthecomputerto

comparedatastoredinitsswitches（交换设备）

to

datastoredinacertainmemory-chiplocation.Thecompletecollectionofrecognizablepatterns—thetotallistofoperations—ofwhichacomputeriscapableiscalleditsinstructionset（指令集）.twofactors:同时处理的位数&指令集大小2023/1/1138词汇补充encipher加密，也可用encrypt

decipher解密，也可用decryptcipher密码，也可用cryptIC卡IntegratedCircuitscard集成电路卡

failurerate故障率2023/1/1139词汇补充large-scale大规模的large-scalecomputinglarge-scalenetworkedsystemgraphics图形，图形显示computergraphics计算机图形学2023/1/1140词汇补充switch交换（设备），交换机；开关；转换circuitswitchingpacketswitchingswitchedvirtualcircuit交换式虚电路电路交换包交换2023/1/1141词汇补充binary二进制的octaldecimalhexadecimal八进制的十进制的十六进制的2023/1/1142Ⅲ.

HardwareModerndigitalcomputersareallconceptuallysimilar,regardlessofsize.Thecategoriesonthebasisofcostandperformance（性能）:Microcomputer（微型）:desktop,laptops(lap膝),palmtops(palm手掌)Workstation（工作站）:withenhancedgraphicsandcommunicationcapabilityMinicomputer（小型）:tooexpensivetopersonaluseMainframe（大型机）:expensive,formajor（大型）businessenterprises,governmentdepartments,scientificresearchestablishments（公司）Supercomputer（超级，巨型）:thelargestandfastestofmainframeThefivedistinctelementsofacomputersystemCPU-centralprocessingunit中央处理器inputdevicesmemorystoragedevicesoutputdevicesBus2023/1/1143Ⅳ.ProgrammingAprogramisasequencesofinstructionsthattellsthehardwareofacomputerwhatoperationstoperformondata.Programscanbebuiltintothehardwareitself,ortheymayexistindependently独立地inaformknownassoftware.Insomespecialized,or“dedicated”,computers（专用计算机）theoperatinginstructionsareembeddedintheircircuitry;commonexamplesarethemicrocomputers（foundincalculators,wristwatches,carengines,andmicrowaveovens）（微波炉）.2023/1/1144Ⅳ.ProgrammingAgeneral-purposecomputer（通用计算机），ontheotherhand,althoughitcontainssomebuilt-in（内置的）

programs(inROM=read-onlymemory)orinstructions(intheprocessorchip),dependsonexternalprogramstoperformusefultasks.Onceacomputerhasbeenprogrammed,itcandoonlyasmuchoraslittleasthesoftwarecontrollingitatanygivenmomentenablesittodo.Softwareinwidespreaduseincludesawiderangeofapplicationsprograms（应用程序）—instructionstothecomputeronhowtoperformvarioustasks.

在指令上如何执行各种任务2023/1/1145Dedicated/specializedcomputer:programbuiltintothehardwareitselforembeddedcalculators,wristwatches,carengines,microwaveovensGeneral-purposecomputer:built-inprogram(inROM)andexternalprogramsdependonexternalprogramstoperformusefultaskswidespreaduse2023/1/1146词汇补充dedicatedlineembeddedsystemspecial-purposecomputergeneral-purposecomputer专线嵌入式系统2023/1/1147Ⅴ.FutureDevelopmentsOnecontinuingtrendincomputerdevelopmentis

microminiaturization（微小型化）,theefforttocompress压缩morecircuitelementsintosmallerandsmallerchipspace.Researchersarealsotryingtospeedup加速circuitryfunctionsthroughtheuseofsuperconductivity（超导性）,thephenomenonofdecreased减少electricalresistance（[rɪ'zɪstəns]电阻）

observedincertainmaterialsatverylowtemperatures.2023/1/1148Ⅴ.FutureDevelopments

The“fifth-generation”computer

effort（todevelopcomputersthatcansolvecomplexproblemsinwaysthat

（…方式）mighteventuallymerit（应得）

thedescription“creative”）is

anothertrendincomputerdevelopment,theidealgoalbeingtrueartificialintelligence（AI，人工智能）.

补语Onepathactively（积极地）

beingexplored探索isparallel-processingcomputing（并行处理计算）,whichusesmanychipstoperformseveraldifferenttasksatthesametime.Oneimportantparallel-processingapproachistheneuralnetwork（神经网络）,whichmimics（模仿）

th